Pictures and Illustrations

Map of St. Louis

21

Preface.

The object of this work is to exhibit St. Louis as it is, presenting to both citizens and strangers a Guide to the CHIEF CITY OF THE FAR WEST, executed in the best style, and to be purchased at a trifling cost. Besides a full and complete of St. Louis, these pages will be found to contain a faithful historical sketch of the city, an Almanac for 1846, adapted to this meridian, a spacious memorandum for every day in the year, an accurate Table of Distances on the principal Western Travelling Routes, the new Constitution of our State to be submitted to the people at the next election, and a variety of valuable statistical matter. The compiler would here acknowledge his indebtedness to McCullough's Gazetteer, Nichollet's Report, &c., for many of the facts contained in this volume.

It is the intention of the Publisher to issue the "WESTERN METROPOLIS" annually, and by carefully recording all changes and improvements in St. Louis, from year to year, to render the work in every respect, deserving of patronage.

To the kind regards of the citizens of St. Louis, as well as to the friendly consideration of all strangers who may visit the Western Metropolis, this little volume is now most respectfully submitted by

THE EDITOR.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by
WILLIAM D. SKILLMAN,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Missouri.

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Index.

Advertisements	153
Assessors	90
Bank of the State of Missouri	93
Board of Aldermen	89
Board of Health	90
Business of St. Louis	78
Calendar	6-55
Census of Missouri	117
Churches and Public Buildings	59
Churches	104
City Hospital	86
Collectors	90
Colleges in Missouri	118
Constitution of Missouri	119
Corporation of St. Louis	89
Description of St. Louis	55
Finances of Missouri	116
Government	112
Historical Sketch of St. Louis	60
Hotels, Taverns, and Coffee Houses	92
Inland Navigation of the West	147
Judiciary	112
Location of the City, Population, &c.	55
Lyceum	94
Medical Schools	93
Ministerial Officers	90
Missouri River	135, 144
Newspapers	106
Post Office, Rates of Postage, &c.	94
Privates of the City Guard	90
Public Officers	91
Schools	93
St. Anthony's Falls	144
Stage Routes	151
State of Missouri	112
Steamboat Building in St. Louis	105
Steamboat Routes	148
Streets and Avenues	106
Western Travelling Routes	148

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Description of the City of St. Louis, Mo.

Location of the City, Population, &c.

SAINT LOUIS is the largest city in the Union, west of the Alleganies, with the exception of Cincinnati and New Orleans. Its rapid growth, and its steadily increasing commercial prosperity, render it perhaps the most important and interesting point in the great West.

The location is a most admirable one in every point of view. Its commercial advantages of position have already placed St. Louis in a high rank among business places, and it is now universally acknowledged that the "Mound City" must eventually become the "New York of the West." Indeed, at the present rate of increase, and the wonderful rapidity with which the place has risen within the last few years, it would be useless to attempt to calculate its future magnitude.

Saint Louis is in 38° 37' 28" North Latitude, 13° 14' 15" West Longitude from Washington, and 90° 15' 39" West Longitude from Greenwich. It is situated near the centre of the Great Valley, on the western bank of the Mississippi River, seventeen miles below the mouth of the Missouri, one hundred and eighty above the mouth of the Ohio, twelve hundred and thirty-eight above New Orleans, eight hundred and sixty below Saint Anthony's Falls, and eight hundred and fifty by the mail routes from Washington City. The ground on which the city is built lies on the river, nearly in the form of a semicircle, and was originally a bold rocky bluff, which has since mostly disappeared. From the river, the ground rises in two benches to the height of nearly eighty feet above the level of the water, at an ordinary stage. At Fourth Street, or the top of the second bench, a wide, level plain commences, which sweeps to a great, distance west, north, and south, forming an abundant space for an immense city. The natural advantages of this site are entirely unsurpassed. Unlike the "Queen City" of the Ohio, which is already tearing down the hills to make room for her teeming population, St. Louis offers an almost limitless space for improvement. Hundreds of buildings are annually going up (last year over SEVENTEEN hundred), and yet there is room. The present city limits embrace five miles on the river's bank, and from one to two miles west. A distance of more than two miles on the river, is now entirely occupied by substantial buildings, and in the western direction the ground is thickly covered as far as Tenth Street: and beyond this, even to Sixteenth Street, good and handsome dwellings are by no means rare, and this "West End" is fast becoming a pleasant and fashionable quarter for private residences.

The selection of this admirable locality was the result of a mere accident, as will appear from the following anecdote. Some of the older inhabitants of our city relate, that when Laclede and his party first set foot on what is now St. Louis, their encampment was made in consequence of there being plenty of wood at hand — most of the area formerly included within the

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city limits being then a dense forest. Their encampment being made, the leaders of the party set themselves about hunting a place for a new settlement. They explored for some distance down the river, and then up as high as the mouth of the Missouri. The result of their examination was, that the locality now called "North Saint Louis" was selected, and to this point the commander of the expedition intimated that it was his intention at once to remove. But to this an objection was raised by the ladies of the party! They were tired of moving about, had at length become comfortably "fixed" in their new quarters, and they wouldn't budge an inch — not they. If their lords wanted to settle elsewhere, they could do so, but as for themselves, they were satisfied, and determined to remain. Laclede and his followers being men of gallantry, the ladies had it all their own way. "Tall oaks from little acorns grow," and the settlement originated by the "we will, and we won't" of a few ladies, is now St. Louis, the Metropolis of the West.

THE POPULATION in 1810, was 1,600; in 1820, 4,598; in 1830, 6,694; and in 1840, 16,469, of whom 1,531 were slaves. But by far the greatest increase of population in St. Louis has occurred within the last five years, and while the increase during the ten years last preceding 1840 was only about ten thousand, the augmentation since that time has been not less than twenty-five thousand, showing a present population of between forty and fifty thousand. Such an increase in so short a time as five years is almost unprecedented in the annals of any city, but it is universally admitted that the present number of inhabitants in St. Louis is over forty thousand, and the prevailing estimate is forty-five thousand. At such a rate, who shall set a bound to the future greatness of the "Young Giant City?" And this rapidity of growth is not the result of undue excitement, of over-wrought mercantile calculations, of chimerical speculations; on the contrary, the ship is well provided with ballast. St. Louis is the business centre of a vast extent of country, and is the grand depot for the great Missouri river country, the Upper Mississippi, the Illinois river, and indeed for the greater part of the States of Missouri and Illinois, for Iowa and Wisconsin, &c. This wide area is in a great measure dependent on St. Louis for supplies, and as the upper country becomes filled up (which is being done with vast rapidity), the growth of St. Louis must keep pace with that of the surrounding region. No site could have been chosen better adapted for the transaction of business with the different parts of the far west. Lying as it does near the confluence of two mighty rivers, gives it the command of the commerce of the countries on those streams and their tributaries, and renders it the depot for all the mineral and agricultural wealth of those productive regions. "Westward, the star of empire takes its way," and this great valley is fast becoming peopled by an industrious and permanent population, St. Louis being the general head-quarters and rendezvous for all. The river is seldom closed by ice below this point, so that St. Louis may be said to be accessible the year round by steamboats from the Ohio and the far South. An exception to this general rule occurred the last winter, when navigation was suspended for some weeks in November, December, and

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January. Another advantage in the location of this city, is the elevation of its site to such an altitude as to throw it mostly out of the reach of the great freshets which occur on the Mississippi river. Much damage, however, was done to this place by the "GREAT FLOOD" of 1844, a short account of which we will here introduce. The year 1844 will long be remembered as "l' Année des Grandes Eaux," or the year of the great freshet, whose devastations and deplorable consequences almost defy calculation. This tremendous overflow has had no parallel within the memory of the oldest inhabitants of the Mississippi valley. The greatest previous rise on record was in 1785, when, in the month of April, the waters of the Mississippi rose from fifteen to twenty feet above the highest mark they had ever been known to attain at St. Louis, and at some narrow parts of the river as high as thirty feet. During that flood, the villages of St. Genevieve, Fort Chartres, Kaskaskia, St. Philippe, Cahokia, &c., were totally submerged, and the inhabitants, who had fled to the hills that overlook the rich bottom, interchanged visits by water from the rocky bluffs of the right side of the river, to the hills that border the Kaskaskia. The recent flood (that of 1844) exceeded that of 1785, by more than seven feet. At St. Louis the usual spring rise was greater than in any previous year since 1826; on the 11th June, the height had decreased about four feet; and on the next day, 12th June, the water commenced rising again at the rate of from six to ten inches in twenty-four hours, and continued in about the same ratio until the 17th, when it had reached a height of some six inches above the maximum of the spring rise. The river continued to swell until about six o'clock on the 26th June, at which time it had gained its greatest altitude, and had entirely submerged the first stories of the buildings on the Levee (and in some places filling the second story), having attained a height of thirty-eight feet, one inch, above low water mark, and seven feet, one inch, above the city grade. At this time the water commenced receding slowly, and on the fourteenth of July had just left the first floor of the stores on the Levee, and continued to fall gradually until the first of September. The city has caused a monument to be erected on a line with the curb-stone of Water street, opposite the centre of the east front of the City Hall, to commemorate this deplorable calamity. On the monument, which is a plain obelisk, sixteen feet in height, and four feet square, is the following inscription:

HIGH WATER
JUNE 27, 1844.

SEVEN FEET, SIX INCHES
ABOVE
THE CITY DIRECTRIX:
THIRTY-EIGHT FEET ONE INCH
ABOVE
LOW WATER MARK.

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The loss of property by this unprecedented flood was immense, and indeed some human lives were sacrificed by the rapidity with which the waters rose over the banks of the rivers. On the rivers above and below St. Louis, much live stock is known to have been destroyed, as also much household furniture, and the remaining agricultural products of the previous season. In this distressing emergency, hundreds of families fled from the submerged lands to St. Louis, where they received the kindest care from the city officers, and from private citizens. Opposite this city, the "American Bottom" was entirely covered, so that two steamboats plied regularly, for weeks, to the bluffs in Illinois, eight miles from the river, where they received the great mail from Louisville. The ultimate damage to St. Louis itself, was also great. Great quantities of goods in the warehouses on the Levee were destroyed, and much property floated off; but the injury sustained by the inhabitants of the southern part of the city, near the river, in being driven from their homes, and losing many of their household effects, was more serious. The flood acted as a damper on the business of the whole season, and it is fervently to be hoped that the great valley may never again be visited by such a calamity.

The Streets.

The older streets of St. Louis, or those near the river, and a part of those running at right angles with the river, were originally planned by the French, and are somewhat narrow and crowded. The principal streets for wholesale business, forwarding, &c., are Main or First street, and Front street. The Levee, or Front street, is filled on the upper side by substantially built business houses, whence the grade slopes regularly, a distance of about one hundred and fifty feet, to the river, forming a landing place inferior to none on the Western rivers. The Levee is paved in the most excellent manner, and at all seasons presents a busy scene. The stranger receives a very good impression of the immense amount of business carried on in this city, on first beholding the Levee, crowded, as it usually is, with steamboats, and covered with men, drays, and goods of every description.

The principal streets for retail trade, are Fourth and Market. Fourth street is the "Broadway" of St. Louis, and is a very pleasant promenade, being broad, straight, and containing many handsome buildings, among which are the Court-House, Planters' House, Odd-Fellows' Hall, City Hospital, several Churches, and a large number of private dwellings. Market street runs at a right angle with the river, has become quite a thoroughfare, and is a good business street.

The streets west of Fourth, and those running to the river, are mostly occupied by dwellings, workshops, &c., the principal business streets being those above named.

As a whole, the site of St. Louis is excellently adapted to the display of a well planned city, and the more modern portion of the place is laid out with regularity and symmetry. The streets are well macadamized, and many of the buildings now going up, as also a number of the older ones, display an improved taste for architecture, which promises well for the future beauty of the "Empress city."

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Churches and Public Buildings.

Description of Several.

THE ST. LOUIS CATHEDRAL is a large and splendid edifice, on Walnut street, between Second and Third. The building is one hundred and thirty-six feet long, fifty-eight feet wide, and the walls forty feet high, above which, the tower, twenty feet square, rises to the height of forty feet, surmounted by an octagon spire, covered with tin, crowned by a gilt ball five feet in diameter, above which is a gilt brass cross, ten feet high. The front of the Cathedral is of polished freestone, with a portico of four massive Doric columns. The interior is handsomely furnished, and contains several elegant paintings by celebrated masters.

THE THIRD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, on Sixth street, near Franklin Avenue, is a great ornament to that part of the city. The building is of brick, and has a handsome spire over two hundred feet high, a well proportioned front, and a commodious basement for lecture rooms, &c. The interior walls and ceiling are splendidly painted in fresco, and it is altogether a beautiful church.

THE COURT-HOUSE will, when the improvements now in progress shall be completed, be one of the finest edifices of the kind in the country. The old building is being entirely remodelled, and, when finished, will present the form of a Greek cross, with projecting colonnades on the four sides of entrance. It is built of brick, covered by a light grey limestone found in the vicinity, which has the appearance of eastern granite. In the centre of the building is a spacious rotunda, used for public meetings, and capable of holding a great number of persons. This rotunda is surmounted by a well proportioned dome, which may be seen at a considerable distance down the river, and adds much to the beautiful appearance of the city. The estimated cost of the whole is $230,000.

THE PLANTERS' HOUSE is for many reasons an honor to St. Louis. Aside from the beauty and magnitude of the edifice, the house is kept in a style unsurpassed by any hotel in the country, and which has gained for it the reputation of being by far the best hotel in the West. The house occupies half the depth of the square from Fourth to Fifth Streets, and the front extends the whole length of the Square from Chestnut to Pine, 230 feet. The building is of brick, five stories high, contains two hundred and thirty rooms, and cost about two hundred thousand dollars.

THE CHURCH OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER is an elegant structure, handsomely adorned with paintings, and attached to the St. Louis University.

There are a great number of other buildings in St. Louis, especially deserving of notice, but the limits prescribed to this work forbid any full description of St. Louis Architecture. Suffice it to say, that the Mound City will not fall behind any of her western sisters in the race of improvement.

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Historical Sketch of St. Louis.

(From Nicollet's Report.)

If I may be permitted to speak of the city of St. Louis as of an impersonated existence, I would say that she was born French; but, put under the charge of a step-mother, her cradle was hung up in the forest, her infancy stinted by its unavoidable privations, and her maturity retarded by the terror of the Indian yell. Her youth was more calm, but still not prosperous: for the exercise of undue constraints in youth, sickens and retards the development of manhood. Abandoned subsequently by her Castilian guardians, she found herself reclaimed by her old parent, only to be once more repudiated. She had then, however, attained her majority, and had herself become a parent, whose children, born under the ćgis of Liberty, opened for her a new destiny, and vowed that she should become the METROPOLIS of a great Empire.

In 1762, M. d'Abadie, then Director-General, as well as civil and military commander of Louisiana, granted to a company of merchants of New Orleans, the exclusive privilege of the Fur Trade with the Indian nations of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. This company bore the title of Pierre Ligueste Laclede, Antoine Maxan & Co. Thus commissioned, the Company lost no time in fitting out an expedition, well supplied with the necessary articles for Indian trade, and which were to aid in forming new and permanent establishments on both rivers.

Mr. Laclede, the principal projector of the Company, and withal a man of great intelligence and enterprise, was placed in charge of the expedition. Leaving New Orleans on the third of August, 1763, he arrived at St. Genevieve three months afterwards, namely, on the third of November.

At this period, the French Colony, established sixty years before in the Illinois, was in a prosperous condition. It had increased in importance since the year 1732, at which time France was beginning to realize the great idea, so long conceived, of uniting Canada to Louisiana by an extensive line of military posts, to be supported by several principal forts, the strategic positions of which were admirably selected. Fort Chartres, built on the flat now known by the name of the "American Bottom," was one of these main fortified places. But when Mr. Laclede arrived in the country, Louis XV had already signed the treaty of peace, by which was ceded to Great Britain the immense region of country comprising what are now the two Canadas, the great watery expanse of the Northern Lakes, and the rich domains of Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Mississippi River thus became the natural limit between the French and British possessions, with its navigation declared free to the two nations. At this time the French establishments were principally on the east side of the river. The little village of St. Genevieve alone was on the Western side, and in this Mr. Laclede could scarcely find a house of sufficient size to store a fourth part of his cargo. On the other hand, the Director-General of Louisiana had received orders to deliver up the territory

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on the left side of the river; so that the British authorities might be expected at any moment, presenting themselves to take possession of it. In the midst of these difficulties, Mr. Laclede, greatly embarrassed under the new aspect of things, found himself, however, relieved, when the commanding officer, M. Neyon de Villiers, allowed him the use of the stores at Fort Chartres until the final surrender of the place. Laclede gladly accepted the offer, and lost no time in apportioning his squad, and distributing his flotilla along the rivers, so as to render them most effective, either for defence or for trade.

Having accomplished that preliminary arrangement, it became necessary to look out for the position of a central establishment. The left bank of the river no longer presented any fit situation, since the whole territory of Illinois had been passed over to the British Government; the village of St. Genevieve, on the right bank, being his only alternative, and this located too far from the mouth of the Missouri river. Mr. Laclede, therefore, left Fort Chartres, on a voyage of exploration to the junction of the two rivers, and was not long before he discovered that the bluff on which ST. LOUIS now stands, was the spot that would best answer the purposes of the Company.

Without giving a particular account of the geological position of St. Louis, it may here be remarked that the hill on which the city is established is composed of limestone rocks covered by a deep deposite of alluvial soil of great fertility. The limestone bluff rises to an elevation of about eighty feet above the usual recession of the waters of the Mississippi, and is crowned by an upland, or plateau, extending to the north and west, and presenting scarcely any limit to the foundation of a great city entirely secure from the invasions of the river. At the time referred to, this plateau presented the aspect of a beautiful prairie, but already giving the promise of a renewed luxuriant vegetation, in consequence of the dispersion of the larger animals of the chase, and the annual fires being kept out of the country since the arrival of the whites on the Illinois side.

The slope of the hills on the river side was covered by a growth of heavy timber, overshadowing an almost evergreen sward free from undergrowth, and which terminated gently in a point at the very margin of the river at a place corresponding to the spot where the old Market House now stands. The Mississippi was very deep, but much narrower than it is at this time, as it is stated by old inhabitants that persons could converse with each other across it without effort.

It was on this spot that the prescient mind of Mr. Laclede foresaw and predicted the future importance of the town to which he gave the name of St. Louis, and about which he discoursed, a few days afterwards, with so much enthusiasm, in the presence of the officers at Fort Chartres. But winter had now set in, and the Mississippi was about to be closed by ice. Mr. Laclede could do nothing more than cut down some trees and blaze others, to indicate the place which he had selected. He afterwards returned to the fort, where he spent the winter in making preparations for the establishment of a new colony.

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Accordingly, at the breaking up of winter, he equipped a large boat, which he manned with thirty hands. Mr. Laclede was accompanied by two young Creoles of New Orleans, Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, in whom he reposed great confidence, and from whom he received much assistance. These two young men, who never afterwards quitted the country of their adoption, became in time the heads of numerous families, possessed of a name, which, to this day, after a lapse of seventy years, is still a passport that commands safety and hospitality among all the Indian nations, north and west, Auguste Chouteau, the elder of the two brothers, had accompanied Mr. Laclede in his first expedition, and was now appointed to the command of the boat, with instructions to carry out his plans. On the 15th of February, 1764, Mr. Chouteau arrived at St. Louis, with all his men, whom he immediately set to work. The present old market-place is the spot on which the first tents and log-cabins were established upon the site of this now most important city of the West.

Mr. Laclede being detained at Fort Chartres in the settlement of his private affairs, and in anticipation of the arrival of the British troops, paid a visit, early in the April following, to his band of pioneers, and finding everything in good train, contented himself with leaving such instructions as were best fitted to develope the resources of the location, and returned to Fort Chartres, with the intention of removing thence the goods belonging to the company.

A killing effect was produced on the French colony of Illinois by the treaty of peace of 1763; yet it seems to have caused still more dissatisfaction among the Indian tribes of the North, who for a long time refused to abide by it. In truth the colony died a natural death. Several of the poorer inhabitants of Fort Chartres, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes on the Wabash, yielded to the new domination, while others preferred to follow the fortunes of Mr. de Neyon, and accompany him to New Orleans. Others, again, crossed the Mississippi, adding their strength to the nascent colony of St. Louis.

But, on the 10th of October (1764), an incident occurred which threw the colony into great alarm. The remnants of the Missouri tribe of Indians, who occupied an extensive prairie on the left bank of the river of the same name, suddenly made their appearance before St. Louis, numbering in all more than four hundred men, women and children, and counting over four hundred warriors. Although they did not present themselves in hostile array, still they became troublesome by their importunate demands for provisions, and their more vexatious pilferings. Unable to foresee what would be the result of this unexpected visit, the colonists of Illinois, who, abandoning the British dominion, had fled to join those of St. Louis, took alarm and recrossed the Mississippi. Auguste Chouteau thus found himself reduced to his original company of thirty to thirty-five men, from whom he dispatched a messenger to Mr. Laclede, who was still tarrying at Fort Chartres. Laclede arrived; and the result of his negotiation with the Indians proved that he had a great knowledge of the Indian character, and possessed much tact in managing it.

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The chiefs having appeared before him, addressed him in these terms: "We are worthy of pity, for we are like the ducks and geese, seeking some clear water on which to rest themselves, and to obtain an easy existence. We know of no better place than where we are. We mean to build our wigwams about your village. We shall be your children, and you will be our father." Laclede here closed the talk, promising them a reply at a meeting to be held the next day, on which occasion he addressed them thus: "You told me yesterday that you were like the ducks and geese, who go on travelling until they can find a fine country, where they can rest themselves, and obtain an easy living. You told me that you were worthy of pity; that you were looking out for a spot to settle upon, and had not found one more suitable than this; that you would build your village round me, and that we should all live together like friends. I wish to answer you like a good father; and I must say, that if you imitate the ducks and geese, you follow guides that have no forethought; for if they had any, they would not settle on clear water, where they can be seen by the eagle, who would catch them. This would not be the case were they to select a retired spot, well shaded by trees. You Missourias, you would not be devoured by birds of prey, but by the red men, who have been so long warring against you, and have already so much reduced your numbers. They are at this moment not far from here, watching the English, to prevent them from taking possession of their grounds. If they discover that you are here, they will kill your warriors, and will make slaves of your wives and children. This is what will happen to you, if, as you say, you mean to follow the example of ducks and geese, instead of listening to the counsels of men who reflect. You, chiefs and warriors, think now, whether it is not more prudent that you leave here quickly, rather than be crushed by the superior number of your enemies, insight of your butchered old men, and your women and children torn to pieces, and their limbs scattered to the dogs and vultures. Recollect that it is a good father who speaks to you. Meditate well what he has said, and come back to-night with your answer."

Accordingly, towards evening, the whole nation, in mass, presented itself, announcing that it had determined to follow his advice; yet, as customary, asked him to take pity upon their women and children, soliciting provisions for them, and powder and shot for the warriors. Mr. Laclede acceded liberally to their prayer, and the day following the next, the unfortunate remnants of the Missouri nation ascended the river of their fathers, and returned to their village.

All anxieties being now dissipated, the colonists of Illinois, recovering from their alarm, returned to add numbers to the new colony. Lands were allotted to them, which they set about tilling, and upon which they built their cabins.

There being, so far, no indications of the arrival of the British, Mr. Laclede had deferred the translation of his establishment from Fort Chartres to St. Louis. He, in consequence, returned to the fort, as much for the sake of superintending his commercial affairs, as with the expectation of increasing the number of

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inhabitants for his new colony. In this expectation he had been encouraged by circumstances that had occurred during the summer, in consequence of the treaty.

It may be proper to state here, that when Mr. Neyon de Villiers received orders to evacuate the possession of the left bank of the Mississippi, he had under his command the troops at Fort Peoria, on the Illinois river, those of Fort Marsiac (not Massac, nor Massacre), on the Ohio, and those stationed at the post of Vincennes, on the Wabash; although the last were under the more immediate command of Mr. St. Ange de Bellerive. It would seem that, at this time, there were no garrisons at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and the Prairie du Rocher; these three villages being supposed sufficiently protected by Fort Chartres. Mr. De Neyon ordered all these posts to be evacuated, with the view of concentrating their garrisons about himself. There was, besides, a fort situated on the Kanzas river, about four hundred miles above the mouth of the Missouri; and another had been commenced on the Osage river, near the old village of the same name. These two positions were not included in the treaty, as being situated on the west side of the Mississippi; nevertheless, orders were also sent to their garrisons to come down to Fort Chartres. All things being thus disposed of, Mr. de Neyon left Mr. St. Ange de Ballerive, one captain, two lieutenants, and forty men, to guard the fort until the time of its surrender. On the 10th of July, 1764, he descended the Mississippi with his own troops, some civil officers, and a large number of the inhabitants of the village of Fort Chartres and of the Prairie du Rocher. These people had been prevailed upon to follow Mr. de Neyon by a promise to obtain for them, at New Orleans, a grant of lands in Lower Louisiana, where they would be under a more immediate French government, and at a distance from their enemies, the English, who were termed by them "the heretics," &c. This national feeling was perhaps laudable, and he, no doubt, would have been welcomed at New Orleans; but it so happened that, upon the arrival of the convoy, a sad and fatal rumor was circulated, that the rest of both Upper and Lower Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, was about to be transferred to the Spanish government. Besides, the local French Government interested itself very little about Mr. de Neyon, and those unfortunate families who had abandoned their homes and valuable lands under a delusive expectation of bettering their condition. After remaining a long time unsettled at New Orleans, their means nearly exhausted, some returned to the Opelousas and the Attakapas, whilst others reascended the Mississippi, on their return to Illinois and St. Louis. Then it was that Mr. de Neyon was censured. It was pretended that he had been actuated by motives of ambition, and the desire of giving himself importance on his arrival at New Orleans, by exhibiting in the persons of his deluded followers the deep regret which his departure had occasioned in the bosoms of the inhabitants of Illinois, in the hope of thereby rising to some elevated function.

This appears to have been the opinion of Mr. Laclede, who had always endeavored to retain these families, by the offer of

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certain and immediate advantages, as a set-off against promises the fulfilment of which depended upon a thousand contingencies. On this subject he explained himself to Mr. de Neyon in no measured terms. But the influence of the latter prevailed. This did not prevent the high-minded Mr. Laclede from acting as the friend and benefactor of those whom misfortunes drove back to seek his protection. He distributed among them lands and provisions, aided them with laborers, and furnished them the means of transporting, by land and by water, whatever they had preserved, or had previously abandoned in their first removal. Thus the colony of St. Louis received the accession of all those that emigrated from the left side of the Mississippi. The village of Fort Chartres was completely deserted, there remaining only the small garrison of the fort. The inhabitants destroyed their houses, not, however, in a feeling of spite, but to avail themselves of whatever could be transported and appropriated to their new establishments.

In the meanwhile, the second year after the signature of the treaty of peace had elapsed, and the British had not yet been able to take possession of Illinois. This was owing to the opposition made by several Indian tribes, who, as alluded to above, had refused to abide by the treaty, and were waging a most cruel war against the British. These tribes had formed a confederacy, under the command of Pontiac, a bold warrior, who had already become celebrated for his prowess, and his devoted attachment to France during the whole of the war which the latter had carried on against Great Britain, in America. The confederated Indian army was composed of Hurons, Miamis, Chippeways, Uttawas, Pottawatomies, Missourias, &c., &c. The name of Pontiac was the terror of the whole region of the lakes; and, by his bands, he effectually interrupted the British intercourse with the rest of the nations that had remained friendly to that government. The taking of Fort Michilimackinac, the attempt at Detroit, and the attack upon the schooner Gladwin, on Lake Michigan, are memorable events, evincing a spirit of cunning and daring, highly characteristic of the genius of the red man.

In the winter of 1764-5, Pontiac, whilst engaged in his acts of depredation, learned that an armed British force was about to start from New Orleans, to take possession of the left bank of the Mississippi. He immediately proceeded to the neighborhood of Fort Chartres, accompanied by four hundred warriors, to oppose this occupation of the country, and finding there some Illinois Indians, who had placed themselves under the protection of the French garrison, he proposed to them to join him. But these people, disheartened by recent calamities, and, as it were, foredoomed to a final extinction, were unwilling to assume a hostile attitude towards their new rulers, from whom interest, if not generosity, would lead them to expect the same protection which they were then receiving. To this refusal Pontiac replied, with characteristic energy: "Hesitate not, or I destroy you with the same rapidity that fire destroys the grass of the prairie. Listen, and recollect that these are Pontiac's words." Having then despatched scouts upon the Mississippi

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and the Ohio, he hastened with some of his warriors to Fort Chartres, where he addressed Mr. St. Ange de Bellerive in the following terms:

"Father, we have long wished to see thee, to shake hands with thee, and, whilst smoking the calumet of peace, to recall the battles in which we fought together against the misguided Indians and the English dogs. I love the French, and I have come here with my warriors to avenge their wrongs," &c., &c. Mr. St. Ange was a Canadian officer of great bravery, and too much honor to be seduced by this language. Besides, he knew too well the Indian character to lose sight of the fact that the love of plunder was probably at bottom — a stronger inducement for Pontiac than his love for the French. This visit, which was terminated by an exchange of civilities, might, nevertheless, have brought difficulties upon the small garrison of Fort Chartres. But news arrived that the Indians of Lower Louisiana had attacked the British expedition, some miles below Natchez, and repulsed it. Pontiac became then less active in guarding the rivers; and, as he believed that the occupation of the country had been retarded again, he and his party were about to retire altogether. During the time, however, that the news took to arrive, the British had succeeded in getting up another expedition, on the Ohio; and Capt. Sterling, at the head of a company of Scots, arrived unexpectedly, in the summer of 1765; taking possession of the fort before the Indians had time to offer any resistance. At this news, Pontiac raved; swearing that, before he left the country, he would retake the fort and bear away Capt. Sterling's scalp. But the intervention of Mr. St. Ange and Mr. Laclede put an end to these savage threats. Pontiac returned to the north, made peace with the British, from whom he received a pension, and seemed to have buried all animosity against them. But, by his restless spirit, he soon aroused new suspicions, and we are informed by Capt. Jonathan Carver, that Pontiac having gone, in the year 1767, to hold a council in the Illinois country, an Indian who was either commissioned by one of the English governors, or instigated by the love he bore the English nation, attended him as a spy; and being convinced from the speech Pontiac made in the council, that he still retained his former prejudice against those for whom he now professed friendship, he plunged his knife into his heart as soon as he had done speaking, and laid him dead on the spot.

Capt. Carver travelled through the northern region, but never was south of the Prairie du Chien; so that his information is probably incorrect. The celebrity of Pontiac, as well as the distinguished part he took in the Indian wars of the West, will justify me, therefore, for introducing here a somewhat different statement of the manner of his death, as I have it from two of the most respectable living authorities of the day — Col. Pierre Chouteau, of St. Louis, and Col. Pierre Menard, of Kaskaskia. It is as follows: Pontiac's last residence was in St. Louis. One day he came to M. St. Ange and told him that he was going to pay a visit to the Kaskaskia Indians. M. Ange endeavored to dissuade him from it, reminding him of the little

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friendship that existed between him and the British. Pontiac's answer was, "Captain, I am a man! I know how to fight! I have always fought openly. They will not murder me; and if any one attacks me as a brave man, I am his match." He went off; was feasted; got drunk; and retired into the wood, to sing his medicine songs. In the meanwhile, an English merchant, named Williamson, bribed a Kaskaskia Indian with a barrel of rum, and the promise of greater reward, if he could succeed in killing Pontiac. He was struck with a pakamagon (tomahawk), and his skull fractured, which caused his death. This murder, which roused the vengeance of all the Indian tribes friendly to Pontiac, brought about the successive wars and almost total extermination of the Illinois nation.

Pontiac was a remarkably well-looking man, nice in his person, and full of taste in his dress, and in the management of his exterior ornaments. His complexion is said to have approached that of the whites. His origin is still uncertain, for some have supposed him to belong to the tribe of Ottawas, others to the Miamis, &c.; but Col. P. Chouteau, Sen., who knew him well, is of opinion that he was a Nipissing.

At last, on the 17th of July, 1765, Mr. St. Ange de Bellerive surrendered the country, and passed over to St. Louis, with his troops and the civil officers. This arrival was a favorable event for the organization of the colony. St. Louis became the capital of Upper Louisiana, under the command of Mr. St. Ange, who had charge of the execution of the laws and ordinances by which the French possessions were governed.

But Louis XV., in 1763, had entered into another treaty, by which he ceded to Spain the rest of his possessions in North America. This treaty, which filled the measure of French losses and humiliations, had been kept secret for a year. The official news of it was only received at New Orleans on the 21st of April, 1764, and rumors of it soon reached Upper Louisiana. Such was the consternation with which it was received by the whole French population, that the grief it occasioned to Gov. D'Abadie became the cause of his death, and Aubri, his successor, had to announce the cession to the people. The serious troubles which, in consequence of this session, were brought on at New Orleans under the Spanish Captain General, Don Antonio d'Ulloa, and the tragic events which followed under his successor, the blood-thirsty General Oreiley, kept the administration of Upper Louisiana in the hands of the French for several years. It was not until the 11th of August, 1768, that Spanish troops could take a first possession of St. Louis. But, eleven months afterwards, in consequence of the events alluded to, the same troops had been compelled to evacuate the country. At last, quiet being restored in Lower Louisiana, the Spaniards, in 1770, returned and took definitive possession of St. Louis. Mr. de St. Ange was then an old man. He decided upon remaining in St. Louis, where he died in 1775, at the age of 76. He had long commanded the post of Vincennes, on the Wabash, before he was called to take charge of Fort Chartres; and being highly respected and beloved by the inhabitants, his death was deeply regretted.

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When Mr. Laclede arrived in the country, there were no Indians on the spot where St. Louis now stands, nor in the whole region between the Mississippi and what is now the southern part of the State of Missouri. The Illinois Indians never crossed the river; so that the new colonists were never visited but by the Missouri and Osage Indians, and always as friends. The Missourias had become familiar, and had got the habit of spending their summers with the French. They came down in their canoes, bringing along with them their wigwams, and located themselves near St. Louis, their women aiding the colonists in their rural occupations, and in building their houses. The Osages visited the place three or four times a year, but not in a body. After a while, all the other northeastern nations adopted the same custom; and even the Sacs and Foxes, after the destruction of the Illinois nation, having driven away the Peorias, who were the last remnants of this nation, came in to trade away their maple sugar, their pecans, &c.

The Peorias, after having been expelled from their village on the Illinois river, took refuge at Kaskaskia. Afterwards, they fled below St. Louis, on the spot where the Arsenal is now located; and the British no longer occupying Fort Chartres, although the country still belonged to them, they again took refuge there, and, under the American Government, their hunting-grounds were in the vicinity of St. Genevieve. It was, however, on the prairies of Kaskaskia that they were finally destroyed by their enemies, and by the use of ardent spirits. The last attack upon them by the Sacs and Foxes, and other allied tribes, must have taken place between 1800 and 1804.

Had St. Louis been destined to remain a village, her history might have been despatched in a few lines. But future generations will inquire of us all that concerns the origin of the "River Queen," the destined queen of the western empire. Having so far sketched its early history, it becomes necessary to record the principal events connected with the city and its vicinity.

In 1767, a man by the name of Delor Detergette settled upon a splendid amphitheatre on the right bank of the Mississippi, six miles south of St. Louis. He was soon followed by others; but as they were not overburdened with wealth, they used to pay frequent visits to their kinsfolk of St. Louis, who, on seeing them approach, would exclaim, "Here come the empty pockets," — "Voila les poches vides qui viennent." But, on some occasion, a wag remarked, "You had better call them emptiers of pockets," — "les vides-poches;" a compliment which was retaliated by these upon the place of St. Louis, which was subject to frequent seasons of want, by styling it Pain-court — short of bread. The village being still nameless, retained the appellation of Vide-poche until 1776, when it was changed into that of Carondelet.

In 1769, settlements were made on both shores of the lower portion of the Missouri river. Blanchette, surnamed "the hunter," built his log house on the hills called les Petites Cotes; being the first dwelling of the beautiful village that, in 1784, received the name of St. Charles.

Francois Borosier Dunegan commenced the village of Florissant; which name it still popularly retains, although more lately called by the Spaniards St. Ferdinand.

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In 1778, on the 20th June, Pierre Ligueste Laclede, the founder of St. Louis, died in the village called the Poste des Arkansas, on Arkansas river. Mr. Laclede had continued to reside in St. Louis. His house, situated in what is now Main street, between Market and Walnut streets, and opposite the old market, became, after his death, the property of the late Col. A. Chouteau, who enlarged it, adorned the premises with a fine garden, and created that splendid mansion lately admired by strangers as well as by the inhabitants of the city. It was I pulled down in the month of October, 1841, and might be regretted, did it not make room for more modern buildings, better suited to the commercial extension of the place. Laclede still continued to deal in furs, which traffic obliged him to make frequent voyages to New Orleans. It was during one of these voyages, whilst ascending the Mississippi, that he became so ill as to be stopped at the Post of Arkansas, where he died at the age of 54. He had never been married, and not having had time to realize the fortune which his enterprise and intelligence could not have failed to secure to him, his property was sold after his death in liquidation of his affairs.

In 1780, on the 6th of May, as I discover by the papers of the late Col. Auguste Chouteau, entrusted to me by the family (though some writers assign the year 1778), St. Louis was attacked by a party of Indians and British, who had been ordered to take possession of the town on the west side of the Mississippi, in consequence of the part which Spain had taken in favor of the independence of the United Spates. The French, who had preserved a good understanding with all the Indian nations, very little expected this blow, and were not prepared to resist it. The garrison consisted of only fifty to sixty men, commanded by a certain Capt. Lebas (a Spaniard, and not a Frenchman, as his name might lead one to suppose). But, whatsoever his origin, he deserves nothing but public contempt. This Lebas, during the first three years that the Spaniards occupied the country, had commanded a small fort somewhere towards the mouth of the Missouri, perhaps at Belle Fontaine, and afterwards received the command of St. Louis, as a successor to Cruzat, who himself had succeeded Piernaz. The only means of defence for the place, at that time, was a stone tower erected near the village on the bank of the Mississippi, and some weak palisades. There were not more than 150 males in the place, of whom not more than seventy could be relied upon as efficient to repel an enemy numbering, according to the best authorities, 900 combatants, though, by some, their number is represented to have been from 1400 to 1500. It would have been useless to propose a capitulation, the conditions of which the Indians (as has been unfortunately too often experienced), either from ignorance or treachery, never fulfil, and the inhabitants knew too well the character of those with whom they had to deal, to expect salvation in anything but a courageous resistance. The women and children, who could not take part in the defence, took shelter in the house of Auguste Chouteau, whilst all those, both men and women, who were within the palisades, commenced so vigorous a resistance, that the enemy

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was forced to retreat. But these, with characteristic ferocity, threw themselves upon those of the inhabitants who, engaged in the cultivation of their fields, had not had time to reach the palisades; and it is said that sixty were killed, and fifteen made prisoners.

It is averred that the Spanish garrison took no part in this gallant defence. Lebas and his men had betaken themselves to the stone tower; and, it is further stated, that, as the tower threatened to give way after the first fire from it, he ordered the firing to be stopped; and that he died on receiving information that the Sacs, Foxes, and Iowa Indians were massacreing the people on the plains. The year this attack took place, is called by the French l' Année du Grand Coup, the year of the great blow.

Historical accuracy demands a denial here of the assertion of some authors, who ascribe to American troops an active part in this defence. Unfortunately, there were no United States troops on the bank of the Mississippi opposite to St. Louis, as none were needed, there being nothing to guard or to defend. It is well known that General George R. Clark, with his men, then occupied the important post of Kaskaskia, which is more than fifty-six miles south-east of St. Louis; and that, consequently, this gallant officer could not have had time, even if it fell within his line of duty, to aid in an affair that concerned the Spaniards and the British, which was planned as a surprise, and lasted but a few hours.

It was probably on this occasion, or perhaps on a similar one, that took place in the summer of 1811, as tradition informs us, that, after the battle, the Indians being reproached by the French that their women had been indiscriminately murdered by them, replied: "But why did they not wear their blue kerchiefs about their heads, as they used to do formerly? we would have recognized and spared them."

After the event narrated above, the inhabitants of St. Louis, finding that their garrison were unworthy of trust, without ammunition, and without means of defence against a regularly organized attack, deputed Mr. A. Chouteau to proceed to New Orleans for assistance. Cruzat was again made commander of St. Louis; the affairs of which place he administered with mildness and public satisfaction. A wooden fort was built on the most elevated spot within the city, upon which were mounted several heavy pieces of ordnance, and still later there were added four stone turrets, from which cross-fires could be kept up. This might have answered for the protection of the city, but only against the Indians. No traces of this fortification are now to be seen; the very site of which has yielded to the improvements of the city.

It may be well to remark, in this place, that this event proves the policy that has prevailed in Canada and Louisiana, in granting lands to the colonists, whereby they were commanded not to scatter themselves, but to concentrate into villages, under the protection of the forts; thus combining for mutual labor as well as mutual defence. Hence the government ceded tracts of lands for a whole community, on condition that they should be

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worked in a body. There was first a field assigned, the extent of which was proportioned to the number of families in the village. To each family was allotted a certain portion for cultivation, and all contributed to its general enclosure. Another tract was laid out for the pasturage of the stock, and a third in wood-land. These concessions were called common-lands, or simply commons. There were yet, a few years ago, such commons in the neighborhood of St. Louis, Carondelet, St. Genevieve, Kaskaskia, and near almost all the French villages in Missouri and Illinois.

1785. — This year is called l' Année des Grandes Eaux, the year of the great flood. In the month of April, the waters of the Mississippi rose fifteen or twenty feet above the highest mark they had ever been known to reach at St. Louis, and at some narrow parts of the river as high as thirty feet. The whole region of country drained by the Mississippi to its mouths, presented the aspect of an immense sheet of water studded with islands. The villages of St. Genevieve, Fort Chartres, Kaskaskia, St. Philippe, Cahokia, &c., were totally submerged, and the inhabitants, who had fled to the hills that overlook the rich bottom, interchanged visits by water from the rocky bluffs of the right side of the river to the hills that border the Kaskaskia. The village of St. Genevieve was then situated on a low prairie, that has since been entirely washed away; and tradition has it, that Mr. Auguste Chouteau, on his way back from New Orleans, moored his boat and breakfasted with his men, on the roof of the most elevated house.

In 1788, the traders between St. Louis and New Orleans having been frequently attacked and plundered of their merchandize, on their return, by the band of Mississippi pirates, headed by Culbert and Magilbray, who used to lie in wait for them at the mouths of the riviere aux Liards (Cottonwood creek), the Governor of New Orleans took measures against them, and ordered the equipment of an armed convoy of ten boats, which succeeded in breaking up the haunt of the pirates, and returned in triumph to St. Louis. This year is called l'Année des Dix Bateaux, the year of the ten boats.

In 1797, several Spanish galleys, of forty oars, ascended the river to St. Louis, with troops, under the command of Col. Don Carlos Howard.

1799 to 1800. — Winter of very intense cold, but no actual observations of temperature recorded.

In 1801, the small-pox (called by the Creoles picote) made its appearance, for the first time, in the country of Illinois and Missouri. The disease was unknown in the country on the 15th of April of this year.

By referring to the dates above, it will be seen that Upper Louisiana was for nearly thirty-two years under the dominion of Spain, and that France had scarcely the time to be aware of the foundation of St. Louis. The colony was ruled by a military

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government, that is to say, by the arbitrary will of commanders, uniting all authority in themselves, without any guaranty of personal rights, scarcely that of petitioning.

Spain never seems to have sought to take advantage of the resources of Upper Louisiana. It would appear that she looked upon this vast region simply as a barrier against the encroachment of neighbors upon her supposed more valuable Mexican possessions, a policy which alone explains the indifference which she manifested in the government of the country for so many years. Yet a nation becomes great by its genius, and the part which Spain has played in the history of nations does not allow the suspicion that she was ignorant of these resources. When she took possession of the entire country west of the Mississippi, she found a French population, already acclimated, civilized, and brought up in hardships endured during its prolonged wars with the British and Indians, and accustomed to sufferings and to privations. The prospects of a more tranquil and easy existence had assembled these people on the Arkansas, the Mississippi, and the Missouri rivers, where they awaited only a protecting government that would permit them in security to develope their industry, and to take advantage of the peace then enjoyed by the whole western region. All that Spain had to do was to open markets for their produce, and they would have supplied her with those provisions which she was obliged to ask of strangers for the nourishment of her Southern colonies. By encouraging the cultivation of lands, naturally of easy tillage, varied in their character, fertile, and in some respects exhaustless, the population would have increased, the arts of civilisation would have found their way among the people, who would have gradually been led to entertain a filial regard for their new parents; and thus would have arisen to the north of Mexico an empire whose enlightened strength would constitute the best of barriers. This vast empire, possessing the grandest natural limits on the earth, bounded by the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Pacific ocean; might, by its immense preponderance have changed the course of those great events that have taken place on the new continent since that period. France could not have aimed at such a power, so long as she was in possession of Canada; but she ought to have thought of it the day when she surrendered that great colony. The mighty results obtained by the free institutions of the United States of America, demonstrate, at this day, that the loss of Canada might have been turned to advantage by France, and that by fostering the possessions which she still held on the west of the Mississippi, she would have soon been amply repaid for the sacrifices she was compelled to make in 1763, since the colony, which remained to her, had still three times the extent of her own kingdom. Such was the opinion of enlightened men in France. The celebrated statesman Turgot, more especially foresaw the advantages of such a policy, and submitted to the king a plan by which this vast region (called by him Equinoxial France) might be largely peopled in a short time. But he was treated as a visionary.

This great scheme of policy, which would have been easy

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for France to pursue, acquired importance in its adoption, and was of still more natural execution by Spain. But, instead of eagerly seizing upon it, she is contented to encircle the settlers between the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Indians; imposes upon them arbitrary government; throws obstacles in the way of a free communication with the neighboring people; establishes restrictions upon imports, prohibits foreign competition, and stops the tide of emigration, by requiring of those who present themselves, offering their industry and talents, a certificate that they belong to the Roman Catholic religion. Spain adopts also the impolicy of granting exclusive favors and privileges: makes grants of land without discrimination, often unconditionally; and when conditions are annexed, the grantee is unable to fulfil them, for want of proper encouragement, and from the uncertainty of finding a market for the products of his labor. No wonder she complains that her colony costs her more than it yields, and she would make up the deficiency by driving the population to dig out of the earth by main bodily strength, without the aid of arts, metals of which she reserves for herself the monopoly, as well as that of the salinas.

If we look over the voluminous records of laws and ordinances by which the country was then governed, it is painful to consider the fertility of the subjects to which they refer, and the littleness of the motives which have induced their passage. No settled plan ever seems to have been adopted with a view of developing the moral and natural resources of the country. As the government seemed to provide only for the exigencies of the day, so the inhabitants lived but for the day. It is true there are no evidences that the Spanish authority in Upper Louisiana was ever used with cruelty or oppression, or that it was ever vexatious; but it was, perhaps, worse, for it was enervating, and drove to apathy.

Man, however, obeys the impulses of his faculties, as matter is governed by its peculiar properties. The Creoles of Upper Louisiana were the descendants of a brave and enterprising nation. Unable to devote their energies to more noble pursuits, or to cultivate the arts of civilized life, they penetrated into the forests, in the midst of numberless tribes of Indians till then unknown, to explore the extensive regions between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, and thus created the fur trade of this great portion of North America. In these hazardous, distant, and prolonged journeys, was trained a set of hardy men, from whom sprung the class of men, known by the name of voyageurs, or engages, who were for a long time, and still are, as necessary and efficient on the burning prairies of the West, as the Canadian voyageurs are for the rugged and frozen regions of the North and North-West. These two haughty and indomitable races have a peculiar character; they are half civilized and half savages; rebellious and submissive; possessed of great courage and power of physical endurance, they fear neither the inclemency of seasons, the pain of hunger, the arrows of the Indian, nor the danger of exposure to wild beasts; never despairing, and always cheerful, they are intelligent, honest, devoted, and gifted

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with the warmest feelings; they speak, as it were unconsciously, the idioms of the several Indian tribes among whom they have been; they know all the rivers, all the paths and by-paths, and all the recesses of the wilderness; they are intimately acquainted with the character and wants of the Indians, and possess a good knowledge of the haunts and habits of the wild animals; in a word, they are a class of men with whom no military or scientific expedition, no trading caravan, no traveller of any description, can dispense.

It was these first explorers who, under the direction of their employers, whom they called their bourgeois (boss), opened the fur trade to the north and west of the Missouri river. Such were the certain advantages offered by this trade, because of the natural facilities of the transportation over the British trade, that, had it been well organized and fostered, it would have made a flourishing place of St. Louis, and established a formidable competition capable of destroying all the influence of the British Company. But the Spanish system was fatal to those great interests. To trade with the Indians was a privilege nominally granted as a reward for services rendered, but, in fact, generally adjudged to the highest bidders. A few merchants only amassed fortunes; whilst the colony derived from it no permanent advantage. Far from this, the natural resources of the country were more and more neglected. Such was the fertility of the soil, that it might have been made the granary of all the Spanish possessions at the south; and yet scarcely as much grain was raised as answered the wants of the surrounding country. The most active of the colonists had quitted their fields for the precarious profits of the fur trade; all the young men turned trappers, hunters, or boatmen; and the peace and contentment of a domestic life were exchanged for one of bustle and adventure. The contrast between the two shores of the Mississippi was obvious. The right shore was marked by listlessness and apathy; whilst the protecting government of Great Britain, although but recently established, had already infused prosperity into the settlements of the left. A wholesome lesson might have been learned in this contrast; but it was disdained. The colony fell into complete idleness and poverty; and the habits and manners of the inhabitants became, of course, deteriorated, leaving it far in arrear of the progress which civilisation was making around it. Towards the close of the last century, all activity and industry had vanished. "People," says a French writer, "worked only to keep themselves from dying and going barefooted, and seemed satisfied with living out a life of carelessness and ignorance, as unprofitable as it was inglorious."

Spain, however, at that time appeared to arouse herself in behalf of her Mississippi possessions. The Marquis de Carondelet was still the Governor-General at New Orleans, and Mr. Charles Dehault Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor of St. Louis. Being both enlightened men, they were aware "that the admission of foreign settlers of every creed was one of the most certain means of promoting the prosperity of their provinces;" and they might at another epoch have effected much good, but

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it was then too late — the times were completely altered. During the precious years lost by Spain, the nations of the two parts of the world had had their feelings roused for the love of liberty. The Americans had achieved their independence; France had commenced her revolution. If, during these years, the Spanish government, preoccupied at home, had deemed it its best policy to wait for a more propitious occasion to turn a serious look towards Louisiana, if could not fail now to perceive the error. The progress of events, in its onward march, had arrived at that stage when the next step was to change the entire destinies of this magnificent country.

On the 9th day of July, 1803, at 7 o'clock, P. M., and the precision with which this date is registered indicates the profound sensation with which the news was received — the inhabitants of St. Louis learn, indirectly at first, that Spain had retroceded Louisiana to Napoleon, and that the latter had sold it to the United States.

"It most generally happens that the state of transition in a nation, from a monarchical form of government to one of almost absolute liberty, is one of prolonged struggles. Those nations that have gone through this ordeal know that it can be passed but at the expense of blood, shed in intestine commotions and foreign wars. But, in this respect, the two Louisianas have been more fortunate, for it only required a few years of schooling. It is true, the Upper Louisiana had to pay higher for her tuition; but this is in the nature of things, for the knowing will always outwit the inexperienced. The good-natured Missourians had not kept pace with the march of civilisation. Their existence had become, as it were, so isolated and simplified, that they had lost sight of the advantages of a social compact, which, whilst it imposes salutary restraints, invites emulation and stimulates ambition. There were no public schools in the colony; no regular church, as it was but rarely that the villages were visited by some venerable missionaries, whose number was very small, considering the vast extent of the country. All the purposes of life were embraced within the domestic circle, where virtue, religious faith, and strict honesty were proverbial. Notaries public, lawyers, judges, and tribunals were unknown. There was no other prison than the guard-house of the small Spanish garrison; and it is asserted that, during upwards of thirty years, there was not a solitary instance of civil delinquency, or of crime. Bargains were sealed by a grasp of the hand, and the currency of the country consisted of deer-skins. This state of things did not so much grow out of a relapse to the original condition of those by whom they were surrounded, as of innate candor and simplicity. Old Anglo-Americans who lived among them in these times, and have experienced and enjoyed their heartfelt hospitality, cherish the recollection of them with sincere respect. It is true, that those colonists who engaged themselves in the Indian trade, and were always under arms, as well as those who navigated the rivers, in the transportation of articles of barter, and were most of their time tugging at the oar or handling the cordelle — these, certainly, did not exhibit the same

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unexceptionable simplicity of manners; but such people were almost always absent from the villages. They were birds of passage to their own families; and though in the pursuit of their several professions they could not fail to encounter much that was exceptionable and bad, it is hardly to be presumed that they would poison with it their own firesides.

The French descendants of the present day still retain numerous anecdotes of their ancestors, that graphically describe the unsophisticated nature of the Missourians; among which I may be permitted to select one.

A genuine Missourian, it is related, was hovering for some time around the stall of a negro dealer, situated on the bank of the Mississippi, in Lower Louisiana. The dealer was a Kentucky merchant, who, observing him, asked him if he wished to purchase anything? "Yes," said the Missourian, "I should like to buy a negro." He was invited to walk in, made his choice, and inquired the price. "Five Hundred Dollars," said the dealer; "but, according to custom, you may have one year's credit upon the purchase." The Missourian, at this proposition, became very uneasy: the idea of having such a load of debt upon him for a whole year was too much. "No, no," said he, "I'd rather pay you six hundred dollars at once, and be done with it." "Very well," said the obliging Kentuckian, "anything to accommodate you."

But to return to the narrative of events. The treaty having been finally ratified on the 30th of April, 1803, Capt. Amos Stoddard took possession of the country, which the Spanish evacuated on the 3d of November, 1804. Somewhat later, W. H. Harnson, Governor and Commander-in-chief of the Indian territory and of Upper Louisiana, organized the Judiciary and civil powers; and on the 2d July, 1805, General James Wilkinson, by order of Congress, established the district of Upper Louisiana under a Territorial Government, which was called Missouri Territory. By this name it was known until 1820, when it was admitted into the Union as the State of Missouri, and its constitution sanctioned by Congress in 1821.

It is easier to imagine than to describe the astonishment and wonder of the good colonists, when, as a sequel to the sundry official acts by which they were declared republicans, and their country a member of the great American confederation founded by Washington, they witnessed the arrival of a legion of judges, lawyers, notaries, collectors of taxes, &c., &c., and, above all, a flock of vampires in the shape of land speculators. The simple-minded Creole could not at first exactly realize the sort of liberty which made it a duty, or compelled him, to leave home to go to elections, and to serve as a juryman. St. Louis, however, was the capital of the Territory, by which the feelings and opinions of the other parts of the colony had been directed; and there were among her citizens men of intelligence and capacity, whose example and influence prevailed over the natural repugnance that always arises in the adoption of a radical change in the political condition of a country. Liberty, with the popular institutions that accompany her,

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were welcomed; their advantages were soon understood; and perhaps no other instance can be found of the amalgamation of a people with a great nation with so much ease and tranquillity.

What follows to be told of the history of St. Louis is a part of that of the State of which it is now the emporium. It belongs to the local historian to make known the rise and progress of her institutions, under the promoting care of Liberty; foremost among which, he cannot fail to distinguish the noble example of public spirit set by the Catholic clergy, who were the first to establish throughout the country numerous institutions for worship, charity, and public instruction. But, before quitting my narrative, I cannot refrain from alluding to the actual condition of St. Louis, and indulging in the prospect of her future greatness.

The geographical position of the city is favorable to a remarkable degree. Situated a few miles below the junction of two of the greatest rivers of the world, it is the natural central depot of all the varied products that reach it by a navigation of one thousand to two thousand miles over these two rivers and their innumerable tributaries. St. Louis is emphatically the Key of the Far West; comprehending within this term the extensive regions stretching between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean. All distant expeditions to the north, or to the west, must start from St. Louis; and here, also, all their fruits are gathered together, comprising the proceeds of the fur trade, as well as the mineral and agricultural productions of the whole northern basin of the Mississippi; whence they are distributed to the various markets of consumption, either by the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, by the Ohio to the Atlantic States, or through Illinois, by the lakes and other opened channels of communication, to the seaboard and the Canadas.

It is worthy of remark — and her geographical position makes it obvious — that no works of internal improvement can be made by any of the neighboring States, whether to the east or north, or even by those that may hereafter be formed to the north or west, without becoming subservient to the interests of St. Louis. Hence the State of Missouri has not deemed it wise to embark hastily in such expenditures; and though, in the true spirit of the time, much reproached on this score, events at this day prove that she acted judiciously. Submitting its great and magnificent territory to the natural and unburdened course of things, without the necessity of levying direct taxes, immigrants have been flocking for several years back to this rich and beautiful country, the resources of which they develope with astonishing rapidity. In 1830, the population of the State was only 140,445; that of St. Louis, 6,500. In 1840, the census returned 382,702 as the whole number of the inhabitants of the State; and the population of St. Louis was estimated, in 1841, at 30,000 within the city limits. The amount of property taxed, according to the city register of the same year, was 8,591,675 dollars.

The first arrival of a steamboat at St. Louis, was in 1819; there are now (October, 1841), no less than sixty-seven, of from

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150 to 800 tons burden, belonging to the port. The whole number engaged in the navigation of the waters of the Mississippi and its tributaries, is 310,]

GENERAL REVIEW
OF THE
BUSINESS OF SAINT LOUIS
FOR THE PAST YEAR,
As compared with previous years.

In accordance with our annual custom we propose to review, briefly, the Trade, Commerce, and local statistics of our city, and to lay before our readers some few remarks on each leading article of our trade. ST. LOUIS seems to continue to be a favorite point for the location of the merchant, the tradesman and others who, having left the home of their fathers, resolve to settle at some point in the "Great West," if we may judge from the great influx of inhabitants which pour into it, and fix their residence

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here from year to year. The official statistics, in part reported to the City Council during the past year, warrant us in saying that the number of houses, factories, &c., which have been erected during the past year within the corporate limits, is not less than 1700, and that its population has augmented full 4,000. We estimate its present population to exceed 40,000, and augmenting with a rapidity unexampled in the annals of any city either East or West; and its trade and commerce keep pace with its influx of population, as will be shown by some few statistics which are herewith annexed.

The tonnage, as registered at the U. S. Custom House — this being a port of entry — amounts to 20,420 tons, against 14,720 tons in the year 1842, thus showing an increase in less than three years, of nearly 40 per cent. This tonnage is the property of citizens of the city, and we may safely say that at least as much more is employed in its trade and commerce, the property of other cities. The arrivals during the past year amount to 2,613 against 2105 the previous year, showing an increase of 508 arrivals. The annual trade of St. Louis is now estimated by those whose opinions are worthy of respect, at $50,000,000, and what it will be in half a century hence, when Oregon and the Californias will probably be annexed either by purchase or conquest, none can estimate. Nearly 47,000 bags Coffee, 11,000 hhds. Sugar, 758,000 pigs Lead, 31,000 bales Hemp, 13,000 hhds. Tobacco, 132,000 brls. Flour, and nearly a million bushels of Wheat, have been imported into St. Louis the past year, being an average increase of nearly 20 per cent. on that of the previous year.

The assumed value of real estate the past year is more than 13,000,000 of dollars, being an increase over the value in 1830, of more than twelve millions! and the current city revenues of 1845 are estimated, per official data, at $227,000 — 20 000 of which are received from our steamboat tonnage, and 17,000 from Water revenues. These are some data on which the reflecting mind may estimate our progress and prosperity.

During the past year the mercantile and trading interests have had no cause to complain. The merchant has found ready sale for his goods — the tradesman and mechanic have been fully employed, and the laboring classes, who were not indisposed to work, have had the opportunity to lay up ample stores to serve them during the inclement season now upon us. Our city has enjoyed, during the past year, its usual health; and, while we acknowledge our dependence upon the Author of all our blessings, we should not be unmindful of the debt of gratitude we owe to Him from whom cometh every blessing.

TOBACCO. — The crop of the past season was probably superior to any ever produced in Missouri, if not in the West, and the planter has been amply repaid for the extra labor and attention bestowed upon its management, as prices ruled high throughout the season. The total receipts of the year amount to 12,856 hhds. against 10,013 the previous year, showing an increase of 2,843 hhds. which would have been somewhat larger, but for the low stage of the Missouri river during the summer and fall. A corresponding increase is also apparent in the sales here, they amounting to 6,290 hhds.; but it is only fair to state, that at least

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500 of this number were re-sales, reducing the actual amount to 5,790 hhds. Of the total number 3,434 hhds. were graded Passed, and the remainder refused. Another division may be important — of the gross receipts from above 2,812 hhds. were in the shape of Strips, and the remainder. 10,044, Leaf — 640 hhds. Strips were also manufactured here from the Leaf, which, as it requires about three hhds. Leaf to make two of Strips, reduces the gross number of hhds. of all descriptions to 11,896, or 8,444 Leaf, and 3,452 Strips. Of this amount, but some 250 to 300 hhds. remain here, the remainder having been sent forward to various parts of the world, a very large portion of the finer Manufacturing descriptions having gone to the Ohio, Kentucky, and even Western Virginia manufactories, which speaks volumes in favor of Missouri Tobacco. The average prices of the year have been, for Inferior 1 ˝ to 2; Common 2 ź to 3; Fair 3 ź to 4; Fine 4 ź to 5, and Choice Manufacturing 7 ˝ to 8 cents per lb., many parcels ranging as high as 12 to 15 cents. In regard to the coming crop, nothing very definite is yet known, except that it will be a short one. All the information of which we are possessed, however, leads to the belief that it will be far inferior, particularly in color, to that of the past year, the Leaf generally curing up dark and unsightly. Other objections are also urged, but lest we have been erroneously informed, we prefer awaiting receipts, and let it show for itself. The first Tobacco inspection was organized here in 1841, and the receipts and inspections since that time have been as follows, viz:

	Receipts.	Inspections.
In 1841	no account.	415
1842	"	1,754
1843	20,668	6,847
1844	10,013	4,447
1845	12,856	6,290

HEMP. — The crop of this important staple for 1845 was, on the whole, small compared with former years. The quality, however, has been good, and in the manner in which it is now put up for the Eastern and Foreign markets, there is a great and growing improvement. The Government of our country is, or ought to be, deeply interested in this important staple of the West, and we marvel that more encouragement has not been given to it than is yet perceptible. It is true a good deal of correspondence has passed between citizens interested in the raising of this article, and the officials of Government, but we have yet to learn that a fostering hand has as yet been extended, calculated to work any practicable good. The home article is now fast taking the place of the foreign for the manufacture of cordage, &c., in the East and we can see no good reason why all the inspections and purchases for the government should not be made West as well as East. The quantity received here the past year has fallen off more than one half that of the previous, and even falls below that of 1843. The number of bales received for these years is as follows, viz:

In 1843	37,523 bales.
1844	62,732 "
1845	30,985 "

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We learn that the quantity to be received this year will probably fall short of that of 1844, but that the quality will be much better. The shipments of Hemp, the past year, have not been profitable in the aggregate — the farmer having been better paid for his labor, in producing, than the merchant, in purchasing for export. The demand that was anticipated early in the spring, for England, at good prices, has not been realized, and most of the Hemp exported to that country, has not realized any profit. Complaints from the other side of the Atlantic continue to be heard, that the article is not well cleaned, and too little care taken to have it suitably prepared for the English market. These defects must be remedied by the producer, if he expects to enjoy the advantages of European markets; and we doubt not it will be attended to hereafter.

LEAD. — The production of this article continues rapidly on the increase. The shipments from the Galena mines alone, the past year, amount to 778,461 pigs, of which 757,906 pigs have been received here, the remainder being detained on its way by the ice, against, 621,900 during the previous year, showing an increase of 156,560 pigs. The increase from the Lower Mines, we have every reason to believe, has been on an equal ratio; the total product being estimated by those most familiar with the trade, at over 10,000,000 lbs., or about 150,000 pigs; yet the actual demand has steadily kept pace with this large increase of production, and now, at the close of the year, the entire stock here amounts to but 31,500 pigs, nearly the whole of which has long since passed into second hands, and already on board to be sent forward by the first opening of navigation. Prices, too, have ruled much higher than during the previous year, when it opened at $2,90 to 2,95, and closed at $3,00, the highest point reached, and that but for a short time, being $3,60 to 3,62 ˝ per hundred. During the past year, it opened at $3,15 to 3,20, and closed at 4,00 to 4,12 ˝ per hundred. In the latter part of May the market became depressed, and rate receded to $2,95 to 298, but soon after recovered, and with occasional slight checks, continued to maintain an upward tendency, until it reached present rates, say $4,00 to 4,12 ˝ per hundred, with but a few pigs on sale. The total receipts from the Galena mines for the past five years, were as follows, viz:

In 1841	463,404 pigs.
1842	473,599 "
1843	584,431 "
1844	621,900 "
1845	757,906 "
Total for five years	2,901,040 "

FLOUR. — The quantity of Flour received here the past year exceeds that of the previous, 40,000 brls., being an increase of more than one-third. The milling business, however, throughout the year, has not been profitable, and what the millers have made in the shape of profits, within the past three months, will hardly make up the aggregate losses of the nine previous months. Wheat has been relatively too high to make the grinding of Flour profitable. Our City Mills have largely increased in number during the past two years, and the quantity of Wheat now

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demanded for their use is more than double what it was two years ago. The character of "St. Louis City Mills"Flour is now high throughout the Union, and some brands rank far above the best Genesee in the Boston market. This is as it should be, as our Flour is intrinsically better than a large majority of the Flour manufactured in the Union. Indeed, we have heard that a test of one brand, the "Missouri," has been made in one of the Eastern markets, between it and the best Genesee, and that the former was found to make more bread by 25 lbs. per brl. than the latter. The total receipts of Country Flour for the past year amount to 132,196 brls. against 96,203 for the previous year. The exports of both Country and City Mills show a corresponding increase, and for the past two months have paid large profits to miners and others. The consumption of St. Louis is estimated at 3,000 brls. per month; that of New York is upwards of 60,000 per month. During the past year the ordinance requiring all Flour sold in this city to be first inspected has been repealed, and it is now optional with the seller whether to have his Flour inspected or not. Most of our City Mills, however, is sold by the brand, as to quality. The receipts of Country Flour, for the past three years, as will be seen, were as follows, viz:

In 1843	80,479 brls.
1844	96,203 "
1845	132,196 "
Total for three years	308,878 "

WHEAT. — Although navigation closed this year earlier than last, yet it will be seen that the quantity of Wheat received here exceeds, up to the same period, that of last year nearly 200,000 bushels. The trade in this staple is rapidly increasing, and the demand through the year, and especially since the new crop made its appearance, has been very active. Less wheat has gone to the Ohio river this year than last, but the consumption of our own mills has fully doubled that of the previous year. The crops of 1845 in this section — embracing the States of Illinois and Missouri, and the territories of Iowa and Wisconsin — have been remarkably good, better both in quantity and quality than any crop since 1842. The quantity produced the past year in this section is, however, greatly over estimated by some of the Eastern papers — setting that of Illinois alone at eight millions of bushels for export! when the truth is, the State does not produce this quantity. The quantity of wheat received here this season, up to the 1st inst., is 986,096 bushels, and at the same period last year 808,738 bushels. We predict a great demand for this staple on the opening of navigation in the spring, but at lower rates than have been paid for some time past. This demand will be principally from the Ohio river, as it is now a well ascertained fact that tile crop of that State (Ohio) is very little over what it was in 1844. The markets of Europe will not begin to feel the want of Wheat and Flour till April or May, and by that period the actual deficiency of breadstuffs in all the Continental markets will have developed itself. The quantity of Wheat here is estimated by some at 200,000 bushels! Our own opinion, founded upon considerable inquiry, is that there are not over 70 or 80,000 bushels in

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the market, including all in the millers' hands, and we question whether true statistics can make it over 50,000 bushels. The comparative receipts for the past three years were as follows, viz:

	brls.	sacks.
In 1843	70,777	131,427
1844	54,887	257,632
1845	77,150	382,323
Total in three years	202,814	771,382

PORK AND BEEF PACKING. — Stimulated by the general success of the past year, this branch of trade is progressing with renewed activity the present season. This is comparatively a new branch of business in St. Louis, and the day is not far distant when it will assume great importance in the trade of our city. The season opened late, and operations have been much retarded by bad roads and the impassable state of the rivers, checking the free arrival of the raw material, yet some 12 or 14,000 Hogs, and 23 to 2500 Beef cattle, have been packed, and, from engagements already made, it is estimated that the entire business of the season will amount to near 25,000 Hogs, and 6,000 head of Beef. When we take into consideration the great increase in the weight of the Hogs and Beef, this year, this is a very heavy increase on the business of the previous year. Corn being abundant, the meat is also much superior, and fully equal to the best Ohio. The increase at Alton and the points above, will probably be on equal ratio with that here. The prices paid thus far by our Packers, have been $3,25 to 4, as the range, but at present, owing to the temporary scarcity of money, $3,00 to 3,75 appear to be the buying rates, though holders do not meet these terms very readily. For Beef, $2,25 to 3,00 has been the ruling price since the opening of the season, but at present these figures are scarcely sustained for Cattle, deliverable immediately, though engagements for choice lots, deliverable in the latter part of January and February, are making at the highest figure. That already packed is remarkably fine, and is designed chiefly for the British market. The market for the manufactured articles can hardly be said to be opened, the transactions, as yet, having been unimportant, but so far as we can learn the views of Packers, they are holding Pork $10,50 to 11,00 for Mess, and $9,00 to 9,50 for Prime; and Beef $11,00 per tierce. The receipts of these two articles from above, for the past three years, were as follows, viz:

	Pork.	Beef.
In 1843	brls. 19,805	11,284
1844	" 47,836	4,172
1845	" 16,199	7,029

It is estimated that the product of the present season, throughout this region of country, will be at feast one-third greater than that of the past.

LARD. — We have reason to believe that the past year has been a profitable one to all engaged in this article of trade, the entire product having been long since disposed of at steady and full rates. The product for the present season will probably, though

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not necessarily, be in proportion to that of Pork, but this will depend upon the relative prospects of the two articles as the season advances. In all events, however, whatever the quantity may be, the quality will be fine. As yet, we have heard of but few transactions in City, rendered, though several are reported above, at rates ranging from 6 ž to 6 ⅞ cents, about equal to 7 cents here, which seems to be the general asking rate, and could probably be readily obtained but for temporary pecuniary pressure to which we have already alluded. Our import table shows the following receipts from above for the past three years, viz:

	brls.	kegs.
In 1843	13,844	24,337
1844	15,792	19,709
1845	8,502	5,362

BACON. — It is too early in the season to determine anything in regard to this article, but it is presumed it will not be overlooked by Packers, particularly as it did well last year, and that a proportionate quantity will be manufactured the present season. Whatever proportion may be made, however, will enter a clear market, as the old stock is now almost entirely exhausted. Receipts for the past three years were as follows, viz:

In 1843	15,909	casks
1844	11,308	"
1845	8,620	"

This does not include very considerable receipts in bulk, barrels, and irregular packages.

WOOL. — As we predicted in our last annual report, this article begins to take its place as one of our important staples. The total receipts of the past year amount to 1,899 bales, against 1,377 during the previous year, and down to that period the receipts were too unimportant to attract attention. The increase hereafter promises to be very rapid, until the article shall form one of our most important staples. The demand for the article has continued steady throughout the year, but owing to the want of a more perfect classification, quotations have been of but little use in determining the actual price of the various descriptions; but the range of the market has been from 16 to 30 cents 18 to 26 governing in most transactions. Time and experience will overcome this difficulty, and during the coming year we will pay more particular attention to the market for this important article.

COFFEE. — Receipts during the past year amount to 46,802 sacks, against 42,476 during the previous year — showing an increase of 4,326 sacks. By careful inquiry among principal dealers we find the present stock amounts to but 513 sacks; but the small parcels in second hands will probably swell this amount to some 750 or 800 sacks — which deducted from total receipts, shows the actual consumption of the year to be rising 46,000 sacks, and indeed it may be stated at 2 to 3,000 more, the difference between the stocks at the close of the previous and past year. This amount may be safely estimated as the actual consumption, as owing to the obstructions to navigation during the greater part of the fall, and total suspension for the past six weeks, the stocks in the country were never lighter — indeed the whole interior may be considered as almost entirely bare of the article. Until recently rates, both

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here and elsewhere, have had rather a declining tendency for some years past — the lowest point touched here being 6 ˝ to 6 ž cents from fair to prime Rio. About the first of August, however, the market took a turn, and prices assumed an upward tendency, gradually improving, unaided by fictitious causes, until the close of navigation, when the current rates were 8 to 8 ź cents. The closing of navigation, together with light stocks, gave a rather unnatural impulse to the market, and it is now firmly held at 9 ž to 10 cents, and even higher. On the opening of navigation these rates will probably give way slightly, yet a careful survey of the condition of other markets warrants the belief that rates will rule higher for the coming, than during the past year. By reference to our table, it will be seen that the receipts for the past three years were as follows, viz:

In 1843	40,297	sacks.
1844	42,476	"
1845	46,802	"
Total for three years	129,575	"

SUGAR. — Receipts during the past year amount to 10,237 hhds., against 10,738 for the previous year, showing a falling off of 501 hhds. This may be accounted for in the suspension of navigation for the past six weeks — the receipts during this period the previous year being 1895 hhds. Add a similar amount to the receipts of the past year (and it is fair to presume that it would have been received) and we have 12,132 hhds., or an increase of 1,394 hhds. over the previous year. The difference in the amount of stocks at the close of the two years respectively, should also be considered in determining the actual consumption. At the close of 1844, the stock amounted to at least 1700 hhds., whereas at this date it does not exceed 100 hhds., if so much. On the opening of the year prices ranged at 4 ˝ to 5 ˝ cents, with a stock of 1,700 hhds., and an acknowledged heavy crop; but the market steadily declined until about the 1st of March when rates had reached as low as 3 ź to 4 cents. At this time a decidedly speculative feeling sprang up, and rates rapidly advanced, until they touched as high as 7 ź to 7 ˝ cents, but subsequently declined to 5 ź to 6 ź cents, and continued so with slight variations, until the 1st of September, when rates again advanced to 7 to 7 ˝, which figures were maintained until the 1st of November, when the new crop began to come forward freely, and soon after, prices again receded to 5 ˝ to 6 ź cents, at which rate it continued until the close of navigation, and the limited parcels now on the market are held at 6 ˝ to 7 cents. In the early part of the year the prospects for a fall crop were flattering, but owing to early frosts, the cane much injured, and it is now ascertained that the yield will fall short of that of the previous year, both in quantity and quality. The total receipts for the past three years were as follows, viz:

In 1843	10,171	hhds.
1844	10,738	"
1845	10,237	"
Total for three years	31,146

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MOLASSES. — The total receipts amount to 11,876 brls., against 12,068 during the previous year. On the opening of the spring trade rates ruled at 24 to 26 cents, and, with the usual fluctuation occasioned by short or heavy supply, &c., now at the close of the year, 28 to 30 cents is a fair quotation, with a stock not exceeding 250 to 300 brls.

SALT. — Receipts of the past year amount to 123,185 sacks Foreign, and 21,684 brls. Kanawha, against 153,038 sacks 14,277 brls. during the previous year. During the whole of 1844, and the fore part of the past year, the market continued overstocked with all descriptions — boats bringing heavy supplies on their own account, and forcing it upon the market at rates which not unfrequently entailed loss upon themselves, as well as others engaged in the trade. The consequence has been a partial neglect of the article for the past few months, and the supply has since conformed more closely to actual demand, and rates have been more steady and remunerating. Since the close of navigation, however, the very limited stocks of all descriptions, but particularly of Liverpool, are held at very high rates, but of course form no criterion under other circumstances.

WHISKY. — The trade in this article is steadily undergoing an entire change. Until within a few days past, the market was wholly supplied from the Ohio river. Now distilleries are springing up in all directions — presenting, every year, a more formidable competition with those of the Ohio, and the day is not far distant when we shall be heavy exporters instead of importers of this article. Already do our distilleries furnish nearly one half of the supply, and increasing rapidly. The total receipts of the past year, not including that supplied per wagons, amount to 29,445 brls., against 24,147 the previous year, and 18,605 in 1843. The average price, during the year, has been about 22 ˝ cents, and the limited stock now on hand, is held at 26 a 27 cents.

As a concluding remark, all minor articles of Produce have met a ready market throughout the year, and, generally, at much higher rates than during the previous, and now at the close, the prospect is fair for the continuance of the same state of things. We would also remark, that our table of imports does not embrace the large amount of Produce of all kinds received here per wagons, which forms no inconsiderable item in our trade, and would swell the aggregate very materially. — St. Louis Price Current.

City Hospital.

The City Hospital, corner of Fourth and Spruce Streets, is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, and is the only Hospital in the city. The city pays about ten thousand dollars per annum for the support of this institution, and the United States about two thousand, with the privilege of sending a number of patients.

The Convent of the Sacred Heart, is in the southern part of the city, and to it is attached a flourishing Female Seminary.

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The State Tobacco Warehouse, corner of Washington Avenue and Sixth Street, is a brick building, three stories in height, one hundred and fifty by one hundred and thirty feet, and cost, together with the ground, twenty-five thousand dollars. The second story of this large building is much used for fairs, tea-parties, &c., being capable of holding from two to three thousand persons.

The Planters' Tobacco Warehouses, corners of Second Street 1 Washington Avenue, are the private property of J. B. Brant, and cost twenty thousand dollars. One is two stories high, and one hundred and seven by one hundred and thirty-seven feet; the other, three stories nigh, and ninety-six by one hundred and eleven feet.

Chouteau's Pond is a beautiful sheet of water in the Southwestern part of the city, in nearly the form of a crescent, about two miles long, and averaging a quarter of a mile in width. A substantial bridge has lately been built across the pond, which will tend greatly to facilitate the growth of this portion of St. Louis.

The United States Arsenal is situated three miles below the city, near the river's bank. Three miles below this is the old French village of Carondelet; and four miles farther down are the Jefferson Barracks, the head-quarters of the Western Army, in a most beautiful location, on the bank of the river.

Within twenty-five miles of St. Louis, are the villages of Florissant, Manchester, and St. Charles, in Missouri; and, in Illinois, Brooklyn, Illinois Town, Belleville, Cahokia, and Alton. The staples of this region are tobacco, hemp, and grain; lead, flour, beef, pork, hides, furs, peltries, &c., and, before long, iron may be added to the list, as the ore of the Merrimac and the Iron Mountain cannot be surpassed. There is also a heavy business done here in furs. The American Fur Company, at St. Louis, employ a capital of more than half a million of dollars, and furnish occupation to several hundred persons.

The "Big Mounds" in the upper part of the city, are objects of some curiosity, and of ancient date. On the lower mound the city has constructed a reservoir, into which water is raised from the river by steam-power, and conveyed thence, by iron pipes, through the city. On the upper mound, Messrs. Field & Vandeventer have erected a Pavillion, as a public resort for pleasure. This mound is on Broadway, near the river, a mile and a half from the Court-house. It is of oblong shape and about fifty feet high. The Pavillion is a wooden building, eighty feet long and two stories high, from the top of which may be enjoyed a magnificent view up and down the river, and over a large portion of the city and suburbs.

The Manufactories of St. Louis are by no means undeserving of notice; and although we expect to record, in the next volume of the "Metropolis," a great improvement in this regard, we will here barely mention a part of the present manufacturing establishments in the city.

Flour, cotton yarn, red lead, white lead, lard oil, linseed oil, castor oil, &c., are manufactured in this city, and the operations of sugar refining, brick making, sawing, planing, boat building, tanning,

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stone cutting, iron casting, &c., are carried on to a considerable extent. The handiwork of the St. Louis mechanics generally is worthy of all praise, and has obtained for them a good name abroad.

A Cotton Factory, owned by Messrs. A Meier & Co., is in successful operation, in the rear of their house, on Main Street.

The Sugar Refinery of Mr. William A. Belcher, in the north part of the city, now in progress of erection, will, when completed, be one of the greatest ornaments St. Louis can boast. It is 120 feet long by 80 feet deep, and six stories high. In the rear is another building, of "a few" stories, 40 feet by 90. The estimated cost of the whole is sixty thousand dollars.

CITY MILLS. — The number, of flour-mills in the city is fifteen, all but one of which are carried on by steam power. The water-mill belongs to Mr. Chouteau, and is propelled by water from Chouteau's Pond. Here follow the names of the mills, and their proprietors, together with the number of run of stones in each, and their diameters:

Paige's Mill,	(H. D. Bacon)	8 run of 4 1/2 ft. stones
Union,	(J. & E.Walsh)	3 " " 5 " do.
Star,	(A. Smith)	3 " " 4 1/2 " do.
Eagle,	(Mark's)	2 " " 4 2/3 " do.
Washington,	(Shannon)	2 " " 4 1/2 " do.
Missouri,	(Powell & Co.)	2 " " 4 1/2 " do.
Phœnix,	(Pilkington)	2 " " 4 1/2 " do.
City,	(Cabanne)	2 " " 4 1/2 " do.
McKee's,	(Brown)	2 " " 4 1/2 " do.
Franklin,	(Matlack & Plant)	3 " " 3 " do.
Tucker,	(Larcy)	3 " " 3 " do.
Mound,	(Robinson)	2 " " 3 " do.
Park,	(Whittemore)	2 " " 3 " do.
Pearle,		1 " " 3 " do.
Chouteau's,		3 " " 4 1/2 " do.
Making,		40 run of stones.

These mills grind about 34,200 bushels per week.

	136,800 " " month.
	1,641,600 " " year.

SAW-MILLS. — There are thirteen saw-mills in operation in St. Louis, propelling eighteen saws. The following are the names of the proprietors of these mills: — Messrs. West & Vandeventer, Dixon & Mitchell, Gordon & Brotherton, Charles R. Anderson, F. Schulenburg, Josiah Brown, Clark & Childs, —— Shorb, Mrs. McKee, Childs & Austin, Gregory Byrne, Brotherton & Gordon, and Wilson & Allen. The first of the above runs three, the next three, two saws each, and the last nine, one saw each.

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Corporation of the City of St. Louis.

BERNARD PRATTE, Mayor,

Office, City Hall; house, corner Fifth and Olive Streets.

Board of Aldermen.

ALDERMEN.	DELEGATES.
1st Ward, Matthias Steitz,	Ezra O. English,
" Daniel H. Donovan.	Amede Valle.
2d Ward, B. W. Ayres,	R. Holmes,
" James G. Barry.	Thomas B. Targee.
3d Ward, Geo. K. McGunnegle,	Wm. Glasgow, Sen'r.
" Edward Charless.	Singleton H. Rimmel.
4th Ward, Luther M. Kennett.	C. Hequembourg,
" J. B. Higdon.	Charles M. Valleau.
5th Ward, Archibald Carr,	Samuel Knox,
" Geo. K. Budd.	Charles Sabin.
6th Ward, Geo. Mead,	Nathaniel Childs, Sen'r.,
" John Hall.	Henry Loane.
ARCHIBALD DAVIS, President.	SAMUEL KNOX, Chairman.
John Black, Clerk.	John S. Anderson, Clerk.
J. P. Ketchum,	Recorder.
John M. Parker,	Register.
Richard B. Dallam,	Auditor.
Robert Simpson,	Comptroller.
John Bell,	Treasurer.
Charles D. Drake,	City Counsellor.
Charles D. Priddy,	City Marshal.
John Shade,	Superintendent Workhouse.
William R. Rule,	Street Inspector, 1st District.
William Houston,	do ..... do ........ 2d .... do.
John H. McMillan,	do ..... do ........ 3d .... do.
James McDonough,	Capt. City Guard.
Lewis Du Breuil,	1st Lieut..do... do.
A. H. Magee,	2d... do... do... do.
James A. Phelps,	3d... do... do... do.
Charles Rick,	4th.. do... do... do.
Francis Molair,	5th.. do... do... do.
Charles Primm,	6th.. do... do... do.
Peter Brooks,	Superintendent Water Works.
John H. Corl,	Gauger of Liquors.
W. W. Greene,	Harbor Master.
William Risley,	Inspector of Beef, Pork, and Lard.
Baltzer G. Gall,	do ...........Butter and Tallow.
A. Z. Hilbert,	do ............................... Flour.
Enoch Scott	do.... Weights and Measures.
J. D. Manny,	City Weigher.
E. T. Langham,	Weigher Fourth Street Scales.
John C. Vogel,	do...... North ....... do.
Joseph Dowling,	Sexton City Cemetery.
W. Raplee,	Market Master, North Market.
Francis Jones,	do ........Centre Market.
Henry Kayser,	City Engineer.
A. P. Dallam,	Auditor's Clerk.
Sylvester J. Papin,	Clerk Recorder's Court.

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Board of Health.

1st Ward, M. Steitz,	4th Ward, L. M. Kennett,
2d " James G. Barry,	5th " George K. Budd.
3d " Geo. K. McGunnegle,	6th " John Hall.

John M. Parker, Clerk.

M. M. Pallen, M.D., Health Officer.

Collectors.

Ferdinand Provenches,	Collector	1st Ward.
Henry Almstedt,	do	2d do.
John R. Dicks,	do	3d do.
Samuel B. Bullock,	do	4th do.
J. S. Smyth,	do	5th do.
Jonas Newman,	do	6th do.

Assessors.

John Dunn,	Assessor	1st Ward.
Sullivan Blood,	do	2d do.
George H. Callinder,	do	3d do.
T. O. Duncan,	do	4th do.
John Whitehill,	do	5th do.
Louis T. Le Baume,	do	6th do.

Privates of the City Guard.

Lemuel Hibbard,	Henry Rinnikee,
H. I. Hughes,	R. R. Reynolds,
Henry Hahn,	J. C. Stewart,
Frederick Heman,	J. A. Seeley,
M. Hetzell,	Peter Tournot,
Samuel Ingram,	Charles Woodworth,
M. Iwig,	George A. Wimer,
Jos. Haskins,	P. Wiegman,
Chris. Jones,	R. Welsh,
Louis Lacy,	S. J. Olveas,
Wm. Lawler,	A. Icenhaven,
Edward Lester,	Lewis Jarvis,
S. Michean,	Peter Ruths,
James Madden,	Thomas J. Arnold,
Alexis Duncan,	Asa Hutchinson,
Wm. F. Jones,	David Harvey,
John H. Buchanan,	William Adams,
Nicholas Ast,	Berry Brooks,
Wm. Buckley,	Robert Dixon,
Augustus Dufrened,	Richard Eager,
J. R. Donelson,	William Fine.

Ministerial Officers.

WILLIAM MILBURN, Sheriff.	HUGH MILLER, Coroner.
Henry B. Belt,	Deputies.	Jas. W. Richardson,	Deputies.
Nich. C. Osborne,
James L. Harris,		Jas. A. Phelps,
Benj. S. Garland,		Jos. C. Brown,
Erust W. Decken.		David McCullough,
Richard Dowling,

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Public Offices:

UNITED STATES OFFICES.

Circuit and District Attorney's Office	Wm. McPherson, 51 Pine st.
Collector's Office (Port)	Oliver Harris, 23 Pine st.
U. S. Circuit Court Clerk's Office	Jos. Gamble, north wing of Court House.
Marshal's Office	Charles D. Priddy, corner of Second and Locust sts.
Post Office	John M. Wimer, 87 Chestnut st.
Receiver's Office	Samuel Merry, Almond st.
Recorder of Land Titles	F. R. Conway, Seventh st.
Register of Public Lands	W. L. Allen, 25 Fourth st.
Surveyor General	Silas Reed, 87 Chestnut st.

COUNTY OFFICES.

Circuit Attorney's Office	Miron Leslie, 53 Pine st.
Circuit Clerk's Office	John Ruland, south wing of Court House, up stairs.
Common Pleas Clerk's Office	N. Paschall, south wing of Court House, up stairs.
Coroner's Office	Hugh Miller, Fourth st., in old Court House.
County Clerk's Office	S. D. Barlow, south wing of Court House.
Criminal Clerk's Office	Julius D. Johnston, south wing of Court House.
Marshal's Office	William S. McKnight, Fourth st., in old Court House.
Probate Clerk's Office	P. Ferguson, Judge, south wing of Court House.
Recorder's Office	Stephen D. Barlow, south wing of Court House.
Sheriff's Office	William Milburn, north-east corner of Fifth and Market sts.

CITY OFFICES.

All in the Centre Market Buildings.

Mayor's Office	B. Pratte.
Auditor's Office	Richard B. Dallam.
Comptroller's Office	R. Simpson.
Engineer's Office	Henry Kayser.
Marshal's Office	Charles D. Priddy.
Recorder's Office	M. L. Clark.
Register's Office	John M. Parker.
Treasurer's Office	John Bell.

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Hotels, Taverns, and Coffee Houses.

NAME.	LOCATION.	BY WHOM KEPT.
Bank Exchange,
Boston House,	31 Chestnut,
Branch. Restaurant,
City Hotel,	Cor. 3d and Vine,	Barnum & Moreland.
City Hall Coff. House,	75 Greene,	J. M. Beachboard.
Commercial Saloon,	6 Washington Av.,
Congress Hall,	64 N. Main,
Cottage Arcade,	52 Pine,	Michael Coyle.
Empire,	Cor. 3d and Pine,	Austin & Fuller.
Exchange,	51 N. Main,
Fifth Ward House,	C. 7th & Franklin Av.	Wm. Branagan.
Foundry House,	232 Main,	Chas. Shuetter.
Franklin House,	Cor. Main & Cherry,	Benedict Burback.
Frederick House,	115 N. Second,
Glasgow House,	45 Olive,	E. H. Robbins.
Globe Tavern,	10 Market Lane,	D. Ward.
Grape Coffee House,	50 Second,
Green Tree Tavern,	77 do.	Wm. H. Ayres.
Henrie House,	11 N. Main,	William Kraut.
Independent House,	29 Olive,
Indian Queen,	28 Locust,	H. Hart.
Jefferson House,	Cor. Pine and Main,	William Curtis.
Lamb Tavern,	143 S. Main,	Michael Sutta.
Madison House,	75 Cherry,	Henry Lampkuhl.
Mansion House,	Cor. Locust and 4th,	C. D. Walton.
Margueron Saloon,	Chestnut,	Philip Margueron.
Missouri Exchange,	11 Washington Av.
Missouri Hotel,	216 Main,	Jesse Seymour.
Mississippi House,	Cor. Main & Morgan,
Marketer's House,	12 Market Lane,
National Hotel,	Cor. 3d and Market,	A. & B. J. Vancourt.
Ocean Wave,	23 Vine,
Oregon Exchange,	12 Olive,
Oudard House,	30 Main,
Papin House,	46 Main,	J. Reilly.
Paul House,	Cor. 2d and Walnut,
Planters' House,	4th, bet. Pine & Chestnut	B. Stickney.
Reveille Coffee House,	84 Greene,
Shades,	54 Olive,	J. Philip Kriegar.
St. Louis House,	33 Market,	C. & F. Jacoby.
Scott's Hotel,	165 Main,
Social Hall,	5 Market,
Switzerland House,	53 Second,
Times Tavern,	Chestnut,	John Groneman.
Tontine,	89 Main,	J. B. Bogert.
Union Coffee House,	31 Main,
Vine Street Hotel,	Vine, bet. Main & 2d,	T. V. Cannon.
Virginia Hotel,	Cor. Main & Greene,	Green & Sparr.
Waverley House,	80 Main,
Wilshusen House,	25 Morgan,
Walton House,	3d,	C. D. Walton.
York House,	166 Main,	Abram M. Swart.
Walnut st. Tavern,	Cor. 3d and Walnut,	Angelbeck & Co.

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The Bank of the State of Missouri,

At St. Louis,

FERDINAND KENNETT, Pres't.

HENRY SHURLDS, Cashier.

DIRECTORS.

E. C. Angelrodt,	J. B. Sarpy,
W. T. Christy,	E. Walsh,
J. O'Fallon,	Robert Campbell,
W. L. Sublette,	O. D. Filley,
R. A. Barnes,	T. M. Horine, of St. Genevieve,
G. Collier,	Wm. C. Hardin, of Pike county.

OTHER OFFICERS IN THE BANK.

H. L. Clark, Teller.
N. Childs, jr., Specie Teller.
A. J. Robinson, General Book-keeper.
G. W. Dent, First Individual Book-keeper.
L. C. Hirschberg, Second do.
W. Hammond, Porter.

BRANCH AT FAYETTE.

J. J. Lowry, President.

W. C. Boon, Cashier.

BRANCH AT PALMYRA.

W. Blakey, President.

S. D. South. Cashier.

BRANCH AT JACKSON.

A. H. Brevard, President.

T. B. English, Cashier.

BRANCH AT SPRINGFIELD.

---- Morton, President.

J. R. Danforth, Cashier.

St. Louis Schools.

St. Louis may well boast of her excellent provisions for the education of youth. There are four public free schools, provided with an ample fund, and well conducted, offering every means for the attainment of a good common education, and that at a trifling expense.

There are also a variety of well sustained private schools, male and female, among which the ST. LOUIS ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL HIGH SCHOOL (for boys) will rank with any similar institution. East or West, being conducted in the most admirable manner, by experienced and accomplished teachers, provided with an excellent apparatus and library, and supplied with every facility for attaining a finished English Classical and polite education. The ST. LOUIS FEMALE SEMINARY, conducted by Miss Shaw and competent assistants, may be mentioned as an admirable institution for young ladies, as also the ST. LOUIS PRACTICAL SCHOOL, with male and female departments, conducted by Mr. Spencer Smith and lady.

St. Louis Medical Schools.

The MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY was founded in 1836; in 1845 it had eight Professors, fifty students, and fourteen graduates. Lectures commence on the first Monday in November.

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FACULTY.
J. V. Prather, M. D., Dean.
Principles and Practice of Surgery	Prof. Prather.
Physiology, Pathology, and Clinical Practice	" Hall.
Special, General, and Surgical Anatomy	" Pope.
Principles and Practice of Medicine	" Linton.
Mat. Med., Ther., and Med. Jurisprudence	" Norwood.
Chemistry and Pharmacy	" Litton.
Obstetrics, and Diseases of Women and Children	" Pallen.
Prosector	Dr. Stirman.
Fee for the entire course, $105 00.

THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF KEMPER COLLEGE was founded in 1841; in 1845, it had nine Professors, seventy-five students, and nineteen graduates. Lectures commence in the last week in October.

FACULTY.

J. S. Moore, M. D., Dean.

Anatomy and Surgery	Prof. M'Dowall.
Midwifery	" Barbour.
Pathology and Clinical Medicine	" Johnson.
Chemistry and Pharmacy	" Sowell.
Mat. Med. and Physiology	" Barrett.
Theory and Practice of Medicine	" Moore.
Assistant in Anatomy	C. W. Stevens.
Total fees per course, $105 00.

St. Louis Lyceum.

This institution was incorporated, some years since, by an act of the Legislature. The present number of members is about one hundred and fifty. The library contains about three thousand volumes. The Lyceum Hall is a spacious room, corner of Third and Pine Streets.

OFFICERS.

Thomas J. White	President.
John M. Eager	1st Vice President.
Charles G. Hoyt	2d Vice President.
D. A. Magehan	Recording Secretary.
L. M. Shreve	Corresponding Secretary.
Britton A. Hill	Auditor.
Nathan D. Allen	Treasurer.

Saint Louis Post-Office.

JOHN M. WIMER, ESQ., Postmaster.

LOCATION. — The Post-Office is situated on the north side of Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth.

Regulations prescribed by the Postmaster General, to exhibit and enforce the provisions of the Act of Congress, of March 3, 1845, entitled, "An act to reduce the rates of postage, to limit the use and correct the abuse of the franking privilege, and for the prevention of frauds on the revenues of the Post-Office Department," hereto annexed, and which (by joint

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resolution, also of March 3) goes into full effect and operation on the 1st July, 1845.

I. POSTAGE.

521. On and after July 1, 1845, on a letter not exceeding HALF AN OUNCE in weight, sent any distance not exceeding three hundred miles, FIVE CENTS.

523. When sent any distance over THREE HUNDRED MILES, TEN CENTS.

523. For every additional weight of half an ounce, or any fractional excess of less than half an ounce, there shall be charged an additional postage of FIVE OR TEN CENTS, according to the distance. A balance is furnished to each office, for the purpose of enabling postmasters to ascertain the weight of letters and packets.

524. On letters dropped in the post-office for delivery in the same place, TWO CENTS each.

525. On letters advertised as remaining on hand there shall be charged, when delivered out, besides the regular postage, the cost of advertising, which will be on each letter TWO CENTS; or FOUR CENTS, if advertised in two papers.

526. What is subject to letter postage is defined to be letters in manuscript, or paper of any kind conveyed in the mail, by or upon which information shall be asked for or communicated in writing, or by marks or signs.

[Regulations Nos. 118, 119,120,121,122, and 123, in chapter 18, and regulation 141, chapter 20, are hereby rescinded.]

527. On all CIRCULARS, HANDBILLS, or ADVERTISEMENTS, which are printed or lithographed on QUARTO post or SINGLE cap paper not larger than single cap, and which are folded and directed, but left unsealed, TWO CENTS on each sheet, for any distance. WHEN SEALED these are to be RATED AS LETTERS.

528. "Quarto post" is the size usually called letter paper, say about ten by eight inches to the page; "Single cap" is the size commonly called writing paper, say thirteen by eight inches to the page.

529. Where the circular is on a sheet larger than single cap, is to be rated as a pamphlet. As the postage on these articles is chargeable on EACH COPY, postmasters will carefully examine all packets, and rate the postage accordingly.

530. On all pamphlets, magazines, periodicals, and every kind and description of printed or other matter (except newspapers, and except, also, circulars, handbills, and advertisements, as aforesaid), which shall be unconnected with any manuscript communication whatever, TWO AND A HALF CENTS for EVERY COPY of no greater weight than ONE OUNCE, for any distance. For every ADDITIONAL OUNCE, ONE CENT; any fractional excess exceeding HALF AN OUNCE, to be charged as an OUNCE; but any excess less than an ounce is not to be regarded.

531. A pamphlet is a small unbound printed book. A magazine is a pamphlet published periodically, in numbers containing articles on science, literature, politics, news, &c., &c.

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532. Newspapers go free for any distance NOT EXCEEDING THIRTY MILES from the place where printed, when sent by the editors or publishers thereof, if they do not exceed nineteen hundred superficial inches in extent. For any distance beyond THIRTY MILES, within the State where published, one cent postage. For any distance exceeding one hundred miles out of the State where published, one and a half cent postage.

533. When a newspaper exceeds nineteen hundred superficial inches, it is to be rated with pamphlet postage.

534. A newspaper is defined to be any printed publication issued in numbers, and published at stated intervals of not more than a month, conveying intelligence of passing events. It generally consists of a sheet, but may be composed of two sheets, of paper. In such case it is chargeable with only single newspaper postage; provided the two sheets, in the aggregate, do not exceed nineteen hundred square inches. If it exceed that superficial extent, it is to be rated as a pamphlet.

535. An extra newspaper, or a supplement to a newspaper, when they are such bona fide, will be rated separately, with newspaper postage. When they are styled extra or supplementary newspapers, but are in fact mere advertisements or circulars, they will be charged as such, with TWO CENTS EACH SHEET, if not more than single cap or quarto post; if on a sheet larger, then they will be charged as PAMPHLETS.

536. When the article to be mailed is a circular, pamphlet, or newspaper, it should be so enveloped or folded that it can be distinctly seen at the office to be such, and also that it contain no writing, marks, or signs, to serve the purpose of written communications. If not done up so as to be open at the end, it is to be charged as a letter, by weight.

[Regulations Nos. 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, and 151, in chapter 22; and 159, 160, 161, and 162, in chapter 23; also, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176 177, and 188, in chapter 24, are hereby rescinded; and regulations Nos. 153 and 154, in chapter 23, are modified.

537. A letter mailed on or before the 30th June, 1845, is to be charged with the rates prescribed by the act of 1825, and postage is to be received and collected thereon agreeably to the rates charged, although the letter be not delivered till the 1st July, or after.

II. WHAT MAY GO FREE IN THE MAILS.

538. All letters and packets to and from (when the same are duly franked) the following persons, to wit:

The President of the United States;

The Ex-Presidents of the United States;

The Widows of the former Presidents, Madison and Harrison.

539. The Vice President of the United States, the members of Congress, the Delegates from Territories, the Secretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the House of Representatives, may transmit, free of postage, any documents printed by order of either House of Congress. This is without restriction as to the session; but the privilege expires with the official term.

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They may send and receive, free of postage, any letter, newspaper, or packet, not exceeding two ounces in weight, during the session of Congress, and for a period of thirty days before the commencement, and thirty days after the termination, of each session.

540. The Vice President and the members of Congress and Delegates of Territories may frank written letters from themselves during the whole year, as now authorized by act of March 2, 1833, viz.: from sixty days before the commencement of the session of Congress to the meeting of the next Congress.

541. The Vice President and members of Congress and Delegates of Territories may receive letters, not exceeding two ounces in weight, free of postage, during the recess of Congress. This does not include the interval between the termination of one Congress and the commencement of the next.

542. The two last regulations do not include the Secretary of the Senate or Clerk of the House of Representatives. But these officers have the right to send written letters from themselves free of postage during their official terms.

543. The Governors of States may send, free of postage, all laws and reports, whether bound or unbound, and all records and documents of their respective States, which may be directed by the Legislature of the several States to be transmitted to the Executive of other States, the Governor writing his name thereon, with the designation of his office and the kind of books or documents enclosed; the package to be addressed to the Governor of the State to which it is to be sent.

544. The three Assistant Postmasters General are authorized to send, free of postage, any letters, packages, or other matters, relating exclusively to their official duties or the business of the Post-Office Department, to be duly franked by them as on "official business."

545. Deputy postmasters throughout the United States are also authorized to send all letters and packages which it may be their duty, or they may have occasion, to transmit to any person or place, which shall relate exclusively to the business of their respective offices, or to the business of the Post-Office Department. But, in every such case, the postmaster shall endorse thereon, over his own signature, the words "post-office business."

546. Exchange newspapers, between publishers of newspapers, may be sent free.

547. Editors or publishers may send their newspapers free of postage to any distance not exceeding thirty miles from the place where printed, provided the paper does not exceed nineteen hundred superficial inches in extent.

548. No heads of departments, or bureaus, nor other officers of the General Government, nor adjutant or brigadier generals of States or Territories, nor any other persons whatsoever, except those above stated, are entitled, under the act of March 3, 1845, to the franking privilege.

[All regulations under chapter 43, except No. 288, and all regulations under chapters 44 and 45, also regulations

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Nos. 303, 304, 307, and 308, in chapter 46, and the regulations under chapter 47, are hereby rescinded.]

549. The authority heretofore given to postmasters to send money free of postage to publishers of newspapers in payment of subscriptions being withdrawn, the following regulation is substituted:

Money may be left with a postmaster, in no instance exceeding ten dollars, for the purpose of being paid to distant publishers, if said publishers shall so desire, for any newspaper or pamphlet, deliverable from his office. The postmaster may retain one per cent. and give receipt for the balance. He is immediately to report the payment, with the names of the parties, to the postmaster through whom said amount is to be paid to the publisher, and to charge himself upon his "general account with the United States" with the amount received, deducting the one per cent. under the head of "moneys received for subscriptions:" stating the name of the payor, the name of the payee, office where payable, amount, and time when received, and shall make a full and faithful return to the General Post-Office of all such cases at the end of each quarter. When presented, the postmaster at the office where payable, is to pay the amount in said receipt, deducting one per cent., which receipt, after being endorsed by the publisher, he will forward as his voucher of payment. He will enter said amount to his credit on his "general account with the United States," under the head of "moneys paid for subscriptions," giving the particulars above stated, and render to the General Post-Office a full and faithful account of the same at the end of each month.

The "general account with the United States" is that which postmasters are directed to keep, on their own books, in the regulations Nos. 387, 388, &c., chapter 54.

III. PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING THE FRANKING PRIVILEGE.

550. TEN DOLLARS penalty against any one convicted of franking any letter or letters other than those written by himself or his order, on the business of his office.

551. THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS penalty for every false endorsement made by an Assistant Postmaster General, on a franked letter or package, that it is on "official business."

552. Three hundred dollars penalty for like false endorsement that a letter or package is on "post-office business," when made by a postmaster.

553. One half of these penalties go to the prosecutor, and the other half to the use of the United States, and are to be paid over to, and accounted for by the Postmaster General. They may be sued for before the circuit and district courts of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, or of the Territories, and before the magistrates and courts of the States and Territories having competent jurisdiction by the laws of such States and Territories.

[Part of regulation No. 317, in chapter 49, is hereby rescinded.]

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IV. ACCOUNTS TO BE KEPT BY CERTAIN OFFICERS OF GOVERNMENT.

554. Each officer of the Government, who under previous laws had the franking privilege, now abolished by the act of 3d March, 1845, is to keep an account of all postage charged to and payable by him upon letters, packages, or other matter received through the mail, touching the duties of his office.

555. On being verified by said officer, said account is to be paid quarter-yearly out of the contingent fund of the Department, or bureau, to which he belongs. This embraces the Secretaries of the State, Treasury, War, and Navy Departments; the Postmaster General and the Attorney General; the Comptrollers and Auditors of the Treasury; the Commissioners of the Land Office, of Pensions, of Indian Affairs, and of Patents; the Solicitor and Register of the Treasury; Treasurer of the United States; the Commanding General, Adjutant General, Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Paymaster General, Commissary General, and Surgeon General; Head of the Topographical Corps, Chief Engineer, Col. of Ordnance, and Chiefs of the several bureaus in the Navy Department.

556. The three Assistant Postmasters General are to have remitted to them, by the postmaster of Washington, D. C., all postage charged upon letters, packages, or other matter received by them touching the business of the Department, or their particular branch of it.

557. The postmasters are authorized to charge the Department with all postage which they may have paid or had charged to them for letters, packages or other matter received by them on the business of their offices, or of the Post-Office Department, upon a verification, on oath, of their accounts for the same, and the transmission to the Department of the charged letters, as vouchers. For this duty, a proper blank is furnished, and the amount should be entered as item No. 22, in the lower division of the Account Current.

558. The postage on "drop letters," and also moneys received for the advertising of letters, should be entered in the respective columns in the account of "Mails Received," and also in the "Account Current," Nos. 7 and 8.

559. A blank form is furnished, in which postmasters will enter free mail matter franked and received, under the respective heads of "Senate of the United States and its Secretary," "House of Representatives and its Clerk," "Assistant Postmasters General and Postmasters," "President and Vice President of the United States," "Ex-Presidents of the United States, widows of Presidents Madison and Harrison, and certain books and documents franked by Governors of States." In this account the postage with which free letters and packets would have been chargeable, should be entered, carefully footed, and returned quarterly, with the other accounts of the office.

All franked letters, packets, and documents sent from an office must be marked free, and stamped or post-marked with the name of the office and State, to enable offices receiving such free matter, to comply with the foregoing.

560. Each post-office is to exhibit, quarterly, an account of

100

"mails sent," the whole number of letters of every description, subject to postage sent from said offices, and also the number of free letters sent, as at present.

561. The Postmaster General is authorized to increase the rate of commissions of postmasters, when they amount to less than twenty-five dollars per annum, to not exceeding fifty per cent. commission on letter postage.

V. WHAT MAY BE MAILED.

562. No pocket which shall weigh more than three pounds: bound books, of any size, are not included in the term "mailable matter," except books sent by Governors of States as aforesaid.

563. Letters uncalled for, are to be advertised in the paper of the town, where the office advertising may be situated, having the largest circulation, provided it can be done at a cost not exceeding two cents on each letter.

Letters are not to be advertised in more than one paper, unless specially directed by the Postmaster General.

VI. CONTRACTS FOR CARRYING THE MAIL.

564. To be let to the lowest bidder who tenders sufficient guaranties for faithful performance, without other reference to the mode of transportation than is necessary to provide for the due celerity, certainty, and security of such transportation.

[Part of regulation 32 is changed and modified by the foregoing.]

565. The under bidder is not to be required to lake the old contractor's stock.

566. Railroad routes, including those on which the service is partly on railroad and partly in steamboats, are to be arranged in three classes, according to the size of the mails, the speed with which they are conveyed, and the importance of the service.

567. The rates of compensation are not to exceed — On first class, the rate of compensation now allowed by law; second class, $100 per mile, per annum; third class, $50 per mile, per annum.

568. If half the service is performed in the night, the rate of compensation may be increased 25 per cent.

569. And if the Postmaster General shall find it necessary to send more than two mails daily, he may pay such additions compensation as he may think just and reasonable, having reference to the service performed, and the foregoing maximum rates of allowance.

570. If he cannot conclude contracts for conveying the mails on the railroads, at the above maximum rates, or at such portions of those rates as he shall deem a fair and reasonable compensation, he may separate the letter mail from the residue, and contract for its conveyance by horse express, or otherwise, at the greatest speed that can reasonably be obtained; and contract for the conveyance of the residue of the mail in wagons, or otherwise, at a slower rate of speed.

571. He may divide the mails on other routes, so as to give

101

greater despatch to the letter mails, when the whole amount of it has become so great as to retard its progress, or endanger its security, or cause a considerable augmentation in the cost of transportation.

572. He may make contracts with a railroad company for conveying the mail, either with or without advertising for proposals.

573. He may also, with or without an advertisement for proposals, make contracts for conveying the letter mails by express or otherwise, and also the residue of the mails by wagons or otherwise, at less speed, in default of concluding a contract for railroad conveyance.

574. The Postmaster General is authorized to contract for conveyance of the mail in the steamboats on the Western or other waters of the United States for any length of time, or number of trips less than the time for which contracts are usually made, without previous advertisement, whenever, in his opinion, the public interest and convenience will be promoted thereby.

575. In such case the price is not to be greater than the average rate paid under the last preceding or then existing contracts on such routes.

VII. PRIVATE EXPRESSES.

576. The establishment of private expresses for the conveyance of any letters, packets, or packages of letters, or other matter transmittable in the United States mail (newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals excepted), from one city, town, or other place, to any other city, town, or place in the United States, between and from and to which the United States mail is regularly transported under authority of the Post Office Department, is prohibited.

577. So is the causing to be conveyed, or the providing for the conveyance or transportation, by regular trips, or at stated periods or intervals, as aforesaid, any letters or other matter transmittable by mail as aforesaid, newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals only excepted.

578. Every person offending against this provision, or aiding or assisting therein, or acting as such private express, SHALL FORFEIT AND PAY $150 for each time any letter or letters, packet or packages, or other matter properly transmittable by mail (except newspapers, &c.), shall, or may be by him, her, or them, or through his, her, or their means, or instrumentality, in whole or in part be conveyed.

579. A like fine of ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY DOLLARS is to be imposed on the owner or owners of any stage-coach, railroad car, steamboat, or other vehicle or vessel, which shall, WITH THE KNOWLEDGE OF ANY OF THE OWNERS, in whole or in part, or which shall, with the knowledge or connivance of the driver, conductor, captain, or other person having charge of such stagecoach, &c., convey or transport any person or persons acting or employed as a private express for the conveyance of letters, packets, or packages of letters, or other mailable matter, and actually in possession of such mailable matter.

102

580. This is not to prohibit the conveyance of letters, packets or packages, or other matter, BY PRIVATE HANDS, no compensation being tendered or received therefore in any way, or BY SPECIAL MESSENGER employed only for the single particular occasion.

581. Stage-coaches, railroad cars, steamboats, packet-boats, and all other vehicles or vessels performing regular trips at stated periods, on a post route between two or more cities, towns, or places, from one to the other, of which the United States mail is regularly conveyed under the authority of the Post Office Department, are prohibited from transporting or conveying, otherwise than in the mail, any letters, packets or packages of letters, or other mailable matter whatsoever, except such as may have relation to some part of the cargo of such steamboat, packet-boat, or other vessel, or to some article at the same time conveyed by such stage, railroad car, or other vehicle, and excepting also newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals.

582. The owners, managers, servants, or crew of all stage-coaches, railroad cars, steamboats, packet-boats, and all other vehicles or vessels, are also prohibited from conveying as aforesaid.

583. For each offence the owners of the stage-coach, railroad car, steamboat, or packet-boat, or other vehicle or vessel, shall forfeit and pay $100; and the driver, captain, conductor, or person having charge of such coach, &c., not being at the time the owner thereof, in whole or in part, shall forfeit and pay fifty dollars.

584. The person who transmits by private express, or any other means prohibited by the act of 3d March, 1845, any letter or letters, packets or packages, or other mailable matter, excepting newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, or periodicals; or who shall place or cause to be deposited at any appointed place, for the purpose of being transported by such unlawful means, any matter or thing properly transmittable by mail (newspapers, &c., excepted), or who shall deliver them for transmission to any agent or agents of such unlawful expresses, shall forfeit and pay for each offence, fifty dollars.

585. Steamboats can carry letters under the fifth and sixth sections of the act of 1825; provided the letters are delivered over to the Postmaster of the place, or the authorized agent of the Department, such letters excepted as relate to the cargo. If the letters are not delivered as aforesaid, the owners and persons having charge of the boat shall be liable to the penalty specified in the foregoing section, No. 583.

586. The Postmaster, or other Agent of the Department, to whom letters brought by steamboat are delivered, shall charge and collect upon them the same rates of postage as would have been charged had they been transmitted by mail.

587. Postmasters are specially enjoined promptly to report to the Department all violations of the law — by those carrying expresses — by those setting them up — by those sending letters or packages by them — by those leaving letters, &c., at any appointed place to be forwarded out of the mail — by those delivering them to any agent of an express — and by those in any other way aiding or assisting in such unlawful transmission.

103

588. They will also report all cases coming to their knowledge, where railroads or steamboats, or mail conveyances of any description, convey letters, &c., out of the mail, or transport any persons carrying letters, &c., out of the mail, to the end that suits may be brought against the owners, directors, officers, captains, conductors, or hands, according to their knowledge of such illegal practices, or their connivance or agency therein.

589. The report of the postmaster will consist of a statement of the offence, giving time and place, the name of the offender, and the names of the witnesses.

590. The prosecutions will be instituted in the district courts of the United States.

591. But any citizen is authorized to prosecute for the penalties in a qui tam suit, and in that case will be entitled to one-half of the amount received in each instance. See instruction 553.

VIII. FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE DUTIES OF THE HIGHEST CLASS OF POSTMASTERS.

592. The office of SPECIAL AGENTS for particular districts being discontinued from the first day of July, 1845, special injunction is hereby given to all deputy postmasters appointed by the President, being those whose commissions exceed a thousand dollars per annum, and more particularly the postmasters at Distribution offices and State capitals, to take charge of all letters arising within their respective districts of country, relative to losses of money in the mail, the proper arrangement of mail service, and the faithful performance of it by contractors.

593. They will keep the Department fully advised, by reports promptly made, of whatever occurs under these heads, requiring its cognizance and action.

594. A loss of a money letter should be reported, not only to the Department at Washington, but also to the nearest distrbuting postmaster, or postmaster of the State capital, who should at once communicate with the Department on the subject, as the best mode of tracing the loss and detecting the depredators.

595. Under this head, particular attention is called to chapter 35 of the Post-Office Regulations, published in 1843.

IX. IN CONCLUSION.

596. The standing regulations issued in 1843 still remain in full force, except where inconsistent with the provisions of the act of 1845 and these instructions. And to them and the regulations here prescribed, the careful attention and energetic cooperation of all is earnestly invoked, to the end that the law may be fully understood and enforced, and the public accommodation and interests, committed to this Department, may be faithfully subserved and promoted.

C. JOHNSON, Postmaster General. Post Office Department, April 21,1845.

104

Churches in the City of St. Louis.

NAME AND LOCATION.	MINISTERS.
AFRICAN.
African Methodist, Greene, bet. 7th & 8th.
ASSOCIATE REFORMED.
Cor. 5th and Locust	H. Johnston.
BAPTIST.
First, cor. 3d and Chestnut	Mr. Lynd.
Second, 5th N. Franklin Avenue.
CATHOLIC.
St. Louis Cathedral, Walnut st.	Augustus Paris.
	Joseph Lutz.
	B. Roux.
	Joseph Renard.
St. Francis Xavier, cor. 9th and Greene,	Geo. A. Carroll, S. J.
	John Gleizal, S. J.
	Herman G. Allen, S.J.
St. Vincent de Paul, Decatur st.	John Timon, C. M.
	F. X. Dahmen, C. M.
	M. Ceretta, C. M.
	N. Collins, C. M.
St. Mary's, c. 3d and Mulberry	J. P. Fisher.
St. Joseph's, c. 11th and Biddle	James Cotting, S. J.
St. Patrick's, c. 6th and Biddle.
Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, opposite So. Market	J. Raho, C. M.
EPISCOPALIAN.
Christ Church, c. 5th and Chestnut	Rt. Rev. C.S. Hawkes.
S. Paul's, c. 5th and Wash	P. R. Minard.
St. John's, Almond, bet. 4th and 5th	W. Griswold.
St. George's	E. C. Hutchinson.
GERMAN LUTHERAN.
Lombard, bet. 3d and 4th	C. F. Wallter.
GERMAN PROTESTANT.
Cor. Clark Avenue and Seventh	Frederick Picker.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL.
First, 4th st., c. of Washington Avenue	C. B. Parsons.
Centenary, c. 5th and Pine	Jos. Boyle.
Edmund Street	Not yet supplied.
Mound Church, N. St. Louis,	Pollock.
German, Wash., bet. 10th and 11th	Geo. Doucker.
African, Greene, bet. 7th and 8th.
PRESBYTERIAN.
First Church, cor. 4th and St. Charles	A. Bullard.
Second do. cor. 5th and Walnut	Wm. S. Potts.
Third do. 6th, n. Franklin Avenue	Henry M. Field.
Fourth do. cor. 6th and St. Charles	Mr. Van Court.
Fifth do. Wash. Av., bet. 8th and 9th	Mr. Townsend.
Sixth do. Near the Mound	Wm. Homes.
UNITARIAN.
Cor. 4th and Pine	Wm. G. E. Elliot

105

Steamboat Building in St. Louis.

The following statement, furnished the Missouri Reporter by Mr. L. A. HEDGES, Surveyor of the Port of St. Louis, will show the number of Steamboats built at St. Louis, of Boats built elsewhere for St. Louis, and of Boats purchased and brought into the St. Louis Trade in 1845.

BOATS BUILT AT ST. LOUIS.

Names.	Tonnage.	Cost.
Gov. Briggs	91	$9,000
Laclede	239	20,000
Missouri	887	45,000
Iowa	249	22,000
Dial	140	7,000
Helen	61	8,000
Prairie Bird	213	17,000
Little Dove	77	5,500
Ocean Wave	205	17,000
Convoy	750	39,000
Tons	2,912	$189,500

BUILT ELSEWHERE FOR ST. LOUIS OWNERS.

Names.	Tonnage.	Cost.
Boreas, No. 2, Pittsburgh	222	20,500
Nebraska, do	149	15,500
War Eagle, Cincinnati	156	14,000
Time, Louisville	109	6,500
Windsor, do	196	16,000
Wiota, Elizabethtown	219	17,000
Odd Fellow, Smithland	98	7,500
Pride of the West, Cincinnati	371	20,000
Tons	1,520	$117,000

PURCHASED FOR ST. LOUIS TRADE.

Names.	Tonnage.	Cost.
Falcon, of Beaver	144	6,000
Fortune, of Louisville	101	6,000
Balloon, of New Albany	154	6,000
Radnor, of Jeffersonville	163	6,000
Cecilia, of Pittsburgh	112	3,000
North Bend do	120	4,000
Archer do	148	9,000
Amulet, of Wheeling	56	2,500
Tioga do	171	4,000
Tributary, of Pittsburgh	149	8,000
Lehigh, do	188	4,500
Cumberland and Valley, of Smithland	168	2,000
Tons	1,674	$61,000
Total addition to St. Louis Tonnage	6,106
Total Cost		$367,500

106

Newspapers in St. Louis.

DAILY.

St. Louis Reveille — Keemle & Field, 22 Olive st.
Missouri Republican — Chambers & Knapp, 47 Main st.
St. Louis New Era — Charles G. Ramsey, corner of Main and Chestnut sts.
Missouri Reporter — S. Penn, 35 Locust st.
Missourian — Van Antwerp & Dougherty, 149 Main st.
People's Organ — R. S. Higgins, corner of 2d and Locust sts.
St. Louis American — H. H. Holton, 23 Pine st.
Evening Gazette — Leord & McKee, corner of Main and Olive sts.

TRI-WEEKLY.

Anzeiger des Westens — William Weber, 42 Pine st.
German Tribune.

WEEKLY.

Herald of Religious Liberty — D. Keith, 90 Market st.
Missouri Democrat — L. F. Volland, 20 Pine st.
Weekly Republican — Chambers & Knapp, 47 Main st.
Weekly Reveille — Keemle & Field, 22 Olive st.
St. Louis Price Current — Wm. H. Gray, 3d st. Poplar.

MONTHLY.

Catholic Cabinet — Wm. Mullin, near Walnut.
Monthly Literary Advertiser — W. D. Skillman, 55 Fourth st.
St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal.
Missouri Medical and Surgical Journal.
St. Louis Mirror — Gazette Office.

Streets and Avenues.

Abbreviations. — E, eastwardly; n, northwardly; s, southwardly; w, westwardly; nw, north-west.

Almond-st., from Front w to Fifth, between Spruce and Poplar

Anna-st., from Front w to Carondelet-av., bt Sidney and Louisa

Arsenal-st., from Carondelet-av. w to Second Carondelet-av., between Bent and Southern boundary.

Ashley-st., from Front w to First, bt Biddle and O'Fallon

Austin st., from Twelfth w to Fifteenth, between Randolph and Gratiot

Barry-st., from Kosciusko w to Decatur, between Miller, Park-av., and Marion

Barton-st., from Front w to Carondelet-av., between Duchouquette and Victor

Bates-st., from Front w to Broadway, between Smith, Columbia and O'Fallon

Bent-st., from Columbus w to western limits, between Lynch and Arsenal

Benton-st., from North First w to western limits, between Warren and North Market

Biddle-st., from First w to western limits, between O'Fallon and Carr

Boone-st., from Chouteau-av., s to Hickory, between Provenchere and Stoddard-av.

107

Broadway, from Green n to northern limits, between Collins and Second on the east, and Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth on the west

Buel-st, from Park-av., s to southern limits, between Decatur and Menard

Calhoun-st., from Fulton westwardly to Linn, between Emmett on the north, and Lesperance and Gravois on the south

Carr-st., from First to western limits, bt Biddle and Wash

Carroll-st., from Kosciusko w to Linn, bt Marion and Soulard

Carondelet-av., from Second sw to Park-av, and from Park-av. southwardly to southern limits, between Jackson on the east, and Seventh and Fulton on the west

Cedar-st., from Second w to Fourth, bt Plum and Mulberry

Centre-st., from Market s to Clark-av., between Thirteenth and Fourteenth

Cerre-st., from Fifth w to Twelfth, between Poplar and Gratiot

Chambers-st., from First w to Fifteenth, between Madison and Webster

Cherry-st., from First w to Broadway, bt Wash and Morgan

Chestnut-st., from First w to Eleventh, bt Market and Pine

Chouteau-av., from Fifth w to city limits, between Gratiot and Poplar on the north, and Hickory on the south

Clark-av., from Seventh w to western limits, between Walnut and Market on the north, and Spruce on the south

Clay-st., from Warren n to Spring, bt First and Second

Closey-st., from Park-av. s to Gravois, bt Hamtramck and Linn

Collins-st., from Cherry n to Florida, between Second and Broadway

Columbia-st., from First w to Broadway, bt Florida and Bates

Columbus-st., from Park-av. s to southern limits, between DeKalb and Jackson

Commercial-st., from Vine n to Washington-av., between Front and First

Congress-st., from Picotte s to Lami, between Jackson and Carondelet-avenue

Convent-st., from Second w to Fifth, bt Hazel and Rutger

Davis-st., from Broadway w to western limits, between Florida and O'Fallon

Decatur-st., from Park-avenue southwardly to Arsenal, between Fulton and Buel

DeKalb-st., from Soulard southwardly to southern limits, bt Kosciusko and Columbus

DeWard-st., from Lafayette-avenue s to Gravois, between Linn and western limits

Dillon-st., from Chouteau-avenue s to Park-avenue, between Saint Ange-avenue and Grattan

Dock-st., from Front w to western limits, between Harrison and northern limits

Duchouquette-st., from Front w to Carondelet-avenue, between Trudeau and Boston

Easton-st., from Barton southwardly to southern limits, between Jackson and Carondelet-avenue

108

East Brooklyn-st., from Front w to Broadway, between East Mound and Labeaume

East Mound-st., from Front w to Broadway, bt East Brooklyn and Howard

Eighth-st, from Chouteau n to West Brooklyn, between Seventh and Ninth

Eighteenth-st., from Washington-avenue northwardly, west of Seventeenth

Elm-st., from Front w to Seventh, between Walnut and Myrtle

Eleventh-st., from Chouteau-avenue northwardly to nw limits of city

Emmett-st., from Kosciusko w to Linn, between Lafayette on the north, and Lesperance and Calhoun on the south

Fifth-st., from Rutger n to Biddle, bt Fourth and Sixth

Fifteenth-st., from Chouteau-avenue n to western limits, between Fourteenth and Sixteenth

First-st., from Plum n to northern limits, between Front and Second

Florida-st., from Front w to Seventh, between Mullanphy and Columbia

Fourth-st., from Convent n to Franklin-avenue, between Third and Fifth

Fourteenth-st., from Chouteau-avenue n to nw limits, between Thirteenth and Fifteenth

Franklin-av., from Broadway w to western limits, between Morgan and Wash

Front-st., from northern to southern boundary, along the Mississippi river

Fulton-st., from Park-avenue southwardly to Bent, next west of Seventh

Gay-st., from Twelfth w to Fifteenth, between Franklin-avenue and Morgan

Gravois-st., from Rosatti w to western limits, and north of Lesperance

Gratiot-st., from Fourth westward to Tayon-avenue, between Cerre and Chouteau-avenue

Grattan-st., from Chouteau-avenue s to Park-avenue, between Dillon and western limits

Green st., from Front w to Eleventh, between Washington-avenue and Morgan

Hamtramck-av., from Park-avenue s to Lesperance, between Rosatti and Closey

Harrison-st., from Front w to city limits, bt Dock and Palm

Hazel-st., from First w to Fifth, between Lombard and Convent

Hempstead-st., from Broadway w to Ninth, between Labeaume and West Brooklyn

Hickory-st., from Fifth w to city limits, between Chouteau-avenue and Rutger

Howard-st., from Front w to city limits, between Mullanphy and Mound

Jackson-st., from south line of Park-avenue s to Saugrain, between Columbus and Carondelet

109

Jefferson-st., from Front w to western limits, between Madison and Monroe

Kosciusko-st., from Millers to Victor, bt Front and DeKalb

Labadie-st., from Fifth w to Seventh, between Chouteau-avenue and Hickory

Labeaume, from Front w to Tenth, bt Webster and Brooklyn

Lafayette-av., from Kosciusko w to Linn, between Soulard and Emmett

Lafayette-st., from Linn w to city limits, between Park-avenue and Gravois

Lami-st., from Columbus w to western limits, between Victor and Trudeau

Lane-st., from Front w to Carondelet-avenue, between Louisa and Bent

Lavcille-st, from Chouteau-avenue to Hickory, between Stoddart and Morton

Lesperance-st., from Front w to western limits, between Emmett and Picotte

Lewis-st., from Biddle n to Florida, between Front and First

Linn-st., from Park-av. s to Trudeau, between Closey and DeWard

Locust-st., from Front w to western limits, between Olive and Saint Charles

Lombard-st., from Front w to Fifth, bt Mulberry and Hazel

Louisa-st., from Carondelet-av. e to Front, between Anna and Lami

Lucas-st., from Eleventh w to city limits, between Market and Olive

Lynch-st., from Carondelet-avenue w to city limits, between Sidney and Bent

Madison-st., from Front w to Sixteenth, between Jefferson and Chambers

Marion-st., from Kosciwsko w to Rosatti, between Barry and Carroll

Market-st., from Front w to western limits, between Chestnut and Lucas, Walnut and Clark

Mason-st., from Front w to First, between Smith and Florida

McGirk-st., from Menard w to Rosatti, bt Lynch and Sidney

Menard-st., from Park-avenue s to southern limits, between Buel and Rosatti

Miller-st., from Carondelet-avenue e to Kosciusko, between Park-avenue and Barry

Monroe-st., from First w to western limits, between Jefferson and North Market

Montgomery-st., from Front w to western limits, between Warren and Spring

Morgan-st., from Front w to western limits, between Franklin-avenue and Green

Morrison-av., from Provenchere w to Morton, between Hickory and Rutger

Morton-st., from Chouteau-avenue s to Park-avenue, between Stoddard and Saint Ange

Mulberry-st., from First w to Fourth, bt Cedar and Lombard

Mullanphy-st., from Front w to western limits, between Florida and Howard

110

Myrtle-st., from Front w to Seventh, between Elm and Spruce

Ninth, from Chouteau-avenue n to nw limits, between Eighth and Eleventh

North Market-st., from First w to western limits, between Monroe and Benton

North Trudeau-st., from Columbus e to DeKalb, between South Trudeau and Duchouquette

O'Fallon-st., from Front w to city limits, bt Davis and Biddle

Olive-st., from Front w to western limits, bt Locust and Pine

Orange-st. from Twelfth w to Fourteenth, between Washington-avenue and Morgan

Palm-st., from Front w to western limits, between Harrison and Wright

Papin-st., from Fifth w to Seventh, bt Gratiot and Chouteau avenue

Park-av., from Carondelet-avenue w to city limits, between Rutger and Barry

Paul-st., from Chouteau-avenue s to Hickory, between Seventh and Provenchere

Picotte-st., from Carondelet-avenue e to Front, between Lesperance and Trudeau

Pine-st., from Front w to Eleventh, between Chestnut and Olive

Plum st., from First w to Fourth, between Cedar and Poplar

Poplar-st., from Front w to Fourth, between Almond and Plum

Provenchere-st., from Chouteau-avenue s to Park-avenue, between Seventh and Stoddard

Randolph-st., from Twelfth w to Fourteenth, between Poplar and Austin

Rosatti-st., from Park-avenue s to Bent, between Menard and Hamtramck

Rutger-st., from Carondelet-avenue w to Saint Ange, between Hickory and Park-avenue

Russell-st., from Lesperance to Sidney, between Rosatti and western limits

Saugrain-st., from Carondelet-avenue e to Jackson, between Bent and southern limits

Second-st., from Carondelet n to northern limits, between First and Third and Broadway

Second Carondelet-av., along the western boundary from Chouteau-av. s to se corner of city limits

Seventh-st., from Park-av n to Howard, bt Sixth and Eighth

Seventeenth-st., from Poplar n to Washington-av., between Sixteenth and western limits

Sidney-st., from Front w to western limits, between Victor and Anna and Lynch

Sixth-st., from Rutger n to Davis, between Fifth and Seventh

Sixteenth-st., from Chouteau-av. n to Howard, between Fifteenth and Seventeenth

Smith-st., from Front w to First, between Bates and Mason

South Trudeau-st., from Columbus s to DeKalb, between North Trudeau and Duchoquette

111

Spring-st., from Front w to western limits, between Wright and Montgomery

Spruce-st., from Front w to Seventeenth, bt Myrtle and Poplar

Saint Ange-st., from Chouteau-av., s to Linn between Morton and Dillon

Saint Charles-st., from Third w to western limits, between Locust and Washington-av

Stoddard-av., from Chouteau av., s to Park-av., between Boone and Laveille

Tenth-st., from Chouteau-av. n to nw limits, between Ninth and Eleventh

Thirteenth-st., from Poplar n to north-west limits, between Twelfth and Fourteenth

Trudeau-st., west of Carondelet-av., from Carondelet-av. w to western limits, between Lesperance and Lami

Twelfth-st., from Chouteau-av., n to north-west limits, between Eleventh and Thirteenth

Tayon-av., from Chouteau-av. n to Poplar, between Sixteenth and western limits

Victor-st., from Front w to western limits, between Sidney and Lami

Vine-st. from Front w to Fourth, between Locust and Washington avenue

Walnut st., from Front w to Twelfth, between Market and Elm

Warren-st., from Front w to western limits, between Benton and Montgomery

Wash-st., from Front w to western limits, between Carr and Franklin-av.

Washington-av., from Front w to city limits, between Vine and Saint Charles on the south, and Green and Orange on the north

Webster-st., from Front w to Fourteenth, between Columbus and Labeaume

West Brooklyn-st., from Broadway w to Twelfth, north of West Mound

West Mound-st., from Broadway w to Thirteenth, between West Brooklyn and Howard

Wright-st., from Front w to western limits, between Palm and Spring

112

State of Missouri.

Government.

	Term Ends.	Salary.
JOHN C. EDWARDS, Governor,	Nov., 1848.	$2,000
James Young, Lieut. Governor,	do.
Falkland H. Martin, Secretary of State, and Superintendent of Common Schools,	Nov., 1849.	1,300
Wm. Munroe, of Jefferson, Auditor Pub. Ac.	" 1849.	1,600
Peter G. Glover, do Treasurer	" 1847.	1,350
Benj. F. Stringfellow, do., Attorney General,	" 1849.	750
George W. Huston, Register of Lands,	" 1849.	1,250
Gustavus A. Parson, of Jefferson, Adjutant General,	100
George W. Miller, do., Quartermaster General,	100
Frederick Conway, of St. Louis, Surveyor General,	1,500
Ferdinand Kennett, do., Pres't Bank of Missouri.
Henry Shurlds. do., Cashier do	2,000

The Lieutenant Governor is, ex officio, President of the Senate, and receives $4,50 per day, while presiding over the Senate: and the pay of the Speaker of the House is the same. The Senators are chosen every fourth year, and the Representatives every second year. Their pay is $3 per day. The Legislature meets at Jefferson City, biennially, on the fourth Monday in November. O. F. Jackson,..............Speaker of the House.

Judiciary.

SUPREME COURT.

	Salary.
Priestly H. McBride, of Jefferson, Presiding Judge,	$1,100
Wm. B. Napton, do. Associate Judge,	1,100
Wm. Scott, do. do	1,100

The Supreme Court is held at the city of Jefferson. This Court exercises appellate jurisdiction from the Circuit Court, and has original jurisdiction in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus, &c.

CIRCUIT COURTS.

Judges.		Salary.
James W. Morrow,	1st Circuit	$1,000
John D. Leland,	2d do	1,000
Ezra Hunt,	3d do	1,000
Addison Reese,	4th do	1,000
John F. Ryland,	5th do	1,000
A. A. King,	6th do	1,000
F. P. Wright,	7th do	1,000
John M. Krum,	8th do	1,000
John H. Stone,	9th do	1,000
John D. Cook,	10th do	1,000
Jas. M. Clark,	11th do	1,000
Sol. H. Leonard,	12th do	1,000
Charles S. Yancey,	13th do	1,000
Charles H. Allen,	14th do	1,000

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Attorneys.	Salary.
B. F. Stringfellow,	1st Circuit	$750 and fees.
James Gordon,	2d do	250 do.
George H. Buckner,	3d do	250 do.
James C. Abernathy,	4th do	250 do.
Robert Smart,	5th do	250 do.
George W. Dunn,	6th do	250 do.
Thomas Ruffin,	7th do	250 do.
Miron Leslie,	8th do	250 do.
John S. Brickey,	9th do	250 do.
Albert Jackson,	10th do	250 do.
W. Halliburton,	11th do	250 do.
John T. Coffee,	13th do	250 do.
P. O. Minor,	14th do	250 do.

A Circuit Court for each county is held twice in each year. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Court extends to all matters of tort and contract over ninety dollars, where the demand is liquidated, and over fifty dollars where the agreement is parol. It has extensive criminal jurisdiction, and superintending control over the County Courts and Justices of the Peace, subject to the correction of the Supreme Court. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts are nominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Senate; and they hold their offices during good behavior, though not beyond sixty-five years of age.

COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF ST. LOUIS.

Montgomery Blair, of St. Louis, Judge. Salary $2,000.

CRIMINAL COURT OF ST. LOUIS.

A. W. Manning, of St. Louis, Judge. Salary $1,000.

This is a local tribunal, established for the purpose of exercising criminal jurisdiction only in the county of St. Louis. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court. The Judge is appointed by the concurrent vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly; and he holds his office during good behavior.

COUNTY COURTS.

The jurisdiction of the County Courts is limited to matters of probate and local county affairs, as roads, &c. A County Court sits in each County, and is composed of three Justices, who are elected by the people, and hold their offices for four years. An appeal lies to the Circuit Court.

Times of holding Courts in Missouri, from and after August 1st, 1845.

SUPREME COURT.

Four terms annually at Jefferson City, as follows:

For cases taken up from the county of St. Louis, on the 3d Monday in March and October.

For all cases taken up from any other county, on the 2d Monday in January and 1st Monday in July.

CIRCUIT COURTS.

Adair — First Monday in April and September.
Andrew — Third Monday in March and September.
Atchison — First Monday in do. do.

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Audrain — Fourth Monday in April and October.
Barry — Second Monday after fourth in April and October.
Bates — First Monday in April and October.
Benton — Fourth Monday in May and November.
Boone — Third Monday in March and August.
Buchanan — Fourth Monday in March and September.
Caldwell — First Monday after fourth in April and October.
Callaway — Second Monday in April and October.
Camden — Second Monday after fourth in March and September.
Cape Girardeau — Fourth Monday in May and November.
Carroll — Third Monday in March and second in October.
Cedar — First Monday after fourth in March and September.
Chariton — For 1845, second Monday in October; afterwards, second Monday in March and August.
Clark — Second Monday in May and October.
Clay — First Monday in March and fourth in September.
Clinton — Wednesday before first Monday in March and before fourth Monday in September.
Cole — Third Monday in February and August.
Cooper — First Monday in March and September.
Crawford — Fourth Monday in April and September.
Dade — Second Monday in April and October.
Dallas (formerly Niangua) — Third Monday in March and September.
Davies — Thursday after fourth Monday in April and October.
De Kalb — Fourth Monday in April and October.
Dunklin — Second Monday after fourth in April and October.
Franklin — First Monday after fourth in March and September.
Gasconade — Third Monday in March and September.
Gentry — First Thursday after second Monday in March and September.
Green — Third Monday after fourth in April and October.
Grundy — Second Monday in April and September.
Harrison — Thursday after third Monday in April and October.
Henry — Third Monday after fourth in March and September.
Hickory — Second Monday in March and September.
Holt — First Thursday after first Monday in March and September.
Howard — First Monday in June and December.
Jackson — Third Monday in March and September.
Jasper — Fourth Monday in April and October.
Jefferson — Fourth Monday in May and November.
Johnson — Second Monday in April and October.
Knox — First Monday in May and October.
Lafayette — First Monday after fourth in April and October.
Lawrence — Third Monday in April and October.
Lewis — Third Monday in May and October.
Lincoln — Fourth Monday in April and September.
Linn — First Monday after fourth in April and September.
Livingston — First Monday in April and September.
Macon — First Monday in May and November.
Madison — Second Monday in April and October.

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Marion — First Monday in March and August.
Mercer — Third Monday in April and September.
Miller — Third Monday after fourth in March and September.
Mississippi — First Monday after fourth in March and September.
Moniteau — Fourth Monday in March and August.
Monroe — Third Monday in April and September.
Montgomery — Second Monday in April and September.
Morgan — First Monday after fourth in March and September.
New Madrid — First Thursday after third Monday in March and September.
Newton — First Monday after fourth in April and October.
Nodaway — Second Monday in March and September.
Oregon — Fourth Monday in May and October.
Osage — First Monday in May and November.
Ozark (formerly Decatur) — First Monday after fourth in May and October.
Perry — Second Monday in May and November.
Pettis — Third Monday in April and October.
Pike — First Monday in April and September.
Platte — First Monday in April and October.
Polk — Fourth Monday in March and September.
Pulaski — Fourth Monday after fourth in May and October.
Putnam — First Thursday after third Monday in April and September.
Ralls — Fourth Monday in March and August.
Randolph — Second Monday in May and November.
Ray — second Monday in March and first in October.
Reynolds — Second Monday in May and October.
Ripley — Third Monday in May and October.
St. Charles — First Monday after fourth in April and September.
St. Clair — Second Monday after fourth in March and September.
St. Francois — First Monday in May and November.
St. Genevieve — Third Monday in May and November.
St. Louis — Third Monday in April and November.
Saline — Fourth Monday in April and October.
Schuyler — First Thursday after first Monday in April and September.
Scotland — First Thursday after first Monday in May and October.
Scott — Second Monday in March and September.
Shannon — First Monday in May and October.
Shelby — Fourth Monday in April and September.
Stoddard — First Monday after fourth in April and October.
Sullivan — Fourth Monday in April and September.
Taney — Fourth Monday after fourth in April and October.
Texas — Third Monday after fourth in May and October.
Van Buren — Fourth Monday in March and September.
Warren — Third Monday in April and September.
Washington — Third Monday in April and October.
Wayne — Fourth Monday in April and October.
Wright — Second Monday after fourth in May and October.

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JUDICIAL CIRCUITS.

First — Osage, Cole, Cooper, Morgan, Miller, Camden, and Moniteau.

Second — Audrain, Boone, Callaway, Howard, Randolph, and Macon.

Third — Marion, Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, and Montgomery.

Fourth — Monroe, Shelby, Lewis, Clark, Knox, Scotland, Adair, and Schuyler.

Fifth — Clinton, Clay, Ray, Carroll, Harrison, De Kalb, Davies, and Caldwell.

Sixth — Jackson, Lafayette, Johnson, Saline, Pettis, Van Buren, and Bates.

Seventh — Dallas, Polk, Cedar, St. Clair, Henry, Benton, and Hickory.

Eighth — St. Louis.

Ninth — Gasconade, Franklin, Washington, St. Francois, St. Genevieve, Jefferson, and Perry.

Tenth — New Madrid, Mississippi, Dunklin, Stoddard, Scott, Cape Girardeau, Madison, and Wayne.

Eleventh — Chariton, Grundy, Mercer, Putnam, Sullivan, Livingston and Linn.

Twelfth — Atchison, Holt, Nodaway, Gentry, Andrew, Buchanan, and Platte.

Thirteenth — Dade, Lawrence, Jasper, Newton, Barry, Greene, and Taney.

Fourteenth — Crawford, Shannon, Reynolds, Ripley, Oregon, Ozark, Wright, Texas, and Pulaski.

ST. LOUIS COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

First Monday in February, and 3d Monday in September.

ST. LOUIS CRIMINAL COURT.

First Monday in January, March, May, July, September, and November.

ST. LOUIS PROBATE COURT.

First Monday in March, June, September, and December.

ST. LOUIS COUNTY COURT.

First Monday in March, June, September, and December.

Finances of Missouri.

Amount of State Debt,... $997,000.	Interest on Debt,.. $75,500.
The balance remaining in the Treasury on the first of October, 1842, was	$41,356.36
The amount received daring the two fiscal years ending September 30, 1844	393,953.46
Making the sum of	$435,309.82
There has been disbursed during the above period, the sum of	$376,987.40
Amount of wolf-scalp certificates burnt,	9,628.00
	$386,615.40

Balance, October, 1844

48,694.42

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Census of the State of Missouri, taken in 1844.
Counties.	White Population.	Free persons of color.	Slaves.	Total.
Adair	4,600	1	84	4,685
Andrew	8,565	12	444	9,021
Audrain	2,290	2	295	2,587
Barry	4,211		198	4,409
Bates	2,921	4	106	3,031
Benton	5,114	10	537	5,667
Boone	10,998	28	3,264	14,290
Buchanan	9,734	10	488	10,238
Caldwell	1,470		113	1,583
Callaway	9,175	22	3,309	12,506
Camden	2,466		155	2,621
Cape Girardeau	9,284	44	1,431	10,759
Carroll	3,336	2	438	3,806
Chariton	4,905	24	1,374	6,303
Clark (estimated)	2,386		382	2,768
Clay	7,065	11	2,207	9,283
Clinton	5,733	4	402	6,139
Cole (estimated)	10,581	19	1,461	12,062
Cooper	8,446	14	2,529	10,989
Crawford	3,952		215	4,167
Dade	5,541	70	297	5,848
Davies	5,140	3	195	5,338
Decatur	2,310		8	2,318
Franklin	8,289	33	1,318	9,640
Gasconade	3,346		884	3,430
Greene	7,708	6	936	8,650
Grundy	3,709		157	3,866
Henry	3,268	5	713	3,996
Holt	3,406		72	3,478
Howard	9,235	47	3,975	12,257
Jackson	8,060	16	2,032	10,114
Jasper	2,809		141	2,950
Jefferson	5,248	21	366	5,235
Johnson	5,257	11	659	5,927
Lafayette	6,654	46	2,998	9,698
Lewis	3,941	20	875	4,836
Lincoln	6,547	8	1,792	8,347
Linn	5,459	3	307	4,859
Livingston	3,536	2	243	3,781
Macon	4,586		194	4,780
Madison	3,299	20	506	3,825
Marion	7,969	28	2,439	10,436
Miller	2,859	4	159	3,022
Monroe	7,577	8	1,762	9,349
Montgomery	3,856	19	873	4,748
Morgan	4,861	4	159	3,456

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CENSUS — Continued.

Counties.	White Population.	Free persons of color.	Slaves.	Total.
New Madrid	3,205	4	925	4,134
Newton	5,108	21	282	5,411
Niangua	2,666	2	131	2,799
Osage	5,505	4	301	5,810
Platte	12,184	43	1,768	13,994
Perry	5,810	19	840	6,669
Pettis	3,244	1	678	3,923
Pike	8,905	21	2,905	11,831
Polk	6,097	7	367	6,471
Pulaski	3,323		75	3,398
Ralls	4,634	17	1,201	5,852
Randolph	6,793	27	2,821	8,631
Ray	7,925	8	1,195	9,128
Ripley	2,365	1	53	2,419
St. Charles	7,722	15	1,809	9,546
St. Clair	3,005		377	3,382
St. Francois	3,245	20	605	3,870
Ste. Genevieve	4,026	77	553	4,556
St. Louis	42,483	673	4,512	47,668
Saline	4,654	6	2,095	6,755
Scotland	4,513		331	4,844
Scott (estimated)	6,272	19	1,132	7,423
Shannon	2,560		61	2,621
Shelby	2,671	14	473	3,158
Stoddard	3,859	1	69	3,929
Taney	3,193	1	93	3,286
Van Buren	5,178	1	417	5,596
Warren	4,186	3	777	4,966
Washington	6,256	23	937	7,216
Wayne	4,438	6	338	4,782
Wright	3,622		56	3,678
Total	440,086	1,551	70,300	511,937

Colleges in Missouri.

ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, founded in 1832; J. Van de Velde, President; thirteen instructors; ten alumni; 146 students; 7,900 volumes in the Library. This institution is under the charge of Roman Catholics, and is in a flourishing condition.

ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, at Cape Girardeau, under the charge of the Catholics, founded in 1830; Hector Figari, C. M., President; five instructors; 2,500 volumes in Library.

MASONIC COLLEGE, Marion County; J. W. Smith, President: founded 1831: five teachers, forty-five students.

MISSOURI UNIVERSITY, Columbia: John H. Lathrop, President; founded, 1840.

SAINT CHARLES COLLEGE, Methodist, St. Charles: founded 1839; five teachers; eighty-five students.

FAYETTE COLLEGE, Fayette: Archibald Peterson, President; seventy-five students.

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Constitution.

OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI, MADE IN CONVENTION, AT THE CITY OF JEFFERSON, A. D. 1845.

We the People of the State of Missouri, by our delegates in Convention assembled, do ordain and establish the following Constitution:

ARTICLE I. — Of Boundaries.

1. We do declare, establish, ratify, and confirm the following as the permanent boundaries of the State of Missouri: Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude; thence west along the said parallel of latitude to the St. Francois river, thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the same, to a point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the same empties into the Missouri river; thence from the point aforesaid, north along the said meridian line, to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river; thence up and following the course of said stream, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines; thence east from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the main channel of the main fork of the said river Des Moines; thence down along the middle of the main channel of the said river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same where it empties into the Mississippi river; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, thence down and following the course of the Mississippi river, in the middle of the main channel thereof to the place of beginning.

2. The General Assembly shall have power to appoint commissioners, to act in conjunction with the commissioners from any other State, to adjust the eastern boundary of the State, and to determine what islands in the Mississippi river are within the limits of the State of Missouri.

3. The General Assembly shall have power, with the consent of the United States, to acquire additional territory, and to extend the boundary of this State so as to include such additional territory as may hereafter be acquired by the State.

4. All that territory of the State of Missouri which is bounded on the east by the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, on the north by the line that separates townships forty-four and forty-five, on the west by a meridian line running through the middle of range six east, and on the south by the line that separates townships forty-three and forty-four north, is hereby ceded to the government of the United States, for the purpose of locating and keeping thereon the seat of government of the United States, in conformity to the sixteenth clause of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States. This section shall not take effect until the Congress of the United States shall have assented to

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the same, and provided for the removal of the Seat of Government of the United States to the district hereby ceded to the United States.

ARTICLE II. — Of the Distribution of Powers.

The powers of government shall be divided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confined to a separate magistracy; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments, shall exercise any powers properly belonging to either of the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.

ARTICLE III. — Of the Legislative Power.

1. The legislative power shall be vested in a "General Assembly," which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

2. The House of Representatives shall consist of members to be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of the several counties, apportioned in the following manner, to wit: The ratio of representation shall be ascertained at each apportioning session of the legislature, by dividing the whole number of permanent free white inhabitants of the State by the number of one hundred. Each county having three-fifths of said ratio shall be entitled to one representative; each county having said ratio and a fraction over, equal to two-thirds, shall be entitled to two representatives; each county having twice said ratio, and a fraction over, equal to two-thirds, shall be entitled to three representatives; each county having four times said ratio shall be entitled to four representatives; and so on above that number, giving one additional member for each additional ratio. And when any county, entitled to more than two representatives, shall have a town or city therein, with the full amount of said ratio, such town or city shall be entitled to a separate representation from the county; provided the residue of the county shall amount to the ratio: and in such case, a town or city shall be divided into as many separate districts as the number of members apportioned to such town or city containing as near as may be an equal number of permanent free white inhabitants, which division shall he made by the tribunal transacting county business in the county, as soon after each apportionment as is practicable, and shall not be changed until after the succeeding apportionment; each of which districts shall elect one representative: provided, however, that when any county having less than three-fifths of said ratio shall not be contiguous to any other county with less than three-fifths thereof, such county shall nevertheless be entitled to one representative; and in all other cases of small counties having less than three-fifths, they shall be formed into districts, containing two-thirds of said ratio, and shall be entitled to one member for the same.

3. No person shall be a member of the House of Representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-four years, who shall not be a free white male citizen of the United States, who shall not have been an inhabitant of this State

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two years, and of the county or district which he represents one year next before his election, if such county or district shall have been so long established; but if not, then of the county or counties, district or districts, from which the same shall have been taken; and who shall not, moreover, have paid a State or county tax, within one year next preceding his election.

4. The General Assembly at their first session, after the adoption of this constitution, shall cause an enumeration of the permanent free white inhabitants of this State to be made, and at the first session after the enumeration shall apportion the number of Representatives among the several counties as directed by the second section of this article. And every fourth year thereafter they shall cause a like enumeration to be made, and shall apportion the Representatives among the several counties according to the same section, except that two-thirds of the ratio shall be required, instead of three-fifths, to entitle a county to one member.

5. The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the term of four years. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, who shall not be a free white male citizen of the United States, who shall not have been an inhabitant of the State four years next preceding his election, and of the district which he may be chosen to represent one year next before his election, if such district shall have been so long established, but if not, then of the district or districts from which the same shall have been taken, and who shall not, moreover, have paid a State or county tax within one year next preceding his election.

6. The Senate shall consist of not less than twenty-five, nor more than thirty-three members, for the election of whom the State shall be divided into convenient districts, which may be altered from time to time, and new districts established as public convenience may require, and the Senators shall be apportioned among the several districts according to the number of permanent free white inhabitants in each; provided, that when a senatorial district shall be composed of two or more counties, the counties of which such district consists, shall not be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district, nor shall said district so composed of two or more counties, be entitled to more than one Senator; and no county shall be divided in forming such a district, except a county whose population shall entitle it to two or more Senators, in which case said county shall be divided by the tribunal transacting county business, as soon after each apportionment as is practicable, into as many districts as it may be entitled to Senators, which districts shall not be changed until after the succeeding apportionment; each of which districts shall contain as near as may be an equal number of permanent free white inhabitants, and elect one Senator, and any person otherwise qualified who has lived in such senatorial district one month, shall be entitled to vote in the same, and until he shall acquire the right to vote in such district, he shall be entitled to vote in the district from which he removed.

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7. At the first session of the General Assembly, the Senators shall be divided by lots, as equal as may be, into two classes. The seats of the first class shall be vacated at the end of the second year, and the seats of the second class at the end of the fourth year, so that one half of the senators shall be chosen every second year.

8. After the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, all general elections shall commence on the first Monday in August, and shall be held biennially, and the electors in all cases, except of treason, felony or breach of peace, shall be privileged from arrest during their continuance at elections, and in going to and returning from the same.

9. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in either house of the General Assembly.

10. Every free white male citizen of the United States, who may have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have resided in this State one year before an election, the last three months whereof shall have been in the county or district in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector of all elective officers, where a county shall be districted; any person who is otherwise qualified and shall have resided in a representative district for one month, shall have a right to vote in such district; and until he acquires a right to vote in the district to which he has removed, he shall have the right to vote in the district from which he removed: provided, that no soldier, seaman, or mariner, in the regular army or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this State. No person who has been convicted of any felonious or infamous crime in any foreign country, or any State of this Union, or who has become a fugitive from justice from such county or State, on account of the commission of such crime, shall be permitted to vote in this State. This disqualification shall not extend to any offence of a political nature, nor to any offence which would not be considered felonious or infamous in this State.

11. No Judge of any court of law or equity, Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Auditor, State or County Treasurer, Register or Recorder, Clerk of any court of record, Sheriff, Coroner, Member of Congress, or other person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or of this State, militia officers, justices of the peace and postmasters excepted, shall be eligible to either house of the General Assembly.

12. No person who now is, or hereafter may be, a collector or holder of public money, nor any assistant or deputy of such collector or holder of public money, shall be eligible to either house of the General Assembly, nor to any office of profit or trust, unless he shall, prior to his election or appointment, have accounted for and paid all sums for which he may be accountable.

13. No person, while he continues to exercise the functions of a bishop, priest, or clergyman, or teacher of any religious persuasion, denomination, society, or sect whatever, shall be eligible to the office of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or to

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either house of the General Assembly, nor to the office of judge in any court of record.

14. The General Assembly shall have power to exclude from every office of honor, trust or profit, within this State, and from the right of suffrage, all persons convicted of bribery or other infamous crime.

15. Every person who shall directly or indirectly give, or offer, any bribe to procure his election or appointment to any office, or the election or appointment of any other person, shall, on conviction, be disqualified for an elector, and for any office of honor, profit or trust, under this State.

16. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this State, during said term, except such offices as shall be filled by elections by the people.

17. The General Assembly shall have power to pass laws regulating proceedings in cases of contested elections of Senators and Representatives. Each House shall appoint its own officers, and shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of its own members. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide.

18. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel any member, but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause. They shall each, from time to time, publish a journal of their proceedings, except such parts as may, in their opinion, require secresy; and the yeas and nays on any question shall be entered on the journal at the desire of any five members.

19. The doors of each House, and of committees of the whole, shall be kept open, except in cases which may require secresy, and each House may punish by fine or imprisonment, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in their presence, during the session: Provided, that such fine shall not exceed three hundred dollars, and such imprisonment shall not exceed forty-eight hours for one offence.

20. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn more than two days at any one time, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses may be sitting.

21. Bills may originate in either House, and may be altered, amended or rejected by the other, except bills for raising revenue, which shall originate only in the house of representatives; and every bill shall be read on three different days in each House, unless two-thirds of the House where the same is depending, shall dispense with this rule. And every bill having passed both Houses, shall be signed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and by the President of the Senate.

22. When any officer, civil or military, shall be appointed by a joint or concurrent vote of both Houses, or by the separate

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vote of either House of the General Assembly the votes shall be publicly given viva voce, and entered on the journals; the whole list of members shall be called, and the names of absentees shall be noted and published with the journals.

23. The Senators and Representatives, in all cases, except of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest, during the session of the General Assembly, and for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination of each session, and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

24. The members of the General Assembly shall severally receive from the public treasury a compensation for their services, which may from time to time be increased or diminished by law; but no alteration, increasing or tending to increase the compensation of members, shall take effect during the session at which such alteration shall be made; and no session shall continue longer than sixty days.

25. The General Assembly shall direct by law, First, in what manner and in what courts suits may he brought against the State; Second, the cases in which deductions shall be made from the salaries of public officers for neglect of duty in their official capacity, and the amount of such deductions.

26. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws. First, for the emancipation of slaves without the consent of their owners, and without paying them, before such emancipation, a full equivalent for such slaves so emancipated, and removing such slaves so emancipated out of this State; Second, to prevent bona fide immigrants to this State, or actual settlers therein, from bringing from any of the United States, or from their territories, such persons as may there be deemed to be slaves, so long as any persons of the same description are allowed to be held as slaves by the laws of this State.

27. The General Assembly shall have power to pass laws, First, to prohibit the introduction into this State of any slaves who may have committed any high crime in any other State or Territory. Second, to prohibit the introduction of any slave for the purpose of speculation or as an article of trade or merchandize. Third, to prohibit the introduction into this State of any slave, or the offspring of any slave, who, theretofore, may have been, or who, hereafter, may be imported from any foreign country into the United States, or any territory thereof, in contravention of any existing statute of the United States; and Fourth, to permit the owners of slaves to emancipate them (saving the rights of creditors), where the persons so emancipating will give security that the slave so emancipated shall be forthwith removed out of the State.

28. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to pass such laws as may be necessary, First, to prevent free negroes and mulattoes from coming to and settling in this State, under any pretext whatever; Provided, that nothing in this constitution shall be construed to conflict with the provisions of the first clause of the second section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States. Second, to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity, and to abstain from all injuries to them, extending to life or limb.

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29. In prosecutions for felony and capital crimes, slaves shall not be deprived of an impartial trial by jury, and courts of justice, before whom slaves shall be tried, shall assign them counsel for their defence.

30. Any person who shall maliciously deprive of life or dismember a slave, shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted for a like offence if it were committed on a free white person.

31. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass any law whereby any debt shall be created, that shall cause the entire indebtedness of the State, contracted under this Constitution, to exceed at any one time, twenty-five thousand dollars, except in cases of war, insurrection, or invasion. But the General Assembly may propose by a vote of a majority of all the members elected to both branches thereof, the creation of a debt for any specified purpose, which shall be submitted to the direct vote of the people at the next general election thereafter, if approved by a majority of the qualified voters voting on such question, shall be of full force and effect; Provided, that each proposition shall be for one object alone, and shall propose the ways and means, by taxation, for the payment of the debt and interest as they become due; and provided, further, that no more than one proposition shall be submitted by any one session of the General Assembly, and that the debt proposed shall not have a longer time to run than twenty years.

32. The General Assembly shall not have power to grant a divorce in any case.

33. The power to provide for the organization and government of the militia shall be vested in the General Assembly.

34. No private or local bill which may be passed by the General Assembly, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.

35. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney General, and all judges of the courts of law and equity, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under the State government.

36. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation to do justice according to law and evidence. When the Governor shall be tried, the presiding Judge of the Supreme Court shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Senators elected.

37. A State Treasurer shall be biennially appointed by a joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly, who shall keep his office at the seat of government. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law, or joint resolution, and an accurate account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be annually published.

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38. The appointment of all officers not otherwise directed by this Constitution, shall be made in such manner as may be prescribed by law; and all officers, both civil and military, under the authority of this State, shall, before entering on the duties of their respective offices, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States and of this State, and to demean themselves faithfully in office. Any person who, after the ratification of this Constitution, shall be engaged in a duel either as principal, second, surgeon, accessory, or abettor, or in giving, accepting, or knowingly carrying a challenge to fight a duel, shall be disqualified from holding any civil or military office or appointment in this State, and if any person thus disqualified shall receive an appointment, election or commission, the same shall be void.

39. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law, for the mode and manner in which the survivor of a duel, and his estate, shall be rendered responsible to, and be charged with a compensation for the wife and children of the deceased, whom he has slain.

40. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Monday of November, 1848, and thereafter the General Assembly shall meet once in every two years, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday of November, unless a different day be fixed by law.

41. No county now established by law, shall ever be reduced by the establishment of new counties, or otherwise, to less than twenty miles square; nor shall any county hereafter be established which shall contain less than five hundred square miles, nor shall any new county be hereafter organized, so as to entitle such county to separate representation, unless the number of permanent free white inhabitants therein shall, at the time, be equal to two-thirds of the ratio of representation then being, but may be organized with a smaller number for all other purposes, civil and military. But residuums of territory upon the northern boundary of this State, containing four hundred square miles, may have county organization.

42. No person holding an office of profit under the United States, shall, during his continuance in office, be elected or appointed to, or hold an office of profit under this State.

43. Within ten years after the adoption of this Constitution, all the statute laws of a general nature, both civil and criminal, shall be revised, digested and promulgated, in such manner as the General Assembly shall, by law, direct; and a like revision, digest and promulgation, shall be made at the expiration of every subsequent period of sixteen years.

44. The style of the laws of this State shall be, "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri."

ARTICLE IV. — Of the Executive Power.

1. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of Missouri.

2. The Governor shall be at least thirty years of age, a free white citizen of the United States, and shall have been a citizen

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of the United States ten years, and of the State of Missouri at least five years next preceding his election.

3. The Governor shall hold his office for four years, and until a successor be duly elected and qualified. He shall be elected in the manner following: At the time and place of voting for members of the House of Representatives, the qualified electors shall vote for a Governor, and when two or more persons have an equal number of votes, and a higher number than any other person, the election shall be decided between them by a joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly, at their next session.

4. The Governor shall be ineligible for the next four years after the expiration of his term of service.

5. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of this State, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States — but need not command in person, unless advised so to do by a resolution of the General Assembly.

6. The Governor shall have power, after conviction, to remit fines and forfeitures, and, except in cases of impeachment, to grant reprieves and pardons.

7. The Governor shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly information relative to the state of the government, and shall recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem necessary and expedient. On extraordinary occasions, he may convene the General Assembly by proclamation, and shall state to them the purpose for which they are convened.

8. The Governor shall take care that the laws be distributed and faithfully executed; and he shall be a conservator of the peace throughout the State.

9. When any office, except that of Sheriff or Coroner, shall become vacant, the Governor shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until a successor be duly appointed and qualified according to law.

10. Every bill which shall have been passed by both Houses of the General Assembly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor for his approbation. If he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall have originated; and the House shall cause the objections to be entered at large upon its journal, and shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If after such reconsideration, a majority of the members to that House shall agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house; by which it shall be in like manner reconsidered; and, if approved by a majority of all the members elected to that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within four days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner as if the Governor had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by its adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law.

11. Every resolution, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, except in cases

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of adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be proceeded upon in the same manner as in the case of a bill.

12. There shall be an Auditor of Public Accounts, whom the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint. He shall continue in office four years, and until his successor is duly appointed and qualified; and shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. His office shall be kept at the seat of government.

13. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services an adequate salary, to be fixed by law; which shall neither be increased nor diminished after his election and during his continuance in office.

14. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall be elected at the same time, in the same manner, for the same term, and shall possess the same qualifications as the Governor. The electors shall distinguish for whom they vote as Governor and for whom as Lieutenant Governor.

15. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be President of the Senate. In committee of the whole, he may debate on all questions; and when there is an equal division, he shall give the casting vote in the Senate, and also in joint vote of both houses.

16. When the office of Governor shall become vacant, by death, resignation, absence from the State, removal from office, refusal to qualify, impeachment, or otherwise, the Lieutenant Governor, or, in case of like disability on his part, the President of the Senate pro tempore, or if there be no President of the Senate pro tempore, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall possess all the powers and discharge all the duties of Governor, and shall receive for his services the like compensation, until such vacancy can be filled, or the Governor so absent or impeached, shall return or be acquitted; and if at any time, the President of the Senate or Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be the acting Governor, another presiding officer shall be chosen in his place by the body over which he presided.

17. "Whenever the office of Governor shall become vacant, by death, resignation, removal from office, or otherwise, the Lieutenant Governor, or other person exercising the power of Governor for the time being, shall, as soon as may be, cause an election to be held to fill such vacancy, giving three months previous notice thereof, and the person elected shall not thereby be rendered ineligible to the office of Governor for the nest succeeding term. Nevertheless, if such vacancy shall happen within eighteen months of the end of the term for which the late Governor shall have been elected, the same shall not be filled.

18. This Lieutenant Governor or President of the Senate pro tempore, while presiding in the Senate, shall receive the same compensation as shall be allowed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

19. The returns of all elections of Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be made to the Secretary of State, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

20. Contested elections of Governor and Lieutenant Governor,

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shall be decided by a joint vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

21. There shall be a Secretary of State, whom the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint. He shall hold his office during the continuance in office of the Governor appointing him, and until his successor shall be duly qualified; unless sooner removed on impeachment. He shall keep a register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and when necessary, shall attest the same; and he shall lay the same, together with all papers relative thereto, before either house of the General Assembly, whenever required so to do; and shall perform such other duties as may be enjoined on him by law.

22. The Secretary of State shall keep the seal of State with such emblems and devices as are directed by laws which shall not be subject to change. It shall be called the "Great Seal of the State of Missouri;" and all official acts of the Governor, his approbation of the laws excepted, shall be thereby authenticated.

23. There shall be elected in each county, by the qualified electors, at the time and place of electing representatives, a sheriff and a coroner. They shall serve for two years, and until a successor be duly qualified, unless sooner removed for misdemeanor in office: and shall be ineligible four years in any period of eight years. The sheriff and coroner shall each give security for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Whenever a county shall be hereafter established, the Governor shall appoint a sheriff and coroner therein, who shall each continue in office until the next succeeding general election, and until a successor shall be duly qualified.

24. Whenever vacancies shall happen in the office of sheriff or coroner the judges of the tribunal transacting county business, or a majority of them, shall, as soon as may be, cause an election to be held to fill such vacancy, giving fifteen days previous notice thereof; said judges having the power, in the meantime, of making temporary appointments; and the person elected shall continue in office until his successor is duly qualified. Nevertheless, if such vacancy shall happen within six months of the end of the term for which the late sheriff or coroner shall have been elected or appointed, the said judges or a majority of them, may, in their discretion, order such election or fill such vacancy by appointment, and the sheriff or coroner so elected or appointed, shall not thereby be rendered ineligible for the next succeeding term.

25. In all elections of sheriff and coroner, when two or more persons have an equal number of votes, and a higher number than any other person, the circuit courts of the counties shall give the casting vote. And all contested elections shall be decided by the circuit courts respectively, in such manner as the General Assembly may by law prescribe.

ARTICLE V. — Of Judicial Powers.

1. The judicial power, as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, county courts,

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justices of the peace, and such other tribunals inferior to the circuit courts, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, ordain and establish.

2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise directed by this constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State, under the restrictions and limitations in this Constitution provided.

3. The supreme court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts; it shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto information in the nature of writs of quo warranto, certiorari, and other original remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same.

4. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, any two of whom shall be a quorum; it shall hold two sessions annually, at the seat of government, until otherwise directed by law.

5. The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint the judges of the supreme court; each judge shall be appointed for the term of twelve years; and every appointment to fill a vacancy shall be for the residue of the term only; but in all cases the judge shall hold over until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.

6. The judges of the supreme court shall be conservators of the peace throughout the State; they shall receive at stated times an adequate compensation for their services, to be fixed by law; which shall not be diminished during the term for which they shall have been appointed.

7. The judges of the supreme court, or any two of them, shall appoint the clerk of said court, who shall hold his office for the term of six years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified.

8. No judge of the circuit court shall be elected or appointed to any office of honor, profit or trust, under the government of this State, during the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed, except that a judge of the circuit court may he appointed to the supreme court: Provided, that if any judge shall resign his office, he shall not be ineligible to any office for a longer period than twelve months after such resignation. If any judge shall offer or consent to be a candidate for any office under the government of the United States, such offer or consent shall be taken and considered a voluntary resignation of his office.

9. The State shall be divided into ten compact, convenient circuits, which number of circuits shall not be increased within ten years after the adoption of this constitution.

10. No circuit shall be altered or changed at any session of the General Assembly next preceding the regular election for judge of such circuit, nor shall such change occur oftener than once in six years, but the General Assembly may add to any circuit, any new county hereafter organized.

11. For each circuit there shall be a judge chosen by the qualified electors therein, who shall hold his office for the term

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of six years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. When a vacancy shall happen in the office of circuit judge, within one year of the expiration of the term for which he was elected, such vacancy shall be filled by an appointment by the Governor; in all other cases of vacancy it shall be filled by an election. He shall receive, at stated times, an adequate compensation for his services, to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected. After his election he shall reside and be a conservator of the peace in said circuit.

12. If there be a vacancy in the office of judge of any circuit, or if he be sick, absent, or from any cause unable to hold any term of court of any county of his circuit, such term of court may he held by a judge of any other circuit; and at the request of the judge of any circuit, any term of court in his circuit may be held by the judge of any other circuit.

13. The circuit court shall have jurisdiction over all criminal cases not otherwise provided for by law, and exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil cases in law and equity, not cognizable before county courts or justices of the peace, until otherwise directed by law; it shall hold its terms in such place in each county, and at such times, as the General Assembly shall by law direct.

14. The circuit court shall exercise a superintending control over all inferior courts, and entertain appeals therefrom in such cases, and in such manner, as shall be prescribed by law.

15. The circuit court, as a court of chancery, shall have power to grant divorces in all cases prescribed by law, to make such provisions for the aggrieved party, and the custody, support and education of minor children, as shall be just and equitable.

16. The supreme court and circuit court shall exercise chancery jurisdiction, in such manner and under such restrictions, as shall be prescribed by law.

17. No person shall be appointed judge of the supreme court, or elected judge of the circuit court, unless he shall be a citizen of the United States, shall be at least thirty years old, and shall have resided five years in this State.

18. The clerks of the circuit and county courts shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the county, and shall hold their office for the term of six years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified; and for any misdemeanor in office, they shall be liable to be tried and removed in such manner as the general assembly shall provide by law, and if any vacancy in the office of the clerk of the circuit or county court, shall happen within one year next before the expiration of the term of six years, the judge or judges of the court shall fill the same — but in all other cases, a vacancy shall be filled by an election.

19. There shall be in each county a county court, with power to transact county business, and to perform all such duties as may be prescribed by law.

20. There shall be in each township of every county,

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chosen by the qualified electors thereof, as many justices of the peace as the public good may require, their powers, duties, compensation, liabilities and tenure of office shall be regulated by law.

21. There shall be a day appointed by law, for the election of judicial officers and clerks, distinct from the day of any other election in the State.

22. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint an attorney general, who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified; he shall receive, at stated times, such compensation as shall be allowed him, and shall perform such duties as shall be required by law.

23. The proceedings of all courts and tribunals shall be conducted and their records kept in the English language, except that the proper and known names of process and technical words may be expressed in the language heretofore and now commonly used: all writs and processes shall run, and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name of the State of Missouri; all writs shall be tested by the clerk of the court from which they issue, and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the State.

24. Any judge of the supreme or circuit court may be removed from office on the address of three-fifths of each house of the General Assembly to the Governor for that purpose; but each house shall state on its journal the cause for which it may desire the removal of such judge, and give him notice thereof, and he shall have the right to be heard in his defence, in such manner as the General Assembly shall direct; but no judge shall be removed for any cause for which he might have been impeached.

25. If any cause shall be pending in the supreme court, in which all, or either of the judges thereof, shall be personally interested, the Governor shall appoint competent persons to act as judges during the trial of such cause in the place of the judges thus interested.

ARTICLE VI. — Of Education.

1. Schools, and the means of education, shall for ever be encouraged in this State; and the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve from waste or damage, such lands as have been, or hereafter may be granted by the United States, for the use of schools within each township in this State, and shall apply the funds which may arise by sale or otherwise, from such lands, in strict conformity to the object of the grant.

2. There shall be a superintendent of public schools, who shall be appointed in such mode, and receive such compensation as the legislature shall direct.

3. The legislature shall establish free public schools throughout the State, and shall provide means for their support, by taxation on property, and by capitation tax or otherwise. In such schools, there shall be no distinction for or against any religious sect or denomination, and all the scholars

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shall be on terms of equality. And in all such schools the English language shall be taught, and all instruction shall be given in that language.

4. There shall be appropriated for the purposes of education, means of such schools, —

First. The proceeds of all lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State, for the use or support of schools, whether derived from sales or otherwise, and of all lands which have been or which may hereafter be granted or devised to this State, and not expressly granted or devised for any other purpose; but nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to conflict with the first of the five propositions contained in the act of Congress of the United States, approved March the sixth, one thousand eight hundred and twenty, entitled "An act to authorize the people of Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories."

Second. The proceeds of the estates of all deceased persons, to which the State has become entitled by law, and which have not been otherwise appropriated; and of the estates of all deceased persons to which the State may hereafter become entitled by law; and of all fines and forfeitures that may hereafter accrue according to law in this State.

Third. All the moneys, with the interest thereon, received by this State from the United States, by virtue of an act of Congress, approved June twenty-third, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, entitled "An act to regulate the deposits of the public money. Provided: That if the said money be called for by the United Sates, it shall be refunded accordingly."

Fourth. The proceeds and incomes of the five hundred thousand acres of land granted by the United States to this State, by act of Congress approved September the fourth, eighteen hundred and forty-one: Provided, That the Congress of the United States shall assent to this disposition of said five hundred thousand acres; and, provided further, That the interest which may arise from the portion of the school fund in this subdivision mentioned, shall be appropriated among the several counties in this State, share and share alike. And the appropriations in this section provided, shall be held by the State as a loan, and shall be and remain a permanent fund, on which the State shall pay an interest of at least six per centum, per annum, which interest shall be annually appropriated to the support of such schools, and if not expended, shall be added to and become a part of the principal; and this appropriation shall remain inviolable.

5. All moneys, including principal and interest, arising from the sales which have been or hereafter may be made of any lands granted by the United States to this State for the use of a seminary of learning, and the proceeds of all such lands remaining unsold, and the proceeds of all donations that may hereafter be made for that purpose, shall be and remain a perpetual fund upon which the State shall pay an annual interest of at least six per cent., which shall be appropriated to the seminary of learning established for the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences

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by an act of the General Assembly of this State, approved February the eleventh. Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, by the name of "the Curators of the University of the State of Missouri," and located in the town of Columbia, in the county of Boone.

ARTICLE VII. — Of the Seat of Government.

The seat of government is hereby permanently established at the City of Jefferson, in the county of Cole.

ARTICLE VIII. — Of Banks and Corporations.

1. No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or extended, with the privilege of making, issuing, or putting in circulation, any bill, check, ticket, certificate, promissory note, or other paper, or the paper of any other bank, to circulate as money.

2. No corporation, except for political or municipal purposes, or for the purposes of education or of charity, shall be created, unless the bill creating the same shall contain a provision, that the charter of such corporation may be repealed and annulled by a majority of both Houses of the General Assembly. And the stockholders in all private corporations, except corporations for the purposes of education and of charity, shall be responsible in their individual and private capacity, for all debts and liabilities of every kind incurred by such incorporation. Nor shall any corporation be created for a longer period than twenty years, and no corporation shall exercise any privileges prohibited in the preceding section. And the State shall not be part owner of the stock or property belonging to any corporation. Nor shall the common school or seminary funds, nor any other funds or moneys which the State may, at any time, hold in trust for the citizens of this State, be placed in, or loaned to, any bank or other incorporate institution.

3. The Legislature shall prohibit, by law, individuals and corporations, except the Bank of the State of Missouri, and its branches, from issuing bills, checks, tickets, promissory notes, or other paper, to circulate as money. No lottery shall be authorized by this State, and the buying or selling of lottery tickets within this State, is prohibited.

4. The Legislature shall have power, by law, to provide for the sale and final disposition of all or any part of the stock owned by the State in the Bank of the State of Missouri, upon such terms and conditions as shall be by law established: and if a part only of said stock shall be disposed of, then the number of directors on the part of the State shall be diminished in proportion to the amount of stock sold; and whenever the whole stock of the State shall have been disposed of, all right on the part of the State to a directory in said Bank shall cease, but the charter for the benefit of the private stockholders shall not be thereby affected or destroyed. And provision shall be made to enable the private stockholders to have a voice in the election of Presidents of the Bank and branches, in proportion to the amount of stock owned by them; and when all of the stock of the State shall he sold, the President of the Bank and branches shall be elected by the private stockholders.

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ARTICLE IX. — Of the disposal of the Soil, and the navigation of Rivers.

1. The General Assembly of this State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States, nor with any regulation Congress may find necessary for securing the title in the soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on land, the property of the United States, nor shall lands belonging to persons residing out of the limits of this State, ever be taxed higher than the lands belonging to persons residing within the State.

2. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on the river Mississippi, and on every other river bordering on the said State, so far as the said river shall form a common boundary to the said State, and any other State or States now or hereafter to be formed, and bounded by the same, and the said river Mississippi, and the navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, whether bordering on or within this State, shall be common highways, and for ever free to the citizens of this State and the United States, without any tax, duty, impost, or toll therefor imposed by this State.

ARTICLE X. — Mode of amending the Constitution.

The General Assembly may, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty, and every four years thereafter, propose such amendments to the Constitution, as a majority of all the members elected to each House shall deem expedient, and the vote upon each proposition shall be taken by yeas and nays in each House; and the Governor shall cause such amendments to be published in at least one newspaper in each county in this State, where a newspaper is published, at least six months before the next succeeding general election. And it shall be the duty of the several officers in this State, who shall make out poll-books for the general election for that year, to put in each two columns for each amendment, headed one for, and the other against, the amendment to the Constitution. And it shall be the duty of the officers conducting said elections, to take the vote of each voter, for or against such amendments, separately, and to have the same recorded in appropriate columns. When said poll-books are returned to the officer authorized by law to receive them, said officer shall make out and forward to the Secretary of State, within ten days after he receives such poll-books, an abstract of the votes given for and against each of said amendments, together with an abstract of the whole number of votes cast in their respective counties, cities, or districts, in the same manner as the votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor; and if a majority of all the votes given at said election, are in favor of any one of said amendments, the Governor shall issue his proclamation, declaring the same to be a part of the Constitution, from and after the date of such proclamation.

ARTICLE XI. — Declaration of Rights.

That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare:

1. That all political power is vested in and derived from the people.

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2. That the people of this State have the inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Constitution and form of government, whenever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness.

3. That the people have the right peaceably to assemble for their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of government for redress of grievances, by petition or remonstrance; and that their right to bear arms in defence of themselves and of the State, cannot be questioned.

4. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences: that no man can be compelled to erect, support, or attend any place of worship, or maintain any minister of the gospel or teacher of religion; that no human authority can control or interfere with the rights of conscience; that no person can ever be hurt, molested, or restrained in his religious professions or sentiments, if he do not disturb others in their religious worships.

5. That no person, on account of his religious opinions, can be rendered ineligible to any office of trust or profit under this State; that no preference can ever be given by law to any sect or mode of worship; and that no religious corporation can ever be established in this State. No religious sect or society should be permitted to accumulate or hold in mortmain large bodies of land or other property, and all extensive ecclesiastical perpetuities are dangerous to liberty: Provided, That any religious society may hold, in any assumed name, so much land as may be necessary for a house and buildings for public worship — for a parsonage, and for a burying ground — and for no other purpose whatever; but no congregation, for such purposes, shall own more than one acre of land in a town, nor more than ten acres in the county: And provided, That nothing in this section shall ever be construed to divest any right or title heretofore vested.

6. That all elections shall be free and equal.

7. That courts of justice ought to be opened to every person, and certain remedy afforded for every injury to person, property or charter; and that right and justice ought to be administered without sale, denial or delay; and that no private property ought to be taken or applied to public use, without just compensation.

8. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolable.

9. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has the right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to demand the nature and cause of accusation; to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor; to meet the witnesses against him face to face; and in prosecutions or presentment, or indictment, to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of the county; and that the accused cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land.

10. That no person, after having been once acquitted by a jury of felony or other crime or misdemeanor, can for the same offence be again put in jeopardy of life, limb, or liberty; but if in any criminal prosecution, the jury be divided in opinion, the court

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before which the trial shall be had, may in its discretion discharge the jury, and commit or bail the accused for the trial at next term of such court.

11. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences, when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus cannot be suspended unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

12. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fine imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

13. That the people ought to be secure in their persons, papers, houses and effects, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any place or to seize any person or thing, can issue without describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized, as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

14. That no person can, for an indictable offence, be proceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger, or by leave of the court, for oppression or misdemeanor in office.

15. That treason against the State can consist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort; that no person can be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on his own confession in open court; that no person can be attainted of treason or felony by the General Assembly; that no conviction can work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate; that the estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives, shall descend or vest as in cases of natural death; and when any person shall be killed by casualty, there ought to be no forfeiture by reason thereof.

16. That the free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and that every person may freely speak, write, and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty; and in all prosecutions for libels, the truth thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury may determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court.

17. That no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of contracts, or retrospective in its operation, can be passed; nor can the person of a debtor be imprisoned for debt after he shall have surrendered his property for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

18. That no person who is religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, can be compelled to do so, but may be compelled to pay an equivalent for military services, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law; and that no priest, preacher of the gospel, or teacher of any religious persuasion, or sect regularly ordained as such, be subject to military duty, or compelled to bear arms.

19. That all property subject to taxation in this State, shall be taxed in proportion to its value.

20. That no title of nobility, hereditary emolument, privilege or distinction, shall be granted; nor any office created, the

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duration of which shall be longer than the good behavior of the officer appointed to fill the same.

21. That emigration from this State cannot be prohibited.

22. That the military is, and in all cases and at all times shall be, in strict subordination to the civil power; that no soldier can, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in such manner as may be prescribed by law; nor can any appropriation for the support of an army be made for a longer period than two years.

23. That everything in this article is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall for ever remain inviolate, and that all acts of the Legislature contrary to this or any other article of this Constitution shall be void.

ARTICLE XII. — Provisions to put the new Constitution into operation.

1. The Constitution adopted in the year eighteen hundred and twenty is declared to be superseded by this Constitution, and, in order to carry the same into effect, it is hereby ordained as follows:

2. All rights, actions, prosecutions, claims and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, and all laws in force at the time of adoption of this Constitution, and not inconsistent therewith, shall continue as if the same had not been adopted.

3. In order that no inconvenience may result to the public service from the taking effect of this Constitution, no officer shall be superseded thereby, except as herein directed.

4. On the first Monday in August, one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, at the several election precincts in this State, the judges thereof shall cause two columns to be opened headed one "For the Constitution," the other, "Against the Constitution," and cause the vote of each voter to be set in the appropriate column, and certify the vote so given to the clerks of the several county courts, who shall certify the same to the Secretary of State, in the same manner and with the like restrictions that they are now required to certify the vote given for Governor and Lieutenant Governor of this State.

5. It shall be the duty of the Governor to lay before the General Assembly, on the first day of their regular session in the year eighteen hundred and forty-six, the vote for ratifying or rejecting said Constitution, and if it shall appear to the General Assembly in joint meeting, that a majority of all the votes given, have accepted the Constitution, they shall, within the first ten days of the session, by joint resolution, declare said Constitution to be the supreme law of the State, and the former Constitution shall be abolished.

6. Until an enumeration and apportionment shall be made under this Constitution, the county of Andrews shall have one Representative; the County of Barry shall have one Representative; the County of Bates shall have one Representative; the County of Benton shall have one Representative; the County of Boone shall have two Representatives; the county of Buchanan shall have two Representatives; the County of Callaway shall have two Representatives; the County of Cape Girardeau shall have two Representatives; the County of Chariton shall have

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one Representative; the County of Clay shall have two Representatives; the County of Cole shall have one Representative; the County of Cooper shall have two Representatives; the County of Crawford shall have one Representative; the County of Carroll shall have one Representative; the County of Franklin shall have two Representatives; the County of Gasconade shall have one Representative; the County of Greene shall have two Representatives; the County of Henry shall have one Representative; the County of Howard shall have two Representatives; the County of Jackson shall have two Representatives; the County of Jasper shall have one Representative; the County of Jefferson shall have one Representative; the County of Johnson shall have one Representative; the County of Lafayette shall have two Representatives: the County of Lewis shall have one Representative; the County of Lincoln shall have two Representatives; the County of Linn shall have one Representative; the County of Livingston shall have one Representative; the county of Macon shall have one Representative; the County of Madison shall have one Representative; the County of Marion shall have two Representatives; the County of Miller shall have one Representative; the County of Monroe shall have two Representatives; the County of Montgomery shall have one Representative; the County of Morgan shall have one Representative; the County of New Madrid shall have one Representative; the County of Newton shall have one Representative: the County of Dallas shall have one Representative; the County of Osage shall have one Representative; the County of Platte shall have three Representatives; the County of Perry shall have one Representative; the County of Pettis shall have one Representative; the County of Pike shall have two Representatives; the County of Polk shall have one Representative; the County of Pulaski shall have one Representative; the County of Ralls shall have one Representative; the County of Randolph shall have two Representatives; the County of St. Charles shall have two Representatives; the County of St. Francois shall have one Representative; the County of Ste. Genevieve shall have one Representative; the County of St. Louis shall have ten Representatives; the County of Saline shall have one Representative; the County of Shelby shall have one Representative; the County of Talby shall have one Representative; the County of Van Buren shall have one Representative; the County of Warren shall have one Representative; the County of Washington shall have two Representatives; the County of Wayne shall have one Representative; the County of Lawrence shall have one Representative; the Counties of Harrison and Grundy shall have one Representative; the County of Hickory shall have one Representative; the County of Moniteau shall have one Representative; the County of Nodaway shall have one Representative; the County of Clark shall have one Representative; the County of Scotland shall have one Representative; the Counties of Clinton and De Kalb shall have one Representative; the County of Ozark shall have one Representative; the County of St. Clair shall have one Representative; the Counties of Adair and Schuyler shall have one Representative; the Counties of Putnam and Sullivan shall have one Representative; the County of Mississippi shall have one Representative;

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the County of Scott shall have one Representative; the County of Audrain shall have one Representative; the Counties of Shannon and Reynolds shall have one Representative; the Counties of Ripley and Oregon shall have one Representative; the Counties of Stoddard and Dunklin shall have one Representative; the Counties of Atchison and Holt shall have one Representative; the County of Gentry shall have one Representative; the County of Mercer shall have one Representative; the County of Knox shall have one Representative; the County of Camden shall have one Representative; the County of Davies shall have one Representative; the County of Caldwell shall have one Representative; the Counties of Dade and Cedar shall have one Representative; the Counties of Wright and Texas shall have one Representative; and the County of Ray shall have two Representatives.

7. Until an enumeration and apportionment shall be made, under this Constitution, the counties of St. Charles and Lincoln shall have one Senator; the counties of Pike and Ralls shall have one Senator; the counties of Marion and Monroe shall have one Senator; the counties of Scotland, Lewis, Clark, Knox and Schuyler shall have one Senator; the counties of Sullivan, Putnam, Harrison, Grundy, Mercer and Gentry shall have one Senator; the counties of Holt, Atchison, Nodaway and Andrew shall have one Senator; the counties of Buchanan, DeKalb and Clinton shall have one Senator; the county of Platte shall have one Senator; the counties of Clay and Ray shall have one Senator; the counties of Livingston, Linn, Carroll, Caldwell and Davies shall have one Senator; the counties of Howard and Chariton shall have one Senator; the counties of Macon, Adair, Shelby and Randolph shall have one Senator; the counties of Boone and Audrain shall have one Senator; the counties of Ste. Genevieve, St. Francois and Perry shall have one Senator; the counties of Cape Girardeau and Wayne shall have one Senator; the counties of Scott, Mississippi, New Madrid, Stoddard and Dunklin shall have one Senator; the counties of Reynolds, Shannon, Texas, Madison, Ripley, Oregon and Wright shall have one Senator; the counties of Green, Taney and Ozark shall have one Senator; the counties of Jackson and Van Buren shall have one Senator; the counties of Lafayette and Johnson shall have one Senator; the counties of Lawrence, Barry, Newton and Jasper shall have one Senator; the counties of Polk, Hickory, Camden and Dallas shall have one Senator; the counties of St. Clair, Henry, Bates, Cedar and Dade shall have one Senator; the counties of Pettis, Benton and Saline shall have one Senator; the counties of Cooper and Moniteau shall have one Senator; the counties of Cole, Miller and Morgan shall have one Senator; the counties of Callaway and Montgomery shall have one Senator; the counties of Franklin and Warren shall have one Senator; the counties of Crawford, Washington and Jefferson shall have one Senator; the counties of Gasconade, Osage and Pulaski shall have one Senator; and the county of St. Louis shall have three Senators.

8. On the first Monday in August, in the year eighteen hundred and forty-seven, there shall be an election held for Judges of the Circuit Court, and for Clerks of the Circuit and County

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Courts, and every six years thereafter. The Judges and Clerks shall enter on the duties of their respective offices on the first Monday in January succeeding their election.

9. The General Assembly shall, at its first session in the present year, make suitable provision for holding elections, making returns, and counting the votes for all officers to be elected under this Constitution, prior to the first session of the Legislature, to be elected under the same.

10. So soon as the new Constitution shall be declared to be the supreme law of the State, the members of the General Assembly, and all other officers who are continued, and who are elected or appointed under the old Constitution, shall take an oath to support the new Constitution.

11. The next session of the General Assembly, which is to meet in the year eighteen hundred and forty-six, shall not last more than thirty days.

12. Immediately after the ratification of this Constitution, the Judges of the Supreme Court shall determine, by lot, the times at which they shall severally go out of office; one of whom shall go out on the fourth Monday in November, in the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight; another four years thereafter, and the third eight years after the first: a certificate of which, under the hands of the Judges, shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on or before the time above directed for the vacation of the office of the first Judge; and should the Judges neglect to file the same pursuant to the provisions of this section, it shall be the duty of the Attorney-General, Secretary of State, and Auditor of Public Accounts, immediately after the fourth Monday of November, in the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight, to make such determination, by lot, for the several Judges, and file a certificate thereof in the office of the Secretary of State. And the Governor shall immediately make such apportionment, and fill such vacancy, pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution.

Done by the Representatives of the People of the State of Missouri, in Convention assembled, at the city of Jefferson, on the fourteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, and of the independence of the United States of America the seventieth,

R. W. WELLS,

President, and Delegate from the County of Cole.

Corbin Alexander, Saint François County; Lisbon Applegate, of Chariton; Jonathan M. Bassett, Clinton County; Edwin D. Bevitt, St. Charles County; James O. Broadhead, Pike County; Rowland Brown, Platte County; John Buford, Reynolds County; Samuel H. Bunch, Polk County; William Massilon Campbell, St. Louis County; John David Coalter, St. Charles County; William McDaniel Davies, Osage County; James Farquar, Washington County; A. Finch, Dade County; Asbury O. Forshey, Montgomery County; James M. Fulkerson, Nodaway County; Joshua Gentry, Monroe County; Robert Giboney, Stoddard County; James S. Green, Lewis County; David M. Hickman, Boone County; Thomas Maddin Horine, Seventeenth District; Ezra Hunt, Pike County; Abraham Hunter, Nineteenth District,

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and from the County of Scott; Frederick Hyatt, St. Louis County; C. F. Jackson, Howard County; H. Jacks, Randolph County; B. A. James, Green County; Charles Jones, Franklin County; William Claude Jones, Newton County; James L. Jones, Scotland County; Elias Kincheloe, Shelby County; M. M. Marmaduke, Saline County; B. F. Massey, Lawrence County; John McHenry, Bates County; N. C. Mitchell, Lafayette County; James William Morrow, Cole County; Thomas B. Neaves, Greene County; Joseph B. Nickel, Andrew County; William Benjamin Pannell, Gasconade County; Philip Pipkin, Jefferson County; John E. Pitt, Platte County; David Porter, Wayne County; William Shields, Twenty-sixth District; M. H. Simonds, Fifth District; Duke W. Simpson, Jackson County; William Y. Slack, Livingston County; Robert M. Stewart, Buchanan County; John F. Stone, Boone County; Theodore F. Tong, Madison County; Thomas Ward, Platte County; Joseph B. Wells, Warren County; Hiram Wilcoxin, Carroll County; Uriel Wright, St. Louis County; Benjamin Young, Calloway County, of the Thirteenth District.

Attest,

R. WALKER, Secretary of the Convention.

WILLIAM B. BASKETT, Ass't Secretary of the Convention.

AN ORDINANCE

Proposing to the Congress of the United States the extension of the south-western boundary of the State of Missouri.

WHEREAS, The full and free navigation of the Neosho, or Grand River of the Arkansas, is indispensably necessary to the prosperity of a large portion of the people inhabiting the southwestern part of the State of Missouri, and as said river lies exclusively within the Indian country, and within a few miles of the western boundary line of this State, without its being available:

Now, therefore, in order to secure the important benefits of the navigation of said river to the people of this State, this Convention, for and in behalf of the people inhabiting this State, and by the authority of the said people, do ordain, that the following proposition be offered to the Congress of the United States, for acceptance or rejection; and which, if accepted by Congress, shall be obligatory upon the State of Missouri, and binding as a part of the Constitution.

That the boundaries of the State of Missouri be altered and extended from the south-west corner of the State, due west, along the parallel of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes, north latitude, to the middle of the main channel of the Neosho or Grand River of the Arkansas; thence up the middle of the main channel of said stream, to the point of junction of the Neosho with Spring River; thence up the middle of the main channel of Spring River to the point where the meridian line, which passes through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, first strikes Spring River, so as to include all that tract of land which

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is situated between the limits described aforesaid and the present west boundary line of the State.

DONE IN CONVENTION, at the city of Jefferson, in the State of Missouri, this 14th day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the seventieth.

By order of the Convention,

R. W. WELLS, President.

Attest, — R. WALKER, Secretary.

This printed copy of the Constitution has been corrected by, and, with one exception, made to conform to the original Enrolled Constitution, numbered 1, which is deposited in the office of the Secretary of State.

In Article 1, Section 4, line 5, of the original roll No. 1, occurs the word "East." In the roll numbered 2, the corresponding word is "West," and this last word is adopted in the printed copy.

Taking either copy, the sense is not affected, except in the case above mentioned, where the word "East" in the roll No. 1, is evidently an error.

R. W. WELLS, President of the Convention.

R. WALKER, Secretary of the Convention.

The Mississippi River.

(In part from McCullogh's Gazetteer.)

The Mississippi River, for its great length, its numerous tributaries, the distance to which it is navigable, and the immense extent of country which it drains, well deserves the Indian title of "The Father of Waters." The import in the Algonquin language of "Missi Sepe," is Great River. It drains a country of over 1,000,000 square miles in extent, eminently fertile, and sending through it to its destined markets a vast amount of produce. Its extreme source was discovered by Schoolcraft, in July 13th, 1832, to be Itasco Lake, in 47°10' N. Lat., and 94° 54' W. Long., at an elevation of 1,500 feet above its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Itasca Lake, or Lac la Biche, of the French, is a beautiful sheet of water, of an irregular shape, about eight miles long, situated among hills covered with pine forests, and fed chiefly by springs. It has its outlet to the north, which is about ten or twelve feet wide, and eighteen inches deep; and flowing northwardly, it passes through Lakes Irving and Traverse, then turns eastward, and proceeding through several small lakes, it enters Lake Cass. This lake is about sixteen miles long, contains several islands, and is about 3,000 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and 182 miles below Lake Itasca, the source of the Mississippi. The most northerly point on the Mississippi is a little short of 48° N. Lat. From the junction of Leech Lake Fork, the river expands to a hundred feet in width, and flows with a mean current of one-and-a-half miles per hour, and a descent of three inches in a mile, through a low prairie country, covered with wild rice, rushes, sword grass, and other aquatic plants, and is a favorite

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resort of waterfowl, and various amphibious quadrupeds. At the Falls of Peckagama, the river descends twenty feet in three hundred yards, by a rapid which entirely obstructs navigation. At the head of these falls, the prairies entirely cease, and below, a forest of elm, maple, birch, oak, and ash, overshadow the stream. The river now takes a southerly course, curving to the West, and again to the East, to the Falls of Saint Anthony. The descent of the river above these falls may be computed at about six inches in a mile, with a current of three miles an hour; and on the banks are some dry prairies, the resort of buffalo, elk, and deer; the only part of the Mississippi on which the buffalo is now found. About 100 miles below Saint Anthony's Falls, the river expands into a beautiful sheet of water, called Lake Pepin, which is 24 miles long, and from two to four broad. A little below 42° N. Lat., comes in Rock River, a clear and beautiful stream, at the mouth of which is Rock Island, a favorite and pleasant resort in the summer season. In about 39° N. Lat., is the mouth of the Illinois River, a noble, broad, and deep stream, and the most considerable tributary of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri. It is nearly four hundred yards wide at the mouth, four hundred miles long, and navigable for more than three hundred miles. A little below comes in from the West, the mighty Missouri, which is longer, and probably discharges more water than the Mississippi itself; and, had it been early explored, would probably have been considered the parent stream; as it is, it will always be considered a tributary.

The Mississippi, above the junction with the Missouri, is of remarkably clear and pure water, but this is entirely changed by amalgamation with the dark and turbid Missouri, which communicates its muddy appearance to the Mississippi through the remainder of its course, thus asserting its lordship over it.

Between 36° and 37° N. Lat., comes in from the East the beautiful Ohio, la belle Riviere of the French. This is much the largest Eastern tributary, and from the densely populated and highly cultivated country on its banks, is at present by far the most important branch of the Mississippi.

From the extent of country drained by the Mississippi, it might naturally be supposed that the spring floods would be great. Above the mouth of the Missouri the flood usually commences in March, and continues until about the last of May, at an average of about fifteen feet. From the Missouri to the Ohio it rises twenty-five feet, and for a great distance below the Ohio, it sometimes rises fifty feet. At nearly every flood it overflows country, particularly on the Western side, for some five hundred miles from the mouth, to a distance of from ten to thirty miles. Above Natchez the flood begins to decline. At Baton Rouge it seldom exceeds thirty feet, and at New Orleans twelve.

St. Anthony's Falls.

At the Falls of St. Anthony, 843 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, the river has a perpendicular descent of about sixteen feet, with formidable rapids above and below. The

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rapid above the Falls has a descent of ten feet in three hundred yards, and below the Falls a descent of fifteen feet in the distance of half a mile. An island at the brink of the Falls divides the current into two parts, the larger of which is on the West side of the Island; and immediately below the Falls are large fragments of rock, in the interstices of which some alluvial soil has accumulated, supporting a stinted growth of cedars. The whole fall is about forty-one feet in less than three-fourths of a mile. All this has nothing of the grandeur of Niagara, but the cataract, and the surrounding scenery, are eminently picturesque and beautiful. In times of high floods it may approach to the sublime.

The width of the river above the Falls is five or six hundred yards, and at the Falls is two hundred and twenty-seven yards, but narrows to two hundred yards at a short distance below.

The following description of St. Anthony's Falls is from the "Saint Louis Reveille:"

"‘Mene-ha-ha,’ or ‘The water that laughs!’ So are the Falls of Saint Anthony called by the children of the wild. Who shall say that the red skins "have not a chiming fancy? The Laughing Waters. Truly, one should dream awhile beneath the "singing trees" of the Arabian Nights, ere trusting himself to discourse of these merry gushings, these leaping, laughing, foam-voices of the North!

"These Falls are neither as "sublime" as Niagara, as "picturesque" as Glenn's, as "peculiar" as Montmorency's nor so "pretty" as the Passaic; but, scrambling down the banks, and jumping from fragment to fragment of their rocky bed, till amid tinted spray the roaring mirth of the whole watery scene bursts closely on him, the visitor must take it coolly indeed, if he miss the boasted features of either of those above mentioned. These present have no height, but a world of variety. Their breadth, some third of a mile, is broken by huge blocks, wrecks of a former bed, a strange, rough island, and intervening deposites of timber, while surging round all, leap the loud shouting waters. Indigo-blue, bright green, and frosted silver, tumbling and changing, circling, rushing, flashing, and the grand thought still ringing over all, "Two thousand miles away sounds the far sea."

The Missouri River.

The Missouri River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and takes its name after the union of three branches, the Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison. The springs which give rise to the Missouri River are not more than a mile distant from some of the head waters of the Columbia River, which run in a contrary direction to the Pacific Ocean.

At the distance of 441 miles from the extreme point of the navigation of the head branches of the Missouri, are what are denominated "The Gates of the Rocky Mountains," which present an exceedingly grand and picturesque appearance. For

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the distance of about six miles, the rocks rise perpendicularly from the margin of the river, to the height of twelve hundred feet. The river is compressed to the breadth of a hundred and fifty yards, and for the first three miles, there is only one spot, and that only of a few yards, on which a man could stand between the water and the perpendicular ascent of the mountain. At the distance of 110 miles below this, and 551 miles from the source of the river, are the "Great Falls," 2575 miles from the egress of the river into the Mississippi. At this place the river descends, by a succession of rapids and falls, a distance of 357 feet in sixteen and a half miles. The lower and greatest fall has a perpendicular pitch of eighty-seven feet, the second of nineteen, the third of forty-seven, and the fourth of twenty-six feet. Between and below these falls are continual rapids of from three to eighteen feet descent. These falls, next to those of Niagara, are the grandest on the continent. Above, the course of the river is northwardly.

The Yellowstone river, eight hundred yards wide at its mouth, and probably the largest tributary of the Missouri, enters it on the south-west side, 1216 miles, from its navigable source, and about 1880 miles from the junction with the Mississippi. The Yellowstone, at the place of junction, is as large as the Missouri. Steamboats ascend to this place, and could go farther by each branch.

The length of the Missouri river, from its source to its entrance into the Mississippi, is 3096 miles, which, with the addition of 1353 miles, the distance from the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, makes a total length of 4449 miles, and it is probably the longest river in the world. Through its whole course, there is no substantial obstruction to the navigation, before arriving at the Great Falls. Its principal tributaries are each navigable from one to eight hundred miles. The alluvial, fertile soil on this river and its tributaries, is not very broad, and back of this are prairies of vast extent. Through the greater part of its course, the Missouri is a rapid and turbid stream, and in the upper part of its course, flows through an arid and sterile country. It is over half a mile wide at its mouth, and for a greater part of its distance is much wider. Notwithstanding it drains such an extensive region of country, and receives so many large tributaries, it is at certain seasons quite shallow, affording hardly sufficient water for steamboat navigation, owing to its passage through a dry and open country, and being subject to a great evaporation.

The "Missouri River Trade" has become a very important one, and the annual business between St. Louis and the towns on the river, and with Santa Fe, through Independence, is rapidly increasing.

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Inland Navigation of the West.

(From the Cincinnati Chronicle.)

The rolling floods of water now poured along by the Ohio, and the vast distances to which products are borne by the numerous steamers on its bosom, remind us of the great, and compared with any other portion of the earth, most extraordinary extent of the inland navigation of the West. Let us take some particulars. It is considered a great voyage from New York to Liverpool; yet one may take a single steamboat trip on the waters of the Mississippi equal to that. Look at this:

	miles.
New Orleans to Natchez	294.
Natchez to the mouth of the Ohio	718.
The mouth to St. Louis	172.
St. Louis to Weston	500.
Weston to Council Bluffs	300.
Council Bluff's to Mandan	824.
Fort Mandan to the Yellowstone	224.
Total voyage	3032.

This is the length of the voyage from New York to Liverpool, and all performed inland, the point of departure being one hundred miles from the sea! Such is one of the voyages that may be performed in the Great Valley of the West.

But take another; suppose a boat takes in produce from Pittsburg to New Orleans, and should there be chartered to take stores to the Fur Company's Fort, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, and then returns to Pittsburg, what will be her voyage?

	miles.
Pittsburg to Cincinnati	498.
Cincinnati to Louisville	137.
Louisville to Cairo, mouth of Ohio	345.
Cairo to New Orleans	1012.
New Orleans to St. Louis	1218.
St. Louis to Weston	500.
Weston to the Yellowstone	1348.
Yellowstone to St. Louis	1848.
St. Louis to the Ohio	180.
Ohio to Pittsburg	980.
Total voyage	8006.

Eight thousand miles might a steamboat run on the waters of the West in a regular voyage, before she return to her original port!

This is but a small part of the vast inland navigation of the West, and which explains the rapid growth of cities and towns so far from the seaboard. These inland cities, too, are destined to equal, if not surpass the largest of those on the Atlantic shore.

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Western Travelling Routes.

Steamboat Routes.

ST. LOUIS TO NEW ORLEANS, LA.

	Distance.		Distance.
Carondelet, Mo.		7	Lakeport	16	671
Merrimac River	13	20	Princeton, Miss	27	698
Harrison, Ill.	11	31	Bunch's Cut-off	11	709
Herculaneum, Mo.	1	32	Providence, La.	20	729
Rush Island	10	42	Thompkinsville	16	745
Fort Chartres Isl'd.	10	52	Milliken's Settlement	38	783
Ste. Genevieve, Mo.	10	62
Riviere and Vases	9	71	Mouth of Yazoo R.	7	790
Kaskaskia River	10	81	Vicksburg, Miss.	13	803
Lacouse's Island	15	96	Warrenton	10	813
Brainbridge, Mo., & Hamburg, Ill.	31	127	Palmyra	12	825
			Big Black River	26	851
Cape Girardeau, Mo.	10	137	Grand Gulf	1	852
English Island	12	149	Bruinsburg	16	868
Dogtooth do	15	164	Rodney	10	878
Elk do	8	172	Natchez	40	918
Mouth of the Ohio.	8	180	Fort Adams	56	974
Columbus, Ky.	20	200	Red River	12	986
Mills' Point	15	215	Bayou Sara, & St. Francisville, La.	53	1039
New Madrid, Mo.	36	251
Riddle's Point	12	263	Port Hickey	10	1049
Little Prairie	26	289	Baton Rouge	24	1073
Needham's Cut-off	20	309	Bayou Plaquemine	24	1097
Fulton, Tenn.	36	345	St. Gabriel's Ch'ch.	10	1107
Randolph	6	351	Donaldsonville	21	1128
Greenock, Ark.	42	393	Hampton's	8	1136
Memphis, Tenn.	16	409	Bringier's	6	1142
St. Francis River	72	481	Cantrell's Church	6	1148
Helena, Ark.	12	493	Bonnet Quarre do.	28	1176
Mouth of White R.	70	563	Red Church	18	1194
Arkansas River	22	585	Carrollton	17	1211
Columbia, Ark.	60	645	Lafayette & New Orleans	7	1218
Point Chicot	10	655

ST. LOUIS TO PITTSBURG, PA.

	Distance.		Distance.
Carondelet, Mo.		7	Bainbridge, Mo., & Hamburg, Ill.	31	127
Merrimac River	13	20
Harrison, Ill.	11	31	Cape Girardeau, Mo.	10	137
Herculaneum, Mo.	1	32	English Island	12	149
Rush Island	10	42	Dogtooth do	15	164
Ft. Chartres do	10	52	Elk do	8	172
Ste. Genevieve	10	62	Mouth of the Ohio	8	180
Riviere and Vases	9	71	Trinity, Ill.	6	186
Kaskaskia River	10	81	America	5	191
Lacouse's Island	15	96	Caledonia	3	194

149

STEAMBOAT ROUTES — Continued.

	Distance.		Distance.
Fort Massac	23	217	North Bend, O.	7	672
Padacah (Tenn. R.)	8	225	Cincinnati	17	689
Smithland (Cumberland River)	12	237	Columbia	8	697
			New Richmond	13	710
Golconda	18	255	Point Pleasant	4	714
Tower Rock	15	270	Moscow	4	718
Cave in Rock	5	275	Neville	3	721
Battery Rock	9	284	Mechanicsburg	3	724
Shawneetown	12	296	Augusta, Ky.	7	731
Raleigh, Ky.	6	302	Levana and Dover	2	733
Wabash River	6	308	Ripley, O.	3	736
Carthage, Ky.	7	315	Charleston, Ky.	5	741
Mount Vernon, Ia.	13	328	Maysville & Aberdeen	7	748
Henderson, Ky.	28	356
Evansville, Ia.	12	368	Manchester, O.	11	759
Owenboro', Ky.	36	404	Vanceburg, Ky.	16	775
Rockport	12	416	Alexandria, O.	18	793
Troy	16	432	Portsmouth	2	795
Cloverport, Ky.	21	453	Concord	8	803
Rome & Stephensport	10	463	Greenupsbury, Ky.	12	815
			Burlington, O.	23	838
Fredonia, Ia.	34	497	Guyandotte, Va.	7	845
Leavenworth	2	499	Gallipolis, O.	35	880
Mauckport	14	513	Point Pleasant, Va.	3	883
Brandenburg, Ky.	3	516	Setart's Rapids	30	913
West Point	18	534	Belleville, Va.	28	941
Portland & New Albany	20	554	Troy, O.	5	946
			Blennerhasset's Isl.	12	958
Shippingsport, Ky.	1	555	Parkersburg, Va.	2	960
Louisville	3	558	Vienna	5	965
Jeffersonville, Ia.	1	559	Marietta, O.	6	971
Westport, Ky.	19	578	Newport	15	986
Bethlehem, Ia.	6	584	Sistersville, Va.	27	1013
New London.	6	590	Wheeling	40	1053
Madison, Ia.	7	597	Warren, O.	9	1062
Port William, Ky.	14	611	Wellsburg, Va.	6	1068
Vevay and Ghent.	8	619	Steubenville, O.	7	1075
Warsaw	11	630	Wellsville	20	1095
Rising Sun, Ia.	20	650	Georgetown, Pa.	7	1102
Belleville, Ky.	2	652	Beaver	13	1115
Petersburg	8	660	Economy	12	1127
Aurora, Ia.	2	662	Middletown	8	1135
Lawrenceburg	3	665	Pittsburg	10	1145

ST. LOUIS TO ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS.

	Distance.		Distance.
Missouri River		17	Hamburg	44	81
Alton, Ill.	6	23	Clarksville, Mo.	15	96
Grafton	14	37	Louisiana	12	108

150

ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS — Continued.

	Distance.		Distance.
Hannibal	24	132	Fort Armstrong	1	316
Quincy, Ill.	19	151	Plum River	45	361
La Grange, Mo.	12	163	Apple River	23	384
Warsaw, Ill.	24	187	Fever R. (Galena)	15	399
Montebello	12	199	Dubuque, Iowa	20	419
Burlington, Iowa	28	227	Cassville	33	452
Oquako	18	245	Wisconsin River	29	481
New Boston	20	265	Prairie du Chien	3	484
Rock Island	50	315	St. Anthony's Falls	376	860

ST. LOUIS TO FORT LEAVENWORTH, MISSOURI RIVER.

	Distance.		Distance.
Missouri River		17	Boonv'le & Franklin	10	204
St. Charles, Mo.	23	40
Point Look-off	26	66	Arrow Rock Ferry	15	219
Newport	20	86	Chariton	16	235
Pinckney	7	93	Grand River	26	261
Gasconade River	21	114	Lexington	50	311
Portland	10	124	Bluffton	18	321
Osage River	21	145	Fort Osage	13	342
JEFFERSON CITY	9	154	Liberty Landing	18	360
Marion	17	171	Kansas River	15	375
Nashville	9	180	Ft. Leavenworth, Mo. T.	11	386
Rocheport	14	194

ST. LOUIS TO THE RAPIDS OF ILLINOIS RIVER.

	Distance.		Distance.
Grafton, Ill.		37	Pekin	33	208
Montezuma	58	95	Peoria	6	214
Naples	20	115	Hennepin	50	264
Meredosia	6	121	Peru	16	280
Beardstown	16	137	The Rapids	6	286
Havana	38	175

ST. LOUIS TO NEW YORK, VIA WHEELING, VA.

	Distance.		Distance.
Wheeling		1053	Baltimore	80	1332
Brownsville (Stage)	58	1111	Philadelphia	115	1447
Cumberland, do.	72	1183	New York	87	1534
Harper's Ferry, r. r.	69	1252

ST. LOUIS TO NEW YORK, VIA THE LAKES.

	Distance.		Distance.
Chicago, Ill.		341	Albany, R. Road	322	1691
Detroit, Mich.	711	1052	New York	145	1836
Buffalo	317	1369

151

Stage Routes.

ST. LOUIS TO CHICAGO, ILL.	ST. LOUIS TO SALEM, ILL.
	Distance.		Distance.
Edwardsville, Ill.		22	Edwardsville, Ill.		22
Carlinville	40	62	Hickory Grove	25	47
Macaupin Point	24	86	Greenville	10	57
Springfield	28	114	Vandalia	20	77
Pleasant Grove	56	170	Salem	26	103
Peoria	10	180	ST. LOUIS TO JEFFERSON CITY, MO.
Ottawa	68	248
Dresden	45	293
Juliet	12	305		Distance.
New Albany	32	337
Chicago	4	341	St. Charles		20
ST. LOUIS TO VINCENNES, IA.	Stockland	10	30
	Logan	25	55
	Distance.	Lewiston	11	66
		Danville	8	74
Belleville, Ill.		15	Williamsburg	8	82
Lebanon	12	27	Fulton	16	98
Carlyle	29	56	Hibernia	22	120
Salem	25	81	Jefferson City	3	123
Maysville	37	118	ST. LOUIS TO FAYETTE, MO.
Lawrenceburg	40	158
Vincennes, Ill.	10	168		Distance.
ST. LOUIS TO SPRINGFIELD, ILL., VIA CARROLLTON.
	Fulton (as before)		98
	Distance.	Millerburg	10	108
Lower Alton		20	Columbia	14	122
Carrollton	40	60	Rocheport	14	136
Whitehall	14	74	Franklin	12	148
Manchester	9	83	Fayette	12	160
Jacksonville	11	94	ST. LOUIS TO INDEPENDENCE, MO.
Berlin	21	115
Springfield	15	130		Distance.
ST. LOUIS TO SHAWNEETOWN, ILL.	Fayette (as before)		160
	Charlon	14	174
	Distance.	Walnut Farm	7	181
Belleville, Ill.		15	Petitsaw Bluff	30	211
Nashville	34	49	Dover	13	224
Frankfort	46	95	Lexington	10	234
Curran	16	111	Pleasant Grove	14	248
Equality	19	130	Independence	25	273
Shawneetown	10	140

152

STAGE ROUTES — Continued.

ST. LOUIS TO PALMYRA, MO.	ST. LOUIS TO JACKSON, ILL.
	Distance.		Distance.
St. Charles		20	Columbia, Ill.		19
Troy	37	57	Waterloo	9	28
Auburn	12	69	Kaskasia	34	62
Louisville	9	78	Perryville	23	85
Bowling Green	14	92	Jackson	27	112
Frankford	15	107
New London	7	114
Hannibal	10	124
Palmyra	13	137

153

Advertisements.

J. & W. VAN DEVENTER,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
CLOTHING EMPORIUM,
No. 162 MAIN STREET,
CORNER OF WASHINGTON AVENUE,

Where will always be found a full and complete assortment of all kinds of

GENTLEMEN'S CLOTHING
AND
FURNISHING GOODS,

received WEEKLY from their manufacturing establishment in New York, and for sale, wholesale and retail, on the very best terms for cash or approved short paper.

The patronage of Country Merchants and the Public is respectfully solicited.

154

FOURTH ST. BOOKSTORE.
W. D. SKILLMAN,
BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER,
No. 55 Fourth street,
(OPPOSITE THE PLANTER'S HOUSE,)
ST. LOUIS,

Keeps constantly on hand as large and well selected an

ASSORTMENT OF
BOOKS AND STATIONERY,
AS CAN BE FOUND IN THE WEST.

No pains will be spared to render this Establishment every way worthy of public patronage.

159

ST. LOUIS
English and Classical
HIGH SCHOOL.

THIS SCHOOL, now in the third year of its operation, with confidence invites the attention of the community to its claims upon them for a continuance of the liberal patronage it has already received.

It must be apparent to every one who, from the commencement, has watched its growing progress, that the improvements gradually introduced into it are such as carry with them the idea of a permanent and well-established order of instruction. In its internal arrangement, the selection of Teachers, the choice of text books, the classification of pupils, the character of its discipline, and the facilities for instruction, direct reference is had not so much to an immediate and ostensible effect, as to the ultimate influence upon the moral and intellectual condition of its students, when they shall withdraw from its guardian influence and assume the practical responsibilities of life.

The public may be assured that the fidelity which they have already so generously accredited to the government and instruction of this Institution, shall in no respect be abated. Improvement shall be our undeviating aim; and no success, however flattering, shall induce in us an insensibility of the high and responsible trust confided to our hands.

The rates of tuition are as moderate as the liberal provisions of the School will allow. For these and other general statistics, reference may be made to the annual catalogues, or to

EDWARD WYMAN, Principal.

St. Louis, January 1st, 1846.

160

M'CLOUD & WHEATON,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
DRUGGISTS,
CORNER OF CHESTNUT AND FOURTH STREETS,
ST. LOUIS, MO.,

Dealers in English, French, German, Mediterranean, East India and South American

DRUGS AND MEDICINES.

French, English and German Chemicals, Mineral Tests, Perfumery and Fancy Articles,
Surgical and Dental Instruments,
PAINTS, OILS, DYE STUFFS, DRUGGISTS' WARE AND MINERAL WATERS.

MANUFACTURERS
OF
SUPERIOR BOTTLED SODA WATER.

N. B. — Orders from Physicians carefully and promptly attended to.

161

W. D. SKILLMAN,
Bookseller and Publisher,
OPPOSITE PLANTER'S HOUSE,

Keeps constantly on hand as complete and well selected

AN ASSORTMENT OF
MEDICAL BOOKS,
AS CAN BE FOUND ANYWHERE IN THE WEST, AND SOLD AT
THE LOWEST PRICES.

PHYSICIANS AND MEDICAL STUDENTS

wishing to purchase, will find it to their interest to call and examine his stock.

All new Works received as soon as published in the East.

The Subscriber also keeps constantly on hand a large assortment of

LAW BOOKS,

To which he particularly invites the attention of the Profession.

Persons wishing Books not to be had here, by leaving their orders, will have them promptly attended to.

nts

Notes.

1. This was the second winter of the sort experienced at St. Louis. During the former one, in 1768, the cold had been so intense as to destroy the orange trees in Lower Louisiana, and the banks of the Mississippi were covered with ice.

2. A list of these steamboats was published in October, 1841. giving the name and tonnage, the date when, and the place where built. Most of them were built in the valley of the Ohio, from 1835 to 1841, inclusive.