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In the services to the nation of Abraham Lincoln, the rail-splitter; of James A.Garfield, the canal-boy; of James G. Blaine, the school-master; of the hosts of men, who have risen from poverty and obscurity to place and power, the splendid possibilities of American citizenship have been amply demonstrated.

It is with these possibilities that this little book has to do. For it no literary merit is claimed. It goes to the public as the simple and hastily-written life-history of one who, unaided by inherited wealth, or environment, other than that of the great common people with whom he has cast his lot, has risen from obscurity to world-wide fame.

This book deals with facts, not surmises or idle compliments. It is not intended as a feather in the plume of knighted hero, or banner upon the wall of moated castle. Its only purpose is to familiarize the people of today with one who, by force of ability, and unswerving honesty, has, like the martyr, Lincoln, won his way to fame.

Lincoln said that he knew that God loved the common people because He made so many of them. William Jennings bryan manfully fought their battles, undismayed

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by organized opposition, and unswerved by temptations of place and power. The honors that have come to him have come because the people have recognized in him the nearest approach to that high ideal of the Christian statesman, which was held up by the founders of the Republic to be the guide of future generations.

To the cause of popular government, represented by its ablest defender — William J. Bryan — this book is respectfully dedicated.

R. L. METCALFE.

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Chapter I. Bryan's Early Years.

William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee for President of the United States, was born in the town of Salem, Marion County, Illinois, March 19, 1860. He is the descendant of the Jennings and the Bryan families, whose men and women made the world better by their existence. None of these achieved national distinction, but each appears to have performed his or her part in life with strict fidelity to duty. Along all the branches of the very numerous family it is not difficult to observe the existence of a strong family pride. Not that pride which comprehends an aristocracy, nor, indeed, that which considers genius, but a pride that contemplates the ancestry of honest men and women, who provided well for their families, educated their children, bestowed charity where charity was deserved and contributed materially to society in their respective spheres.

The father of William Jennings Bryan was Silas Lillard Bryan, and his mother's maiden name was Mariah Elizabeth Jennings. The American history of the Bryan family begins in

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Culpepper County, Virginia. A church still standing in that vicinity is known as the "Bryan Church," and the house in which Silas Lillard Bryan was born is also intact.

William Bryan, the great grandfather of the presidential nominee, the first of the family known to the descendants, lived in Culpepper County, Virginia. Five children were born to this couple. One of these was John Bryan, the grandfather of William J. Bryan. In 1807, John Bryan married Nancy Lillard. Miss Lillard was the daughter of one of the best families in Virginia, and she was a woman of unusual talent and strength of character. In 1828, John Bryan and wife moved to Cabal County, living there two years, finally locating in Mason County, Virginia, where they resided until their death. To this couple ten children were born. Of these children two are living today. One of these children was Silas Lillard Bryan, the father of the presidential candidate.

Silas Lillard Bryan was born near Sperryville, in what was then Culpepper County, Virginia, in 1822. He located in Illinois in 1842 and lived in Marion County until his death. Silas Lillard Bryan was purely a self-made man. He worked his way through McKendree College and obtained for himself an excellent education. For thirty years Silas Lillard Bryan was an honored member of the Marion County bar. He served

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eight years in the Illinois State Senate, and for twelve years — from 1860 to 1872 — was circuit judge. Judge Bryan was a member of the convention of 1870, which framed the present State constitution of Illinois.

Silas Lillard Bryan married Mariah Elizabeth Jennings. Israel Jennings, a native of Connecticut, the founder of the Jennings family in Illinois, was married to Mary Warden, in Maysville, Kentucky, in 1800. In 1819, he removed, with his family, to Marion County, Illinois, settling near Walnut Hill. He was a member of the Illinois Legislature in 1827. The union of Israel and Mary Jennings was blessed with five children, one of whom, Charles W. Jennings, was the grandfather of the presidential candidate. Charles W. Jennings settled near his parents' home and was united in marriage to Mariah Davidson. Eight children were the fruit of this union. One of these was Mariah E., the mother of William Jennings Bryan.

Russell Bryan, the youngest brother of Judge Bryan, located in Salem, in 1841, and still lives in that vicinity. Elizabeth Bryan, Judge Bryan's youngest sister, married George Baltzell, and lives at Deer Ridge, Lewis County, Missouri.

Zadoc Jennings, brother, and Mrs. Harriett Marshall, Mrs. Nancy Davenport and Mrs. Docia Van Antwerp, sisters of Mrs. Judge Bryan, still survive. The descendants of the Jennings and

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Bryan families are numerous, and they have contributed materially to good government and the welfare of society in Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, Arkansas and Missouri. Nine children were born to Judge and Mrs. Bryan. Of these, five are living. Frances, the eldest sister of the presidential candidate married James W. Baird. Mr. and Mrs. Baird reside at Salem, Illinois. Two other sisters, Miss Nanny Bryan and Miss Mary Bryan, also reside at Salem. Charles W., the only brother of the presidential candidate, is a citizen of Omaha. He is six years younger than William, and was married four years ago to Miss Bessie Brokaw. Judge Bryan, the father of the presidential nominee, died March 30, 1880. Mr. Bryan's mother died three weeks prior to the Chicago Convention.

Bryan's Farm Residence, Near Salem, Ill.

A pathetic feature is found in the fact, that the mother had in recent years believed that a great future awaited her distinguished son, and whatever claims may be made and established concerning the "original Bryan man," there can be no question but that the devoted mother of the presidential candidate was the original Bryan woman. Bryan gets his even temper and his sunshine from his mother, who was one of the most lovable of women. He inherits his eloquence and his courage from his father, whose platform speeches and whose bravery yet live in the memory of the people of Salem. His high character comes from

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both parents, whose careers are full of good deeds and whose lives are those of consistent, earnest Christians. One of the oldest inhabitants of Salem, says: "Judge Bryan, William J. Bryan's father, had one weakness. He was not content with family prayers, morning and night, but he prayed at noon as regularly as the clock struck twelve. I have seen him adjourn court before twelve o'clock and then kneel at his seat in prayer. I saw him once about to mount his horse in the public square; he took out his watch, observed that it was twelve o'clock, and kneeled beside his horse and prayed. Judge Bryan was a very devoted man, and observed what he considered to be his religious duty, as strictly as he did every official and personal duty.

It has been related that Judge Bryan had the habit of opening court with devotional exercises, but this tale is without foundation other than as related above. But Judge Bryan had a firm reliance in divine guidance and inculcated in the breasts of his children the same supreme faith in the Creator. The same Christian spirit dominated the life of Mrs. Bryan, mother of the presidential candidate. There are very many tender recollections among the people of Marion County of the practical and consistent Christianity practised by Judge and Mrs. Bryan. Their purses and their energies were always available for the advancement of the Christian religion, and their

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store houses were always open for the relief of God's poor.

It is not surprising that such parents as these should have been able to rear up a son whose life is modeled after their own good careers, and whose public services are dedicated to the cause of popular government, as his private life is dedicated to the service of his parents' Master.

It is related of Judge Bryan that on one occasion his poultry house was broken open and a large number of prize hens were stolen. Certain indications led the Judge to suspect a certain worthless resident of the neighborhood. Several weeks afterward this worthless resident met the Judge while the latter was on his way to court. "Judge," said the worthless resident, "I understand you lost some chickens." "Sh! Sh!" replied the Judge, as he placed his hand upon the shoulder of the worthless scamp, "don't say a word about it, don't say a word about it, there is only three people that know anything about that, God, yourself and myself, and I don't want it to get out."

When William Jennings Bryan was six years old, his parents moved to a farm in the vicinity of the town of Salem. Until young Bryan was ten years of age his parents taught him at home, hoping to mould his young mind to better advantage under such circumstances, in his more tender years. At the age of ten, young Bryan entered

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the public school of Salem. There he attended until he was fifteen years of age, when in the fall of 1875 he entered Whipple Academy, Jacksonville, Illinois. Two years later, in 1877, he entered Illinois College at Jacksonville, and completed a classical course, being graduated in 1881, at the age of twenty one, as valedictorian and class orator.

The graduation oration of William J. Bryan, with valedictory address, delivered at Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois, Thursday, June 2, 1881, was as follows:

"It is said of the ermine that it will suffer capture rather than allow pollution to touch its glossy coat, but take away that coat and the animal is worthless.

"We have ermines in higher life — those who love display. The desire to seem, rather than to be, is one of the faults which our age, as well as other ages, must deplore.

"Appearance too often takes the place, of reality — the stamp of the coin is there, and the glitter of the gold, but, after all, it is but a worthless wash. Sham is carried into every department of life, and we are being corrupted by show and surface. We are too apt to judge people by what they have, rather than by what they are; we have too few Hamlets who are bold enough to proclaim, ‘I know not seem!’

"The counterfeit, however, only proves the

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value of the coin, and, although reputation may in some degree be taking the place of character, yet the latter has lost none of its worth, and, now, as of old, is a priceless gem, wherever found. Its absence and presence, alike, prove its value. Have you not conversed with those whose brilliant wit, pungent sarcasm and well-framed sentences failed to conceal a certain indescribable something which made you distrust every word they uttered? Have you not listened to those whose eloquence dazzled, whose pretended earnestness enkindled in you an enthusiasm equal to their own, and yet, have you not felt that behind all this there was lurking a monster that repelled the admiration which their genius attracted? Are there not those, whom like the Greeks we fear, even when they are bringing gifts? That something is want of character, or, to speak more truly, the possession of bad character, and it shows itself alike in nations and individuals.

"Eschines was talented: his oration against the crowning of Demosthenes was a masterly production, excellently arranged, elegantly written and effectively delivered; so extraordinary was its merits, that, when he afterwards, as an exile, delivered it before a Roadian audience, they expressed their astonishment that it had not won for him his cause, but it fell like a chilling blast upon his hearers at Athens, because he was the ‘hireling of Philip.’

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"Napoleon swept like a destroying angel over almost the entire eastern world, evincing a military genius unsurpassed, skill marvellous in its perfection, and a courage which savored almost of rashness, yet ever demonstrated the wisdom of its dictates. For a while he seemed to have robbed fortune of her secret, and bewildered nations gazed in silence while he turned the streams of success according to his vascillating whims.

"Although endowed with a perception keen enough to discern the hidden plans of opposing generals, he could but see one road to immortality — a path which led through battle fields and marshes wet with human gore; over rivers of blood and streams of tears that flowed from orphans eyes — a path along whose length the widow's wail made music for his marching hosts. But he is fallen, and over his tomb no mourner weeps. Talent, genius, power, these he had — character, he had none.

"But there are those who have both influence through life and unending praises after death; there are those who have by their ability, inspired the admiration of the people and held it by the purity of their character. It is often remarked that some men have a name greater than their works will justify; the secret lies in the men themselves.

"It was his well-known character, not less than his eloquent words; his deep convictions, not less

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than the fire of his utterance; his own patriotism, not less than his invectives against the Macedonian that brought to the lips of the reanimated Greeks that memorable sentence, ‘Let us go against Philip.’

"Perhaps we could not find better illustrations of the power and worth of character, than are presented in the lives of two of our own countrymen — names about which cluster in most sacred nearness the affections of the American people — honored dust over which have fallen the truest tears of sorrow ever shed by a nation for its heroes — the father and savior of their common country — the one, the appointed guardian of its birth; the other, the preserver of its life.

"Both were reared by the hand of Providence for the work entrusted to their care; both were led by nature along the rugged path of poverty; both formed a character whose foundations were laid broad and deep in the purest truths of morality — a character which stood unshaken amid the terrors of war and the tranquillity of peace; a character which allowed neither cowardice upon the battle-field nor tyranny in the presidential chair. Thus did they win the hearts of their countrymen and prepare for themselves a lasting place of rest in the tender memories of a grateful people.

"History but voices our own experience when it awards to true nobility of character the highest place among the enviable possessions of man.

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"Nor is it the gift of fortune. In this, at least, we are not creatures of circumstances: talent, special genius may be the gift of nature; position in society, the gift of birth; respect may be bought with wealth; but neither one nor all of these can give character. It is a slow but sure growth to which every thought and action lends its aid. To form character is to form grooves in which are to flow the purposes of our lives. It is to adopt principles which are to be the measure of our actions, the criteria of our deeds. This we are doing each day, either consciously or unconsciously; there is character formed by our association with each friend, by every aspiration of the heart, by every object toward which our affections go out, yea, by every thought that flies on its lightning wing through the dark recesses of the brain.

"It is a law of mind that it acts most readily in familiar paths, hence, repetition forms habit, and almost before we are aware, we are chained to a certain routine of action from which it is difficult to free ourselves. We imitate that which we admire. If we revel in stories of blood, and are pleased with the sight of barbaric cruelty, we find it easy to become a Caligula or a Domitian; we picture to ourselves scenes of cruelty in which we are actors, and soon await only the opportunity to vie in atrocity with the Neroes of the past.

"If we delight in gossip, and are not content

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unless each neighbor is laid upon the dissecting table, we form a character unenviable indeed, and must be willing to bear the contempt of all the truly good, while we roll our bit of scandal as a sweet morsel under the tongue.

"But if each day we gather some new truths, plant ourselves more firmly upon principles which are eternal, guard every thought and action that they may be pure, and conform our lives more nearly to that Perfect Model, we shall form a character that will be a fit background on which to paint the noblest deeds and grandest intellectual and moral achievements; a character that cannot be concealed, but which will bring success in this life and form the best preparation for that which is beyond.

"The formation of character is a work which continues through life, but at no time is it so active as in youth and early manhood. At this time impressions are most easily made, and mistakes most easily corrected. It is the season for the sowing of the seed; — the springtime of life. There is no complaint in the natural world because each fruit and herb brings forth after its kind; there is no complaint if a neglected seed-time brings a harvest of want; there is no cry of injustice if thistles spring from thistle-seed sown. As little reason have we to murmur if in after-life we discover a character dwarfed and deformed by the evil thoughts and actions of to-day; as

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little reason have we to impeach the wisdom of God if our wild oats, as they are called in palliation, leave scars upon our manhood, which years of reform fail to wear away.

"Character is the entity, the individuality of the person, shining from every window of the soul, either as a beam of purity, or as a clouded ray that betrays the impurity within. The contest between light and darkness, right and wrong, goes on: day by day, hour by hour, moment by moment our characters are being formed, and this is the all-important question which comes to us in accents ever growing fainter as we journey from the cradle to the grave, ‘Shall those characters be good or bad?’

"Beloved instructors, it is character not less than intellect that you have striven to develop. As we stand at the end of our college course, and turn our eyes toward the scenes forever past — as our memories linger on the words of wisdom which have fallen from your lips, we are more and more deeply impressed with the true conception of duty which you have ever shown. You have sought, not to trim the lamp of genius until the light of morality is paled by its dazzling brilliance, but to encourage and strengthen both. These days are over. No longer shall we listen to your warning voices, no more meet you in those familiar class-rooms, yet on our hearts ‘deeply has sunk the lesson’ you have ‘given, and shall not soon depart.’

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"We thank you for your kind and watchful care, and shall ever cherish your teachings with that devotion which sincere gratitude inspires.

"It is fitting that we express to you also, honored trustees, our gratitude for the privileges which you have permitted us to enjoy.

"The name of the institution whose interests you guard, will ever be dear to us as the schoolroom, to whose influence we shall trace whatever success coming years may bring.

"Dear class-mates, my lips refuse to bid you a last good-bye; we have so long been joined together in a community of aims and interests; so often met and mingled our thoughts in confidential friendship; so often planned and worked together, that it seems like rending asunder the very tissues of the heart to separate us now.

"But this long and happy association is at an end, and now as we go forth in sorrow, as each one must, to begin alone the work which lies before us, let us encourage each other with strengthening words.

"Success is brought by continued labor and continued watchfulness. We must struggle on, not for one moment hesitate, nor take one backward step; for in the language of the poet —

‘The gates of hell are open night and day,
Smooth the descent and easy is the way;
But to return and view the cheerful skies,
In this, the task and mighty labor lies.’

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"We launch our vessels upon the uncertain sea of life alone, yet, not alone, for around us are friends who anxiously and prayerfully watch our course. They will rejoice if we arrive safely at our respective havens, or weep with bitter tears, if, one by one, our weather-beaten barks are lost forever in the surges of the deep.

"We have esteemed each other, loved each other, and now must with each other part. God grant that we may all so live as to meet in the better world, where parting is unknown.

"Halls of learning, fond Alma Mater, farewell. We turn to take one ‘last, long, lingering look’ at thy receding walls. We leave thee now to be ushered out into the varied duties of an active life.

"However high our names may be inscribed upon the gilded scroll of fame, to thee we all the honor give, to thee all praises bring. And when, in after years, we're wearied by the bustle of a busy world, our hearts will often long to turn and seek repose beneath thy sheltering shade."

During his six years at Jacksonville, young Bryan made his home with a relative, Dr. H. K. Jones, a man of profound learning and high character. Mr. Bryan never loses an opportunity to express his gratitude for the good fortune which led him into the Jones family, and placed him under the influence of the learned doctor and his noble wife.

In the fall of 1881, young Bryan entered the

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Union College of Law, at Chicago. During his attendance at this school his spare time was employed in the law office of the late Lyman Trumbull. Mr. Trumbull had an extensive library, and as he had taken quite a fancy to the young student, Mr. Trumbull gave him every possible advantage.

Mr. Bryan's expenses through law school, as well as through college, were defrayed by his parents. His independent spirit, however, would not permit all of the load to rest upon his family, and he scrubbed the floors of the Trumbull law office, cleaned windows and performed other little services during his spare moments for the purpose of obtaining odd wages and thus lessen his demands upon the family fund. Newspapers have been full of stories intending to show that Mr. Bryan worked his way through college and law school entirely by his own efforts, paying his expenses by dint of hard work. It is true that Mr. Bryan's education was not obtained with ease, and it is also true that he lost no opportunity to lighten the burden his good father had assumed in his behalf, but it is no less true that Mr. Bryan owes his education largely to his parents, who lost no opportunity to push their son to the front and to give to that son every possible advantage whereby his splendid manhood could be developed. No man was ever blessed with parents more devoted or more self-sacrificing in their

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children's interests, and no parents ever reared a son more worthy of filial devotion than is William Jennings Bryan.

Mr. Bryan remained at Union College for two years, graduating there in June, 1883. He located at Jacksonville, July 4, 1883, and swung this shingle to the breeze:

W. J. BRYAN,
LAWYER

Mr. Bryan was married October 1, 1884, to Miss Mary Baird, of Perry, Ill. The young lawyer very soon built up a paying practice and he remained at Jacksonville until 1887, when, with his young wife and child, he removed to Nebraska.

Home of Hon. W. J. Bryan, at Lincoln, Neb.

Young Bryan early manifested a love for politics. In 1880, at the age of twenty years, he took the stump for Hancock, and delivered Democratic speeches at Salem, Centralia and two other points in Illinois. In the campaign of 1884 young Bryan, at the age of twenty-four, took the stump for Grover Cleveland. Mr. Bryan's first Political speech was delivered in 1880, at the court house in Salem. But there is an interesting story about the first political speech that he did not deliver. Several weeks before the Salem speech young Bryan was working on the farm of

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N. B. Morrison, of Odin, Illinois. A political meeting was arranged for a grove several miles away. Hand-bills were distributed, announcing that two distinguished men, giving their names, and "Mr. W. J. Bryan" would address the "gathered hosts." When the day came young Bryan and the distinguished orators drove to the grove. When they arrived they found a man in charge of the grove, one man with a wheel of fortune, and two men presiding over a lemonade stand. With die exception of a few children from the neighborhood that was the extent of the "gathered hosts." The orators waited until late in the evening and no one came to hear them. Young Bryan returned home, possibly greatly disappointed, but he was rewarded within a few weeks by being able to deliver that speech before a great gathering at Salem.

Bryan's boyhood is without sensational features. If he ever robbed a melon patch, it is not a matter of record. If he was ever guilty of mischievous pranks, no one recalls the fact. He was a light-hearted, good-natured lad, who, in his more tender years, devoted himself to two things: hard physical work, and earnest, persistent duty.

Bryan's splendid physical development, is due to his out of door exercise, and work on the farm during his boyhood. His first employer was John Odin, and in the days of his youth, John W. Patrick, now a railroad freight clerk, at Cincinnati,

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finds considerable pride in the fact, that he was the second employer of William Jennings Bryan Mr. Patrick several years ago lived in Salem, Ill. He was a neighbor of the Bryan's, and at one time purchased a field of hay from the elder Bryan. While the harvesting was in progress, young Bryan was employed by Mr. Patrick to carry water to the farm hands

Professor S. S. Hamill, of Decatur, Illinois, is the teacher under whom young Bryan studied elocution while attending Illinois College at Jacksonville. Speaking of his pupil recently, Professor Hamill said: He was a good student, and stood first in all his studies, but he was an awkward speaker. I had many pupils, but few that made the lasting impression on me that Bryan did. That was because of his intentness and earnestness in that particular study. There were not many who studied elocution long, but with Bryan, that seemed to be the one thing in which he desired to excel. He was not satisfied with the instruction in the class, but took a term in Private, for which he paid me twenty dollars. While others were trying to beg off the programmes of literary societies for orations, he took extra assignments and worked on all of them with the greatest earnestness. He made political speeches about Jacksonville in the following campaign, and made some reputation for himself. After that, he was often selected to represent the

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colleges in oratorical contests, and won honors for both the college and himself in them. I have rarely had a more determined or brilliant student. I recognized him then as a bright scholar, who was bound to make his mark, by reason of the determination with which he went at all he did."

Mrs. A. V. Beville, of St. Louis, was a Sabbath school teacher of young Bryan. Concerning her pupil, Mrs. Beville recently said: "He attended my Sunday school class for years and was a frequent visitor at our house. Mr. Bryan has never missed writing to me of his doings and of his progress. He is still to me one of my boys. He was a great favorite with all who knew him. He was always full of fun and dearly loved a joke. He could tell a capital story, and was moderately fond of out-door sports. Although he came to Sunday-school regularly, he was not by any means a meek boy. He was full of spirits and seemed to have a natural fund of goodness in him. He was always fond of reading. He was a good student as you can tell when reading of his record in college. However, his great application to his books did not render him either unhealthy or morbid. He was one of the heartiest, most wholesome of boys and the apparent contradiction of his studious bent and his jolly nature endeared him doubly to me. He was a very considerate fellow. I remember once when I was sick in bed and he and three other of my scholars

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came to see me. They were told that they could not see me, but I heard their voices, and called down to say they might come up if they did not stay long and did not do any talking. They came and gazed at me as though I was a dead person. William overcame the situation by approaching the bed and asking in a deep voice, ‘Are you better?’ The simple question was very characteristic of him, and after I had assured him that I was better, he went away satisfied. One thing about Mr. Bryan I think has, in a great measure, contributed to his success. He was always willing to listen to advice. He used to give the most careful attention to what others said. Even as a little boy this trait was very marked. From his earliest childhood he has been the soul of honor, honesty and truth. I never heard of any unkind or unfair action of his. His life seemed to have been cut from very pure material. He inherits much of this rectitude and beauty of character from his father, Judge Bryan, who was noted for his piety and goodness. William had set his heart on going to Oxford. His father, also, who always took an active interest in the boy's education, had likewise determined that his son should attend the great English University when he finished his college course here. It was supposed to be a settled fact, but Judge Bryan's death changed everything, and William, without a moment's hesitation, gave up all

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thoughts of Oxford because the family could not spare the money. William never went to Oxford; so the credit of his cultivated intellect must remain on this side of the water. His oratorical powers are the result of his careful study of human nature. In his numerous letters to me he mentions getting ready for his examination days, the orations he had to study and all that.

"Whether speaking came naturally to him when he jumped into manhood, I cannot say, but I am sure he never would have succeeded in the way he has if it had not been for his untiring energy. He has not a lazy bone in his body, and he seems to be a stranger to fatigue. When we moved to St. Louis, William always stopped a day with us on his way home from the college at Jacksonville, and, I remember, we were reminding him one day of the agreement made between the Sunday-school boys to read the Bible through during the year. He replied that he had not forgotten, and that he and some of the fellows at college had agreed to read the Book of Proverbs through once a month for a year. He must have kept the agreement very well, for I don't know anyone fuller of proverbs than Mr. Bryan. He is also full of jokes and stories, and never seems to lack matter for conversation. Judge and Mrs. Bryan were Baptists, but William belonged to the Presbyterian Church. He is a religious man, and a moral man in every sense of the term, and

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while attending church with punctilious regularity, he never offends people with a parade of piety. The combination of natural goodness, wit, good humor and eloquence, topped by his cultivated and commanding intellect, render Mr. Bryan today the most remarkable man of my acquaintance. I remember, I told him one day that, when the capital was moved to St. Louis, when he was nominated for president, and when women could vote, I would be perfectly happy. He replied, with his charming and quizzical smile: ‘Ah, you are looking far into the future.’ While never indulging in extravagant apparel, Mr. Bryan was, nevertheless, always very carefully dressed. As a boy, he was neat, and paid careful attention to his linen and cravats. He was fond of society, and found time to indulge in social frolics with his many less studious friends. In short, you will see that Mr. Bryan's success is the result of application, earnest endeavor, and high resolves. He was reared upon a sure foundation. He had health to begin the race with, and intellect to enable him to forge ahead. The present glorious culmination of his career should be a shining example to all men. Mr. Bryan's life has not been marred or blotted by any vice. He is not addicted to the use of any stimulants, such as liquor or tobacco. His manners are easy and graceful in the extreme, and with his ringing voice and sparkling eyes, he represents a magnificent specimen of manhood."

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In closing her glowing description of Mr. Bryan, Mrs. Beville said: "I am not saying all this simply because I am fond of him, but because it is the conviction of all who know him. You can't say anything too good for William J. Bryan; and, oh, I hope he will be elected!"

This is the story of "Bryan's early life." There is to this portion of his career no romance, and little of more than ordinary interest. The greatest interest will, however, attach to his subsequent career, which has been remarkable in many respects.

Mrs. Wm. J. Bryan and Children

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Chapter II. Bryan's Power Over Men.

When William J. Bryan was nominated to be President of the United States by the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, his political opponents and newspapers whose editors were not in sympathy with the principles he has so gallantly represented confidently declared that his nomination was due entirely to his admirable speech upon that occasion. Many people who are not familiar with Mr. Bryan's remarkable record readily accepted this idea as a fact. It is true, however, that Mr. Bryan had already established a national reputation among the champions of bimetallism as an able advocate of the restoration of the coinage of the Constitution. When the Chicago Convention assembled, there were hundreds of delegates present who had closely watched Mr. Bryan's career, who had either read or heard delivered many of his splendid speeches upon the money question and who had learned that this young man had fought the battles of free coinage when his followers were few and weak and his opponents numerous and strong. They knew that his private character, no less than his public record, was entirely creditable. They knew

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that he was a man conscientiously committed to the principles he had espoused. It is perhaps true that his splendid speech before that Convention turned the tide immediately in his favor, but it is no less true that the tide had already set in that direction among the people who were represented by the delegates to that Convention. The unprecedented public demonstrations which have been accorded Mr. Bryan since his nomination show that upon the hearthstones of the people the fires of enthusiasm in his behalf had been kindled by the grateful men and women who had carefully observed his career.

It is true that William J. Bryan is a great orator, perhaps one of the greatest this country has ever produced, but had he been only an orator, he would not occupy his present distinguished position. Behind the orator is the man, firm in his adherence to principle, devoted in his observation of the rules which guide the good citizen in private life. The mighty demonstration at Chicago which was produced by Mr. Bryan's speech was a strange sight to the world. But the people of Nebraska during the last eight years have often seen the same public demonstration, on a smaller scale it is true, but no less intense in character.

In 1888, on the occasion of Mr. Bryan's first public appearance in Nebraska, he drew men to him by the power of the orator, and held them

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there in subsequent years by the virtues of the man. Since that time he has undergone, as a public speaker, a steady course of improvement. It has been the privilege of the writer to hear every important political speech made by Mr. Bryan in Nebraska, and including his Congressional efforts, and to this writer perhaps this improvement has been more noticeable than to any other of Mr. Bryan's auditors. As a newspaper correspondent the writer has witnessed Mr. Bryan's joint debates and observed his complete triumphs over his opponents and his complete capture of the hearts of his auditors.

Bryan's power over men was well demonstrated in Nebraska, before the Chicago Convention was called to order.

In 1890, when he accepted the nomination to Congress in the First Nebraska District, he led what seemed to be a forlorn hope against what appeared to be an invincible foe. But Bryan triumphed. He beat down an overwhelming opposition majority, because of his power over men.

Hon. W. J. Bryan, at age of 30

Two years later, when his district had been rearranged, with a special view to his certain defeat, and when money in unlimited sums was distributed against him, Bryan won because of his power over men.

In 1894, when he fought at the head of the loyal Silver Democrats of Nebraska in the effort to wrest the temple of Democracy of that State from

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undemocratic hands, Bryan won because of his power over him.

In 1896, when he went to Chicago at the head of a delegation whose seat was contested, without right or reason it is true, but contested, nevertheless, when few men had any idea that Bryan would be the nominee of that Convention, Bryan was nominated because of his power over men.

It is undoubtedly true that this power is partially due to Bryan the orator, but the greater part of it is due to Bryan the man. The ability to meet and conquer the ablest of those who deny the correctness of his political principles is certainly a valuable talent. But the fact that the man who is able to draw men to him by the power of oratory is able to retain friendship or admiration by his undeviating traits of character is the greatest power that any man may possess. Bryan does that. He has done that in the city of Lincoln, his home. He has done that throughout the State of Nebraska. He has done that in the halls of Congress, where men are not readily influenced. He has done that among the trained newspaper men of the country, men whose keen eyes readily detect hypocrisy or insincerity. He has done that throughout the States of the Union, wherever he has made himself known, and he will do that in national life if the people triumph in November.

This estimate is placed upon Mr. Bryan's character by one who has met him and associated with

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him under various circumstances and conditions. When it is said that he is a gentle, manly man, it is not with the purpose of flattery, but with the desire to state an absolute fact. As a man he would not do his humblest nor his greatest fellowman an injury or an injustice. As a lawyer he would never knowingly plead a dishonest cause. As an editor he would never knowingly advocate a dishonest or an unpatriotic idea. As a member of Congress he would not cast his vote upon any proposition, great or small, against what he regarded the interest of the people whom he was elected to serve. As President of the United States he would be the people's executive, the cleanest, the best and the bravest since the days of Abraham Lincoln.

The most interesting feature of Mr. Bryan's public career is the consistency of his political principles. There is nothing that he represents now that he has not represented in all of his public life. Every platform upon which he has accepted a nomination for office provided that no caucus dictation should be permitted by a representative in Congress to interfere with his conscientious representation of his constituents.

No one wondered, when his party colleagues in the House determined to unseat a Republican, that Mr. Bryan refused to cast his vote in accord with that decision. He said to the House that he had investigated the circumstances and he believed

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the Republican was entitled to his seat and therefore proposed to vote for him, and his vote was recorded that way.

Every platform upon which he has accepted a nomination for office has protested against the giving of subsidies of any kind from the public treasury. He has maintained the integrity of that plank at every opportunity. The beet sugar interests have been an important political factor in Nebraska, but in the State Legislature, in 1891, when the State bounty on beet sugar was to be repealed, and a strong lobby was operating against the proposed repeal, Mr. Bryan visited the Legislature in person and gave to the Democrats and Populists of that body his good advice and vigorous encouragement. The result was that the bounty was repealed, only to be replaced by a subsequent Republican Legislature.

Mr. Bryan's platforms have favored an income tax, and his splendid fight in behalf of that measure is a matter of history.

Mr. Bryan's platforms advocated the election of Senators by the people, and he used his best efforts in Congress to carry that plank into execution.

Some people were surprised when immediately following the Chicago Convention Mr. Bryan announced that, if elected to be President, he would under no circumstances accept a second term, on the ground that a President should be free from

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possible motive to work for renomination, and thus be able to discharge the duties of his high office for the greatest good to the greatest number. But when we look back over Mr. Bryan's political history in Nebraska, we find that in two of his platforms almost the identical words used in this announcement are embodied in the planks of those platforms.

Bryan's political platforms have advocated rigid economy in public expenditures, and his record in Congress shows that he has lost no opportunity to carry that principle into execution.

Bryan's home life is that of the ideal American. He is the companion of his wife and children as well as the devoted husband and father.

Bryan's public interest in the people who suffer under heavy public burdens is not assumed. It is characteristic of the man who has a tender sympathy for every personal woe. Having no vices, he is not extravagant in his public expenditures, while he is methodical in his personal affairs, and jealously provides that his expenditures shall never exceed his income. At the same time he has a warm, generous heart and his limited purse has, only too often, been at the disposal of those in distress.

One of Mr. Bryan's most striking characteristics is his mildness. It may be difficult for those who have seen him on the platform, hurling defiance eloquently at the enemies of popular government,

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to imagine that this is a man who was never known to lose his temper. He is temperate in all things. He is open to reason and is entirely considerate of the opinions of others. He is true to his friends and no man would go further than he to accommodate a worthy acquaintance.

Because Mr. Bryan is a brilliant leader of men, it has in some quarters been assumed that he is hasty and unstable, if not erratic. Nothing could be further from the truth. His whole private life and his entire public career prove that Mr. Bryan is as deliberate as a philosopher in forming his opinions and that he is firm as rock in standing by his convictions.

Few men at fifty are as mature in judgment as Mr. Bryan is at thirty-six. Few men at fifty have devoted so much time to the arduous study of the science of Government as Bryan has at thirty-six. Pitt was prime minister of England before he was thirty; Napolean was crowned Emperor of France at thirty-five; Alexander Hamilton had attained world-wide fame as a statesman at thirty-three; Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence before he became thirty-four. Time will show that Mr. Bryan is entitled to rank among these extraordinary men, not simply as a brilliant leader, but also as a profound student. His powers as an orator are naturally the first to secure public recognition, but it is his intellectual force and firmness of character which

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will in the end win for him the lasting glory which is accorded to men truly great. He has all of Jefferson's devotion to the interests of the people, and all of Jackson's courage in defending them. These two statesmen are his models, and in him they may almost be said to live again.

One of the tender features of Mr. Bryan's private life is his associations with the boys' class in the Presbyterian Sunday School in Lincoln. For a number of years Mr. Bryan has been the teacher of this class, and the depth of the affection on the part of the pupils to their distinguished teacher could not but be gratifying to any one upon whom that affection was bestowed.

On the Sabbath following Mr. Bryan's nomination the Rev. W. K. Williams, clergyman of the M. E. Church, filled the pulpit of the Presbyterian Church of which Mr. Bryan is a member.

In the course of his sermon Mr. Williams said: "We are told in the twenty-sixth verse, twelfth chapter, of First Corinthians, that if one member suffers, all the members suffer with it, and that if one member is honored, all the members rejoice. One of your members has been highly honored by the people; he has been honored by God, and I rejoice that a fellow-citizen and a member in Christ has been thus highly honored. I also rejoice in the purity of his life, in the nobility of his thought, in the vigor of his young manhood, in the majesty and grandeur of his impassioned

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eloquence, and in the fearless manner in which he proclaims to the world the principles that lie deep within his heart. I shall continue to pray that God will keep him pure and make him a yet mightier force for good in this nation, and that Christ shall be his leader always."

In writing of Mr. Bryan, Hon. Champ Clark, of Missouri, gave this admirable description of him:

"Bryan is a collegiate, and has stowed away in his capacious cranium much of the golden grain of wisdom and little of the husks, and it is all there for use, either as argument or embellishment. Some men are so ugly and ungainly that it is a positive disadvantage to them as public speakers. Some are so handsome and graceful that they are on good terms with the audience before they open their lips. Of the latter class Bryan is a shining example. His appearance is a passport to the affections of his fellow-men which all can read. He is the picture of health, mental, moral and physical. He stands about 5 feet 10, weighs about 170, is a pronounced brunette, has a massive head, a clean-shaven face, an aquiline nose, large under jaw, square chin, a broad chest, large, lustrous dark eyes, mouth extending almost from ear to ear, teeth white as pearls, and hair — what there is left of it — black as midnight. Beneath his eyes is the protuberant flesh which physiognomists tell us is indicative of fluency of

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language and which was one of the most striking features in the face of James G. Blaine.

"Bryan neglects none of the accessories of oratory. Nature richly endowed him with rare grace. He is happy in attitude and pose. His gestures are on Hogarth's line of beauty. Mellifluous is the one word that aptly describes his voice. It is strong enough to be heard by thousands. It is sweet enough to charm those the least inclined to music. It is so modulated as not to vex the ear with monotony and can be stern and pathetic, fierce or gentle, serious or humorous, with the varying emotions of its master. In his youth Bryan must have had a skilful teacher in elocution and must have been a docile pupil. He adorns his speeches with illustrations from the classics or from the common occurrences of everyday life with equal felicity and facility. Some passages from his orations are gems and are being used as declamations by boys at school — the ultimate tribute to American eloquence.

"But his crowning gift as an orator is his evident sincerity. He is candor incarnate, and, thoroughly believing what he says himself, it is no marvel that he makes others believe."

One of the closest friends of Mr. Bryan in Lincoln, who is himself a lawyer, relates an incident which occurred several years after the arrival of Bryan in Nebraska. This was in 1890, when the young men of the Democratic party in the First

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Nebraska Congressional district were urging Mr. Bryan to make the race for Congress. Without money and comparatively a new man in the State, it did not seem to his more cautious friends that there was much chance of his success in a district which had gone Republican two years before by a majority of 3400. The Republican member, W. J. Connell, was a candidate for re-election and it was he who in the previous contest had defeated J. Sterling Morton, one of the Democratic pioneers of Nebraska. These cautious friends endeavored to show to Bryan that he had but little to hope for in the unequal fight for the seat in Congress. One of these, Judge C. L. Hall, a Republican, but a warm friend of Bryan, advised him to let the nomination for Congress go to anyone who would take it and turn his attention to an endeavor to get the office of county attorney of Lancaster county, where there was a reasonably good show for his election Mr. Bryan looked serious for a moment and then replied to Judge Hall's suggestion by saying, with a decision that could not be shaken," What you say is possibly true, but I had rather be a defeated candidate for Congress than a successful candidate for county attorney."

This subordination of certain pecuniary profit and professional advancement to the desire to put before the people his opinions on public questions has been characteristic of Mr. Bryan since he

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grew to manhood, and was as well known among his acquaintances in Illinois, when he had his office with the law firm of Brown & Kirky at Jacksonville, as it afterwards became in Nebraska.

Little thing?, tell even in the lives of great men. Mr. Charles C. Moore, of Carlyle, Ill., relates an incident that happened in the city of St. Louis during the Republican National Convention. Mr. Moore says:

"Myself and friend were on our way to the Auditorium from the Planters' Hotel and had reached Twelfth street. We were walking along chatting together, not noticing anyone in particular. A one-armed bicyclist attracted our attention for a few moments, and I remarked then that he was in a dangerous vicinity, as there were many vehicles on the street. The bicyclist was not given further thought until we had proceeded on our journey a block and a half, when we observed the one-armed man and bicycle piled up in one promiscuous heap. A man was observed to emerge from the surging mass of people and proceed to render assistance to the unfortunate wheelman.

"We stopped and watched the pair. The man who had so kindly gone forward and offered help was busily engaged in assisting the bicyclist replace his tire, which had left the rim, and otherwise straighten the injured machine. When

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matters had been satisfactorily adjusted, the kind gentleman, with greasy hands and soiled linen, made dirty by the work, returned to the sidewalk. Upon closer investigation it was found that the man was none other than W. J. Bryan."

Mr. Bryan is quick at repartee. On one occasion in a public speech, Mr. Bryan said something about silver falling like manna from heaven. In a public interview J. Sterling Morton remarked that Bryan could not be well posted on the Scriptures. He reminded Bryan that the streets of Paradise and the harps and crowns were all golden, and he pointed with some pride to the fact that the gold standard prevailed in heaven. When these suggestions reached Mr. Bryan he said that that was a severe thrust at Mr. Cleveland's idea of international bimetallism to come from a member of the Cabinet. "For how," inquired Mr. Bryan, "can international bimetallism be right if they have a gold standard in heaven?"

Mr. Bryan added: "I have been told that some of the members of the Cabinet wear diamonds. If they are so anxious to be in accord with heavenly custom they should put pearls on their shirt fronts, for we read in verse 21, chapter xxi., of Revelation, that "each gate of the New Jerusalem was a pearl."

Mr. Bryan does not parade his Christianity, but he adheres strictly to it in every walk of life. He

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is fond of quoting the last verse of Bryant's lines "To a Waterfowl:"

"He who from zone to zone
Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,
In the long way that I must tread alone
Will lead my steps aright."

In a eulogy on a dead colleague in Congress, Mr. Bryan used these eloquent words, full of the beautiful faith which has been his guide in his public and private life:

"I shall not believe that even now his light is extinguished. If the Father designs to touch with divine power the cold and pulseless heart of the buried acorn, and make it to burst forth from its prison walls, will He leave neglected in the earth the soul of man, who was made in the image of his Creator? If He stoops to give to the rosebush, whose withered blossoms float upon the breeze, the sweet assurance of another springtime, will He withhold the words of hope from the sons of men when the frosts of winter come? If matter, mute and inanimate, though changed by the forces of Nature into a multitude of forms, can never die, will the imperial spirit of man suffer annihilation after it has paid a brief visit, like a royal guest, to this tenement of clay?

"Rather let us believe that He who, in His apparent prodigality, wastes not the raindrop, the blade of grass, or the evening's sighing zephyr,

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but makes them all to carry out His eternal plans, has given immortality to the mortal, and gathered to Himself the generous spirit of our friend."

Mr. Bryan is one of the bravest of men. He never yet dodged a question concerning his attitude upon any public affair. He never held back because the hill which it was his duty to climb seemed too steep for a human being to ascend. He never indulged in personalities, but in a contest of principles he has been relentless and has shown no mercy to his foe. He has never asked for quarter in any contest where duty called him. He has never evaded a political fight and has demonstrated a perfect willingness to lead his forces to battle upon the enemy's territory. Those who are best acquainted with him were not surprised when he suggested Madison Square, New York, as the place where he would meet the notification committee. That is right in the heart of the territory claimed by the enemy as its own, and that was the very point suggested by the courage and determination characteristic of Mr. Bryan's entire career.

One of Mr. Bryan's marked characteristics has been his absolute confidence that the principles he has advocated will ultimately triumph. The writer has seen Mr. Bryan fresh from a hard-earned victory at the polls, when every politician, as well as the people, was anxious to pay him homage; and he has seen Bryan in defeat. In both instances

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it was the same Bryan. True, in the presence of victory the heart was lighter, but it could not be said that in defeat that heart was heavy. There is no room within Bryan's great make-up for despondency. Every defeat he regarded as being of temporary importance. His friends, who monopolized the despondency of the occasion, were reassured by the young statesman's confident declaration, "Our principles are right and they will ultimately prevail. Victory will be all the greater because a few battles have been lost before Appomattox has been reached."

Commenting upon Mr. Bryan's nomination at Chicago, the Washington City Post said:

"We do not wonder that on the following day, still palpitating under the spell of Bryan's wondrous eloquence, the convention turned to him as a needle to a magnet. It may not be capable of analysis, it may not be coldly and accurately demonstrable. The fact remains, Bryan swept the floor of the convention as the fire sweeps the autumn prairie. The delegates went to him in a strange passion of desire. Nothing could check the fury of their bent. He was nominated — slowly at first, swiftly next and at last, in a wild crescendo of enthusiasm, he was lifted on a whitecap of unanimity and thrown high and dry on the beach of his surpassing triumph.

"The country at large knows little of this extraordinary young man. He has been in Congress.

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He delivered a speech upon the tariff that enchanted and enchained the House. He has spoken many times since with reference to the tariff, and always he has held his audience as the sirens held the fated crew that sailed with Ulysses from the shore of Troy. He is a minstrel, a form of grace, a thing of beauty. What he is beyond that, who knows?

"He has no record in statesmanship. He was too young to assert his patriotism thirty-five years ago. What schemes of government, what social theories occupy his brain, no human being can disclose. He is young, he is ardent, he is ambitious, he is gifted with the power to sway men's minds, he is a born leader, an attractive figure on the stage, and that is all we know. Whether the American people, after four months of solid deliberation, will confide their destinies to his untried hands, we do not undertake to prophesy. What we do know is that William Jennings Bryan is the most dramatic product of our National politics, the most sensational and picturesque creation of our age."

William J. Bryan cannot be said to be an "untried man." It is true so far as the White House is concerned he is "untried," much as Abraham Lincoln was "untried." But from the beginning of Mr. Bryan's career, from boyhood to manhood, from Lyman Trumbull's office in Chicago to the Democratic nomination to be President of the

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United States, William J. Bryan has met and discharged every duty as it arose and discharged that duty with credit to himself. Like Lincoln he was tried and found "not wanting" in small things, and like Lincoln, if he shall be tried, he will be found "not wanting" in great things. Like Lincoln he had the confidence and the love of all men who knew him well, and like Lincoln he will, if given the opportunity, extend that confidence and that affection until it embraces the people of the entire Union.

Mr. Bryan's career will not be regarded as meteoric by one who analyzes that career carefully. He has developed as political conditions have developed. He has grown in public estimation steadily and strongly, first in the hearts of the citizens of his own home, then of his own State, and finally into the broader national field which he entered in the discharge of his duty as an eloquent advocate of popular government.

In his work on "Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times," Col. A. K. McClure says, "It was the unexpected that happened in Chicago on that fateful 18th of May, 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President of the United States. It was wholly unexpected by the friends of Seward. The campaign in Pennsylvania was really the decisive battle of the contest. A party had to be created out of inharmonious elements and the commercial and financial interests of that State were almost solidly against us. I cannot

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recall a commercial man of prominence in the city of Philadelphia to whom I could have gone to solicit a subscription to the Lincoln campaign with reasonable expectation that it would not be refused. Of all our prominent financial men I recall only Anthony J. Drexel, who actively sympathized with the Republican cause."

That condition, in some respects, at least, may be similar to the conditions of 1896. But in spite of all obstacles Lincoln was elected, because he represented principles dear to the hearts of the people; because in his public and private life he had so lived as to win for himself the love and the esteem of his fellow-citizens.

It is said of Abraham Lincoln, that he never shirked a duty; that he was a man who knew his countrymen well and sympathized with them thoroughly; that he was equal to every emergency with which he was confronted. The same may be said with equal truth of William J. Bryan. If Mr. Bryan shall be elected to the Presidency, the fathers and mothers of America may point with pride to the fact that the White House is occupied by a man whose public service is dedicated entirely to his people's interest, and whose private life is without a flaw. The ideal President of an ideal Nation he will be; one whose ear will be" tuned to listen to the heartbeat of humanity," one who will regard his office as a sacred trust to be discharged in the hope of accomplishing the greatest good for the greatest number.

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Chapter III. Bryan in Nebraska.

Mr. Bryan located in Lincoln, Nebraska, in October, 1887. From his Illinois home he had gone to Lincoln on law business, and while there he had met his old schoolmate, A. R. Talbot, Esq. Mr. Bryan was so captivated with the little city that he entered a law partnership with his old schoolmate, under the firm name of Talbot & Bryan. Returning to his Illinois home he closed up his affairs there and with his family removed to Lincoln, where he has since resided. At that time Lincoln was what is known as a "Republican stronghold." The few Democrats in Lincoln soon discovered that a man of more than ordinary ability had come among them, while the men of other political parties learned that their new fellow-citizen was one capable of gracing any community. Mr. Bryan devoted himself to the practice of his profession, and he soon became a favorite in all circles. Invitations to address literary societies, college associations, town meetings, and political gatherings came fast, and Mr. Bryan soon established for himself a local reputation, not so much as an orator as for a logician. It did not require long for this reputation to spread over the

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State, and when Mr. Bryan was elected as a delegate from Lancaster County to the Democratic State Convention, in 1888, he was in great demand. Newspaper reports of that convention contain the following paragraph: "The youngest voter in the convention was Mr. Bryan, a bright young Democrat from Lancaster County. Mr. Bryan was rocked in a cradle made of hickory, and while he never cast a vote for ‘Old Hickory,’ he has, since his majority, never cast a ballot for any presidential candidate who did not represent the principles of true and tried Democracy." The same report contents itself with this reference to Mr. Bryan's first convention speech in Nebraska: "Mr. Bryan of Lancaster County was then called. He came forward and delivered a spirited address in the course of which he said, that, if the platform laid down by the President in his message upon the tariff question was carried out and vigorously fought upon in the State, it would, in the course of a short time, give Nebraska to the Democracy. He thought that if the Democrats went out to the farmers and people who lived in Nebraska, and showed them the iniquity of the tariff system, they would rally around the cause which their noble leader, Grover Cleveland, had championed."

The limited newspaper reference to Mr. Bryan's speech on this occasion did not do justice to either the effort or the manner in which it was received

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by his auditors. As a matter of fact it created the greatest amount of enthusiasm, and the young orator impressed his personality indelibly upon the public mind of his adopted State. Mr. C. V. Gallagher, then Postmaster of Omaha, approached Mr. Bryan, and complimenting him upon his effort said:" Young man we will send you to Congress." Although Mr. Gallagher did not pretend to speak with authority, his words were in the nature of a prophecy, and the Democrats of the First Congressional District did send William J. Bryan to Congress two years later.

At that time the great leaders of Nebraska Democracy were Dr. George L. Miller, the founder of the OmahaHerald, and now Collector of Customs for Omaha, James E. Boyd, who subsequently became Governor of the State, and J. Sterling Morton, now the Secretary of Agriculture. The Nebraska Democracy had for many years been split into factions by what was known in common parlance as the "slaughter-house" and the "packing-house" Democracy. On one side Mr. Morton and his followers were arrayed, while Dr. Miller and Mr. Boyd were the leaders of the other faction. The rank and file of the party, while true in the factional contests to their leaders, had become weary of the discord and turmoil within their own party ranks, and for this reason perhaps, they turned more readily to the new man who had come among them. At that time no one

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had any thought of the great prominence which this young man would attain in political affairs. But at that time no one had foretold the great public emergencies that would arise. And right here it is worthy of observation, that as these public emergencies developed, William J. Bryan developed with them.

In 1888 the First Congressional District of Nebraska comprised eleven of the most populous counties of the State. The cities of Omaha and Lincoln were in this district. In that year J. Sterling Morton, the present Secretary of Agriculture, was nominated by the Democrats; the Republicans had nominated W. J. Connell, one of the ablest lawyers of the State. Mr. Connell was elected over Morton by a plurality of 3,400 votes.

As the campaign of 1890 approached, a few Democrats, who had come to appreciate Mr. Bryan's real ability, believed that with him as the nominee, the Republicans could be defeated. But these confident gentlemen were pointed out as mere enthusiasts; so when the Democratic Congressional Convention met at Lincoln, July 31,1890, the nomination was not sought by any man. One gentleman, it is true, announced his willingness to accept the honor, but he only received a few votes from his own county. A few scattering votes were distributed to favorite sons, but Mr. Bryan was nominated on the first formal, by a majority of 115, out of a total vote of 159.

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There were a few gentlemen who came out of that convention who entertained and expressed some hope that Bryan would be able to overcome the overwhelming Republican majority. But their predictions were simply laughed at, even by many of their own party associates.

The platform upon which Mr. Bryan was first nominated for Congress declared for tariff for revenue only, condemned the giving of subsidies and bounties of every kind "as a perversion of the taxing power," favored liberal pensions to the disabled veterans, favored an amendment to the Constitution, providing for the election of United States senators by the people, declared for the Australian ballot system, declared against trusts in all their forms. That platform also contained these two planks: "We demand the free coinage of silver on equal terms with gold, and denounce the efforts of the Republican party to serve the interest of Wall Street as against the rights of the people." Also: "Believing that the duty of the representative is to represent the will and interests of his constituents, we denounce as undemocratic, any attempt by caucus dictation to prevent a congressman from voicing the sentiment of his people upon every vital question."

These two planks serve as an index to Mr. Bryan's subsequent political course. Unswerving in his devotion to the first plank, he has preached the doctrine of bimetallism from the stump in

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every State and from his seat in Congress. Always mindful that the people have no voice in legislation, except through the vote and voice of their representative, he has hewn strictly to the line of his people's interest as he learned their interests, and has refused to surrender any principle in which he believed those popular interests to be involved. Mr. Bryan's speech, in accepting his first congressional nomination, inspired great hope in the breasts of his" enthusiasts. "On that occasion Mr. Bryan said in part: —

"Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: —

"I scarcely know in what words to express my high appreciation of the honor which you have conferred, and my deep sense of the responsibility which the nomination imposes upon me. I shall cherish in grateful remembrance your kindness, which has resulted in this nomination. I accept from your hands and at your command the standard for this district, and, whether I carry it to victory, or, as our President has gracefully expressed it, fall ‘Fighting just outside of the breastworks,’ it shall not suffer dishonor. You have nominated me knowing that I have neither the means nor the inclination to win an election by corrupt influences. If I am elected it will be because the electors of this district, by their free and voluntary choice, have chosen me for their service. I have read your platform. If elected

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I shall consider its conscientious execution as my first duty, and I can follow its directions the more cheerfully because the sentiments therein expressed have my unqualified approval. In matters not covered by the platform I shall feel free to act for the best interests of my constituents and of my country, according to the best light that I have. I cannot promise my course will be free from mistake, but I will promise that every duty devolving on me, whether great or small, as your representative upon the floor or in the execution of the details of the office, will be discharged as my judgment shall dictate and to the best of my ability, so help me God.

"This is the first canvass, I may say, that I have ever been called upon to make, and I lack the experience which frequent contests, whether successful or unsuccessful, would give. I must rely, therefore, largely upon the wisdom of the committee which you select. If it is their wish, I am ready to meet in joint debate, in every county in my district, the champion of high taxes, whoever he may be, and I shall go forth to the conflict as David went to meet the giant of the Philistines, not relying upon my own strength but trusting to the righteousness of my cause.

"Your platform says that the object of Government is to protect every citizen in the enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, unaided by public contribution and unburdened

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by oppressive exactions. That is, indeed, the criterion by which every law should be judged, and it is only when that rule is disregarded that laws become unequal. Government is perverted and its instrumentalities turned to private ends. It is only when that rule is disregarded that class legislation springs up in its multiplied form, and robbery in the form and under the sanction of law begins its work of enriching the rich and impoverishing the poor. To the disregard of that rule can be traced every evil that flows from bad government, and by its wise application can be remedied every wrong which we now suffer. You have condemned the McKinley bill, and well you may; for of all the wolves that in the clothing of sheep have sought their unsuspecting victims, that wolf is the most ravenous that we have known. Well has the Chicago Tribune likened the effect of the McKinley bill upon the farmer to the treatment of Amasa by his friend Joab. ‘And Joab said, art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the beard to kiss him, and Amasa took no notice of the sword that was in Joab's hand, so Joab thrust him in the fifth rib therewith, and he died.’ May we not hope that Amasa — the farmer — sees the sword in Joab's hand and will escape?

"You have demanded the election of United States senators by the people. However wise the founders of our Government may have been

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in making provision for the election of United States senators by the legislatures of the various States, we believe the time has come for a chance. A seat in the United States Senate, the highest legislative body known among men, should be given as the reward for labor done in behalf of the people. It should not be an honor sold at auction to the man who is able to purchase it.

"You have condemned the caucus. Upon no plank do I stand with more firmness than upon this. And I am glad that our party, the representative of the principles of free government, has taken a position against any caucus dictation that will prevent a congressman from representing freely, fully and fearlessly the interests of his constituents upon every question. But this is no time for speech-making. It is not needed for encouragement. You who have stood by your party in the hours of adversity, when you found virtue its own and often only reward, could not be aided by any words of mine. Nor is it needed for instruction. For we have it upon good authority that the sick and not the whole need a physician. Let us prepare for the work which lies before us. When this convention has adjourned I desire to meet every delegate. And if time permits I will visit you in your homes. I will call upon you upon your farms and help you make hay while the sun shines, and I shall expect you to help me make votes all the time. It is no

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small task to shake hands with 70,000 voters and learn the names and ages of twice that number of children, but with your help I will try to accomplish it. Let us fight shoulder to shoulder, and carry on the battle all along the line, fighting for good government and the interests of our fellow-men. We are inspired by the noblest instinct that can inspire to deeds of bravery, and if you can work half as earnestly and bravely for the success of this ticket as your candidate does, your representative in Congress for the next two years will bear the name which my parents thirty years ago last March gave to me."

The people generally did not receive the news of Mr. Bryan's nomination with any very serious thought. It was generally believed that the overwhelming Republican majority could not be overcome. And yet the Democratic party was congratulated, even by its opponents, upon having selected a clean and able man as its standard-bearer. Gen. Van Wyck, who was supposed to be thoroughly acquainted with Nebraska politics, and whose sympathies with reform measures were well established, said Connell's election was assured, and that Bryan stood "not a ghost of a chance."

The Omaha World-Herald, which newspaper had been Mr. Bryan's consistent champion, took a more hopeful view of the situation and said editorially:

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"The action of the Democratic convention of the First Congressional District in nominating William J. Bryan, of Lincoln, for Congress ensures a lively campaign for tariff reform and probably a victory also.

"Young, eloquent, earnest and able, Bryan is the very best standard-bearer who could have been chosen to lead the recently-aroused masses against the fortifications behind which the favored classes are entrenched. He not only fully understands the methods by which the people of the West have been despoiled, but he has a happy faculty of discussing the tariff issues so that even ‘the way-faring man, though a fool,’ can understand the evils of the present Republican policy on the great national issue, "Mr. Bryan is as popular as he is able, and his integrity is as acknowledged as his ability. Exemplary and studious in his habits, he has always taken a keen interest in politics — not as the politician does, but rather as the statesman should. Upon the national issues, past and present, Bryan will prove himself to be thoroughly informed. His convictions are deep and his manner earnest. He is poor and he has stated in advance that he had nothing to contribute towards the campaign except his own services; but the World-Herald believes that in the thorough canvass of the district, which Mr. Bryan will make, an influence more potent in winning votes will be found than the gold of a boodle candidate.

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"The people of the big First may expect to find Mr. Bryan often on the stump for tariff reform, but never up the stump."

The Republican newspapers of the district thought to cripple the Democratic nominee by ridicule. They applied to him the designation "Young Mr. Bryan." The Democratic newspapers accepted the challenge, and pleading guilty to the charge that their candidate was not old, declared "Young Mr. Bryan would be a credit to Nebraska in the lower house of Congress."

At the Democratic State Convention for Nebraska, held in 1890, the name of Bryan was on every tongue, and he stirred that convention to great enthusiasm by an eloquent speech from which these extracts are taken:

"We have declared in favor of free silver. We demand that the white metal and the yellow metal shall be treated exactly alike. For two hundred years before the Republican party demonetized silver, the ratio between silver and gold remained almost the same. In the seventeen years since demonetization, gold has risen from 1 to 16 to 1 to 22, and values have been shrinking in proportion.

"We have demanded the election of the United States senators by the people and no answer can be made to our demand that does not deny the right of self-government.

"We denounce the McKinley bill, which under

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the guise of protection to American industries, seeks to increase the load of an already overburdened people. What is a protective tariff? A tax levied upon the many for the benefit of a few. (Applause.) What does it mean? It means that when a man has labored for six days to provide the necessaries for his family, he has given four days for what he buys and two days for the tax. It means that four months out of a year are given for tribute — that a third of his life is wasted. It is strange that, under such conditions, so many are unable to lay aside in life's summer enough to support them in life's decline. (Applause.) Some have grown enormously rich, while the many have become extremely poor. Dives has prospered and Lazarus still sits waiting for the crumbs that fall from the table. (Applause.) The mass of Republicans in this State are as earnest in their desire for tariff reform as we are, but they have hoped for their own party. They have deluded themselves with the belief that the Republican party was only flirting with organized wealth, and that it would finally wed the poor man, but the marriage between the grand old party and monopoly has been consummated, and ‘what God has joined together let no man put asunder.’ (Laughter and applause.)

"When Ulysses, returning home, approached the island of the sirens he put wax in the ears of his sailors and had himself tied to the ship's mast

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so he could not turn aside. We have no sirens singing to-day, but there is a voice of moaning coming up from the agricultural classes — a great wail of distress, and the commanders of the Republican ship have stopped the ears of their sailors and made them deaf to the cry of the people, while they themselves are so tied to the protected interests by ante-election promises that hearing they cannot heed. (Long-continued applause.)

"Let us bring light to those that sit in darkness. As honest men to honest men present the iniquities of the robber tariff and success will come. How long will our farmers worship at the shrine of a high tariff?

"In Australia they have a tree called the cannibal tree. Its leaves, like great arms, reach out until they touch the ground, and on the top of the tree there is a cup containing a mysterious kind of honey. Some of the tribes worship this tree, and on their great days surround it, dancing and shouting. Then one of their number is selected as a victim, and at the point of spears is driven upon the tree. He tastes of the fluid and the cup and he is overcome by a strange intoxication. Then those great arms, as if instinct with life, rise up and, encircling him in their powerful folds, crush out his life while his companions look on with shouts of joy.(Applause.) Have we not seen a like picture in Nebraska? Farmer after farmer has been crushed to death in the arms

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of an oppressive tariff, and yet farmers have been found who, within sight of their unfortunate companions, have shouted their praise of the great American system.

"Let us hope that we are on the eve of a brighter day when equal laws will lighten the burden of the toiling masses. (Long-continued applause and cheers.)

Mr. Bryan immediately took the stump in his district, and drew men to him, on a smaller scale it is true, but in the same way as he drew men to him at Chicago, and as he has always drawn men to him wherever he has appeared in public.

The Omaha World-Herald sounded the first note of genuine hope to the Democrats of the First Nebraska District, when, in an editorial two months before the election, that newspaper announced: "Mr. Bryan is tearing Mr. Connell's fences into pieces, and if Wm. J. Bryan could personally meet one-half of the voters of the First district, the election of the young orator, by an overwhelming majority, would be assured. But Mr. Bryan will make a thorough canvass of the district, and wherever Bryan goes he wins earnest champions to his cause."

Mr. Bryan's remarkable campaign was well described in the following editorial in the World-Herald:

"The campaign which Mr. W. J. Bryan is

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making in the First Congressional District is as strong and vigorous as it is clean and honorable, and that is saying much.

"He is speaking five or six times a week, and it is noticeable that he draws large audiences and makes good impressions. He handles the great tariff question in so fair and candid a way and discusses it in such plain and simple language that a child can understand the points and follow the argument. He wastes no time on oratorical flights or glittering generalities, but he talks directly to the point, discussing the question with the earnestness of strong convictions and the eloquence of honest words.

"If Bryan is not a great orator he is, at least, a convincing speaker, and he deals with his facts so frankly and ably that he wins votes everywhere.

"He is, moreover, not a dodger. On every, thing he is outspoken and explicit. He never fails to announce that he is against prohibition. He tells this to small groups of farmers where prohibition may be in favor as readily as he tells it to city audiences where it is not. In short, Bryan is a strong character as well as a clean one, and he is making a campaign on principle.

"He is a tower of strength to the cause of democracy and of the people, not only because he is a popular candidate, but because he never fails in his addresses to dwell upon the importance of

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electing Mr. Boyd and his ticket over Mr. Richards and his.

"Bryan, as a campaigner, is a success. He will be a congressman."

Mr. Bryan invaded Omaha, the home of Mr. Connell, and he addressed a great gathering of Omaha people, impressing upon his auditors his earnestness, his eloquence and his ability.

Republican leaders had by this time become thoroughly alarmed. They realized that a strong man had been pitted against them.

In that year the Prohibition question was before the people of Nebraska, and in the hope of injuring Mr. Bryan, one distinguished Republican orator charged him with being a Prohibitionist. It was charged that at a banquet given by the members of the bar, in Lincoln, Mr. Bryan opposed the use of liquor on the banquet table. Mr. Bryan met the charge promptly, as he has met every question submitted to him. In a public speech he said: "The use of wine at the Lincoln banquet was abandoned for two reasons. First: Some of the expected guests were known to have a weakness for the flowing bowl which would result in their intoxication. Second: It was a question of having the banquet without wine or without women. Many of the guests at that banquet could do without wine, but none of them could do without the refining influence of woman, so wine was abandoned and woman triumphed. If this be

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treason, make the most of it." It is unnecessary to say that the Republicans were very ready to drop the Prohibition charge against Mr. Bryan.

Mr. Bryan's committee challenged his opponent to joint debate. His opponent called a conference of his friends, and Mr. Connell was urged to accept the challenge. He was assured that Mr. Bryan was a "one-speech man," and while Mr. Connell might be a little worse for the wear after the first meeting, he would grind his young opponent to powder in the subsequent contests. The Chairman of the Republican Congressional Committee struck upon a happy scheme of obtaining expert opinion on this subject, and selected a committee of three young lawyers and charged them with the duty of listening to Mr. Bryan and informing his opponent as to whether the challenge to joint debate might be safely accepted. These "experts" reported that Mr. Bryan was certainly a "one-speech man," and that his opponent would have easy sailing after the first week.

A series of eleven meetings were arranged at different points in the district. The opening was had at Lincoln, Mr. Bryan's home. Three thousand people gathered to hear the orators and while Mr. Bryan electrified the gathering by his eloquence and his logic, the friends of Mr. Connell congratulated themselves and their candidate that he escaped the ordeal with breath in his

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body, and they promised that in the next meeting, in Omaha, there would be nothing left to tell the tale of the young candidate from Lincoln.

One of the greatest gatherings that ever assembled, in the history of Omaha, attended the Bryan Connell debate in that city. The audience was made up, for the most part, of the men one sees in courts, in business circles and among the manufactories. Mechanics from the shops, and attorneys fresh from conventions jostled one another. Capitalists were neighbors of laboring men, and the throbbing voice of the politician reached out to exercise itself. It was an interested and an interesting throng. Nobody was there to loiter; one could readily see that by the attention given to every minor preliminary detail. A few ladies enlivened the monotonous melange of men, but the masculine side had the majority so extensively that they quite overshadowed. By eight o'clock the house was without standing room, and 1500 people, it was estimated, were turned away from the door. Mr. Connell learned then that expert testimony may not always with safety be relied upon. He learned that his opponent was not a "one-speech man." He learned that he was an orator, eloquent and powerful, a logician strong and accurate, and that in repartee he was without a superior. In spite of the fact that Mr. Connell defended his cause better than any other man could have done, he was completely

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overpowered by his young opponent. At the conclusion of the debate men climbed over one another to shake the hand of the young orator. Thousands of people vainly struggled to secure a foothold on the stage. From that moment it was evident that the Republican candidate would be defeated, unless unusual efforts should be put forth.

At subsequent appointments Mr. Bryan won similar triumphs. The people flocked from all parts of the State to hear the young orator and witness his magnificent victories.

During the progress of these debates the Omaha World-Herald contained an editorial which is interesting at this time, not only because of its description of Bryan's marvellous power, but as well for it prophetic utterances.

BRYAN ON THE STUMP.

"It is very seldom in these days that oratory is met with, for the reason that oratory is something composed at once of eloquence, simplicity and magnetism, and that while eloquence and even magnetism are frequently met with among Americans, simplicity is not. Mr. W. J. Bryan, the Democratic candidate for Congress from the First district, has this quality. He is, without doubt, one of the most impressive men who have ever been on the western hustings. To begin with, he is no diplomat, and in one sense of the

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word he does not possess adroitness. That is, he appears to be doing nothing for effect. His remarks are direct. They are unqualified, and they always have the effect of being spontaneous.

"He is not an apologetic speaker, but a commanding one. He does not sue for attention. He takes it for granted that he will receive it. He delights in his audience, and inspires in them a sense of exhilaration such as he apparently feels himself. He is enamored with his cause, and, believing fully in it, forces his listeners to do the same. So impregnated is he with the idea that his cause is righteous that he is without fear, relying on the truth to meet the subtlest argument that may be adduced by his opponents. Then he has a pleasant wit, and even a spirit of mischief, and at times that broad and responsive smile points a paragraph as no spoken words can do, and lays his opponent open to the ridicule which Bryan himself refrains from inflicting. This quality is contagious. And it kills rancor. For it is impossible to feel any anger toward an adversary at whom one laughs.

"Nature has gifted Mr. Bryan with a remarkable face — such a face as could be carved on a coin and not be out of place. He has a physical vigor which makes his unstudied gestures forcible and emphatic. He has an eye which is by turns commanding and humorous. And he has a voice which is equally adapted to tenderness or to denunciation

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All these natural gifts has William J. Bryan and to them is added a talent for research, a genius for accuracy, and a nature of truth. There are not many men cast in such mold in these days of sycophants, weaklings and time-servers.

"Let Nebraska congratulate herself on the fact that she has an orator who possesses the physical and mental qualities to make him a remarkable man in the history of this nation. And if the World-Herald reads the stars aright, the time will come when W. J. Bryan will have a reputation which will reach far beyond Nebraska — and it will be a reputation for the performance of good and disinterested deeds."

Mr. Bryan's opponents circulated the charge that he belonged to an Anti-Catholic Society. A telegraphic inquiry brought this response:

WEEPING WATER, NEB., October 18, 1890.

To the Editor World-Herald:

"Your despatch just received. I belong to the Presbyterian Church, but do not belong to any Anti Catholic Society. I respect every man's right to worship God according to his own conscience."

W. J. BRYAN.

The Bryan-Connell debates were concluded at Syracuse. In spite of the pronounced victory of one of the participants, there had grown up between the two contestants a strong personal

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friendship, which, by the way, has matured during succeeding years. A great crowd had gathered to witness the closing scenes of that debate. Preparations had been made by the farmers of the vicinity to avail themselves of the opportunity to hear and see the acknowledged champion of their cause. Badges bearing Bryan's name were numerous among the throng. Cheer after cheer greeted his appearance. Hundreds flocked around to shake his hand and to assure him of their personal intention to vote for him. Special trains from the capital city brought down a throng of interested friends. In that debate, Mr. Bryan had the closing, and when he had concluded his argument he turned to his opponent and presented him with a handsomely-bound volume of "Gray's Elegy" in the following words:

"Mr. Connell, we now bring to a close this series of debates which was arranged by our committees. I am glad that we have been able to conduct these discussions in a courteous and friendly manner. If I have, in any way, offended you in word or deed I offer apology and regret, and as freely forgive. I desire to present to you in remembrance of these pleasant meetings this little volume, because it contains "Gray's Elegy," in perusing which I trust you will find as much pleasure and profit as I have found. It is one of the most beautiful and touching tributes to humble life that literature contains. Grand in its

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sentiment, sublime in its simplicity, we may both find in it a solace in victory or defeat. If success should crown your efforts in this campaign, and it should be your lot ‘The applause of listening senates to command,’ and I am left

‘A youth to fortune and to fame unknown,’

"Forget not us who in the common walks of life perform our part, but in the hour of your triumph recall the verse:

‘Let not ambition mock their useful toil,
Their homely joys and destiny obscure;
Nor grandeur hear, with disdainful smile,
The short and simple annals of the poor.’

"If, on the other hand, by the verdict of my countrymen, I shall be made your successor, let it not be said of you:

‘And melancholy marked him for her own.’

"But find sweet consolation in the thought:

‘Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower was born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.’

"But whether the palm of victory is given to you or to me, let us remember those of whom the poet says:

‘Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Their sober wishes never learned to stray,
Along the cool sequestered vales of life
They keep the noiseless tenor of their way’

These are the ones most likely to be forgotten by the Government. When the poor and weak cry

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out for relief they too often hear no answer but ‘the echo of their cry,’ while the rich, the strong, the powerful are given an attentive ear. For this reason is class legislation dangerous and deadly. It takes from the least able to give to those who are least in need. The safety of our farmers and our laborers is not in special legislation, but in equal and just laws that bear alike on every man. The great masses of our people are interested, not in getting their hands into other people's pockets, but in keeping the hands of other people out of their pockets. Let me, in parting, express the hope that you and I may be instrumental in bringing our Government back to better laws which will treat every man in all our land without regard to creed or condition. I bid you a friendly farewell."

Mr. Connell accepted the book, saying that it illustrated the bible truth, "It is more blessed to give than to receive," and he received it in the same friendly spirit in which it was given. Mr. Bryan then proposed three cheers for his opponent, "the able and gallant defender of a lost cause." Mr. Connell returned the compliment.

At this point a young man stepped out from the audience bearing two large floral designs. One was a great shield faced with Marcheil Neil roses of pure white, with a band of white carnations, on which was inscribed the Word "Truth." The other floral design was a sword with a blade

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of white carnations with the word "Eloquence" in purple extending from hilt to point. The hilt was covered with red carnations all fringed with and set in a body of smilax. In presenting the floral tribute the young man said: "In behalf of the Democrats of the First district of Nebraska, I desire to say to Mr. Bryan that we have watched with interest your manly course and your courage upon eleven intellectual battlefields and I am commissioned by them to discharge the pleasant duty of presenting these two emblems. They show our respect, admiration and honor for the brightest and purest advocate of our cause in Nebraska. I present this shield of truth as emblematic of that which has protected you through the series of debates from the arrows of your able adversary. I present this sword as indicative of the predominating faculty of your nature, that of eloquence. Accept them as a tribute from a loyal party to its bravest defender." And then as the emblems were handed to the young orator the vast audience stood up and waved handkerchiefs and hats and cheered until Mr. Bryan beckoned them to be still. He then gracefully responded, thanking his friends for their kindness, and when the great session was over 2,500 people followed him to the train, giving him a royal ovation all along the line.

Mr. Bryan closed his remarkable campaign at the city of Lincoln. He was elected by a plurality

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of 6,700 in a district which two years before had given a Republican plurality of 3,400. It might be worthy of observation right here that Grover Cleveland's Secretary of Agriculture was defeated for Congress in 1888 by 3,400 plurality in the same district which William J. Bryan carried two years later by a plurality of 6,700.

Following the election the Omaha World-Herald editorially announced "Bryan is elected and he wins at the end of one of the fairest and most brilliant campaigns ever fought. He will become at once one of the most prominent members of the Lower House, from the West. His election is a triumph for principle and a victory for brains."

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Chapter IV. Bryan Enters Congress.

When Mr. Bryan entered Congress he immediately attracted attention, and his splendid personality drew men to him in Washington exactly as it had drawn men to him in Nebraska. Although it was unprecedented to give to a first term member a position on the all-important Ways and Means Committee, Speaker Crisp conferred that unprecedented honor upon Bryan, of Nebraska. There was criticism at this exception on the Speaker's part. The St. Louis Republic, commenting upon the personelle of it, said: "William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, is a very amiable and a very enthusiastic young man who, it is said, has made some reputation on the stump out in Nebraska; but, having no service in the House heretofore, his knowledge of the details of the tariff is necessarily limited." But it was not long before the St. Louis Republic, as well as all others who took the trouble to observe, learned that Bryan's knowledge of the tariff was about as complete as any man's could be.

One of the first bills which Mr. Bryan introduced provided for the election of senators by the people, at the option of each State. The

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people by constitutional enactment to provide the manner in which senators were to be chosen. The bill attracted considerable attention, although it failed of final passage.

During Mr. Bryan's first session he received many invitations to address gatherings in the East. Among his first speeches of this character was one delivered before the Philadelphia Young Men's Association, where he responded to the toast, "The Democracy of the West," on January 8, 1892. On that occasion he uttered these prophetic words: "Prosperity to the great West! Yesterday, the citadel of Republicanism; today, the battle-ground of the nation; to-morrow, and thereafter, the home of the Democracy."

Mr. Bryan was one of the most active members of the Ways and Means Committee. Thomas B. Reed was a member of that committee, and he is exceedingly graceful at repartee. But Mr. Reed occasionally finds his match. An interesting incident occurred at one meeting of the Ways and Means Committee at which Mr. Bryan neatly turned the tables on Mr. Reed. The committee was in session when the bell rang indicating the convening of the House. Mr. Reed arose ponderously from his seat and making an elaborate bow to the committee, the majority of which, by the way, were Democrats, expressed his regret at being compelled to desert his colleagues in order to take his seat in the House to listen to the

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chaplain's prayer. "I trust" said he, with a touch of sarcasm, "that I do not break the committee quorum." "Oh, do not worry about that," quickly retorted Mr. Bryan. "You can leave your hat here and we will count it to make the quorum." Chairman Springer's dignity was quite upset by the roar of laughter which greeted this sally, and Mr. Reed, very red in the face but chuckling, made his way to the House.

On March 16, 1892 Mr. Bryan made his great tariff speech in the House. And by that strong and eloquent speech he made himself a national figure. It will be many a day before such a scene is re-enacted. At 2.30 o'clock Bryan arose to address the House on the tariff question, and at 5.30 closed a speech which will stand conspicuously in the recollections of thousands of representatives. It was such a speech as no one there expected, but just such a speech as Bryan s friends knew he would deliver. Hardly that either, for Bryan, with all his good record on the stump, never before delivered such a masterly combination of argument and rhetoric. No speech delivered in the House attracted one tenth of the interest, either on the floor or in the gallery. No speech delivered in any recent Congress awoke so much comment. For three full hours the members on the floor and great crowds in the gallery listened intently to every word, and at the close of the speech tendered the young

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orator an ovation. When Bryan closed, the Democratic members arose en masse, even before the House had adjourned, and rushed around the young exponent of tariff reform, each running over the other to shake his hand. From every gallery and from every quarter came exclamations of admiration. From the people as they crowded each other from the gallery, came continued and earnest expressions complimentary to the gentleman from Nebraska, and after the House had adjourned, great crowds stood at the doorways eager to catch a glimpse of the new orator.

When the doors were opened many filed through, and a long line passed Bryan, each man taking him by the hand and congratulating him. It was a long time before Bryan, weary with his great effort, could tear himself away and find refuge in the committee-room.

Those who have attended regularly the congressional sessions for years declared that at no time could they remember when a speech received such generous attention and a speaker such a splendid ovation. It was a great audience, and it grew as Bryan proceeded with his speech. Within an hour the galleries were packed and crowded with people whose interest was clearly manifested. As a rule, members sleep or attend to their correspondence while a tariff speech is being made; but not so in this instance. Everybody

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woke up. Even the press gallery was crowded, and when this is the case the attraction must be great.

Early in the afternoon two women sat in the gallery adjoining the press. One of these turned to the other and asked: "Who speaks on the tariff to-day?"

"Bryan, of Nebraska," was the reply.

"Umph, I never heard of him," said the first woman.

"This is his first term," said the second woman. "But I have Republican friends in Nebraska who say that Mr. Bryan thinks he can make a speech. I've come to see."

And these women sat there. Both were interested listeners to the speech, and when Mr. Bryan had finished, C. W. Sherman, Editor of the Plattsmouth, Neb. Journal, climbed over the gallery seats, and, touching the second woman on the arm, said: "Beg pardon, madam, but can you tell me who that was who spoke?"

"That, sir," replied the woman, "is Mr. Bryan, of Nebraska, and he has made a good speech, a very good speech, indeed." Then turning to her lady friend, the woman remarked: "I shall tell my Nebraska friends that I quite agree with Mr. Bryan. I, too, think he can make a speech."

Early in the afternoon a man who had fooled the people of Massachusetts in sending him to Congress twice, slapped another member on the

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shoulder at the House entrance and said: "Come in; a new member is going to speak. Let's go in and see our boys have fun with him."

They went in; they saw the fun; but they were mistaken in the victim. "Our boys" started to have their usual amount of fun, but they were glad to retire into the corridor. For a long time Mr. Bryan proceeded without interruption. Then there was a whispered consultation among the Republican leaders, and one by one questions were fired at the Nebraskan. In each and every instance Bryan's retort brought him out on top. Of the probable fifty interruptions to which he was subjected his quick wit and ready logic were brought into play in such a manner as to win the respect of the members and stir up the enthusiasm of the galleries.

Not once did the interest decrease. At 3.30 when the time had expired, unanimous consent was given to prolong the treat. Several times when the speaker essayed to close his address he was urged by his colleagues on the floor to continue. It was an off-hand speech. It could not have been otherwise under the circumstances. It was replete with the argument for tariff reform, and the points made by the speaker were illustrated by new and charming features, which brought down the House. The peroration was superb, and when he said that time would come when legislation would be enacted exclusively in

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the people's interest and declared "in that day Democracy will be king — long live the king " it was with an eloquence that proved a fitting climax. Then from every corner of the great room from floor to gallery came demonstrations of applause, while the novel sight was witnessed of over 200 members rushing around a colleague to show their appreciation of real ability.

Kilgore, of Texas, as he took Bryan's hand, declared: "This is the first time I ever left my seat to congratulate a member; but it is the first time I ever had such great cause to break the record."

Burrows, of Michigan, said: "I am free to say that Bryan made the best tariff-reform speech I ever heard."

Beside the Congressman sat his pretty little daughter, Ruth. Mrs. Bryan was in the gallery, and it would be strange if she were not at that moment the proudest woman in the world. It was, too, a proud moment for the several Nebraskans there. Editor Sherman, of Plattsmouth, represented the sentiment of all. In the corridor the great crowd was waiting to catch a glimpse of the orator of the day. Somebody asked:

"How old is Bryan?"

"Thirty-five," replied Sherman.

"Well, he has certainly a future before him," said the first speaker.

"It's the best speech I ever heard in the House," said another.

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When several similar compliments had been uttered, Sherman held his head a little bit higher as he declared:

"Gentlemen, I live in Nebraska. We have wanted a man to send to Congress and we sent him. I want to tell you now, that when Nebraska Democrats pick out a man as worthy to represent them here they know what they are doing."

"You certainly made no mistake this time," said a by-stander.

The great newspapers of the country were full of compliments for "the new orator." Bryan became famous in a day.

The New York World had the following headlines: —

"Bryan Downed Them All."

"Nebraska's Young Congressman Scores a Triumph in the House."

"His Maiden Speech a Brilliant Plea for Tariff Reform."

"Mr. Raines, of New York, and Messrs. McKenna and Lind Interrupt Him with Questions and are Silenced by Sharp Replies."

"Party Leaders Enthusiastically Applaud the Orator, and His Speech is the Talk of Washington."

Then the World said: "When Speaker Crisp appointed Mr. Bryan, of Nebraska, one of the committee on Ways and Means, some criticism was made on the ground that he was a new

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member and inexperienced in tariff legislation. But Mr. Bryan, to-day, in a three-hours' speech, made" the biggest hit of the debate and confirmed the Speaker's judgment of his ability. No more dramatic speech has been delivered at this session. Mr. Bryan has the clear-cut features of the Randall type. He spoke without notes, and his barytone voice made the chamber ring. The Republicans sought to take advantage of his inexperience in Congress by interrupting him with questions, which would have puzzled much older heads. But Mr. Bryan brightened under this friction and forced one Republican after another into his seat. Old campaigners of the Reed school, like Raines, of New York, and McKenna, of California, found the young Nebraskan more than their match. A lawyer by profession, Mr. Bryan argued his case with a direct dramatic directness that aroused not only the enthusiasm of the Democrats, but won the applause of the galleries.

"When Mr. Bryan finished, the galleries applauded for fully five minutes, and Democrats and Republicans gathered about him and shook his hand warmly. This speech has been a revolution. No new member has received such an ovation in years. Mr. Bryan's speech was the talk of the town to-night."

The Washington Post said: "If, like Byron, Congressman Bryan, of Nebraska, does not wake

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this morning and find himself famous, then all the eulogies that were being passed on him in hotel corridors were meaningless. There was hardly anything else talked about, except the wonderfully brilliant speech of the young Nebraskan of the House."

The New York Sun said: "William Jennings Bryan, the young Democratic leader from Nebraska, whom Speaker Crisp placed on the Ways and Means Committee against the protest of a large element in the House, distinguished himself to-day by making the ‘star’ speech of the present session on the tariff question. Mr. Bryan astonished his associates and the occupants of the crowded galleries by an exhibition of finished oratory seldom witnessed in the halls of Congress. He is only thirty years old, is tall and well built, with a clean-shaven face and jet black hair. Charley O'Neil, the father of the House, as he is called, says Mr. Bryan looks something as the late Samuel Jackson Randall looked twenty five years ago. An hour was given Mr. Bryan to speak, but when that time elapsed there was a general chorus of ‘Go on,’ ‘Go on,’ from both sides of the House. Members lingered in their seats and the spectators remained in the galleries till 5.12 o'clock, so intent were they in hearing the young orator from the West. Not only was he logical, but he was practical, and won for him self a place among the house orators beside the

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silver-toned Breckinridge of Kentucky, or the calm-voiced Henderson of Iowa."

The New York Herald said: "As Mr. Bryan took his seat he was the recipient of hearty congratulations from his party colleagues. Although this was his maiden speech, he showed every quality of a fine orator. No member who has addressed the House thus far upon the tariff question has received the same attention which was accorded to the young Nebraskan."

The New York Times had this to-day: "For most of the time since the tariff battle in the House began the Democrats have been attacking the Republicans' position largely with oratorical fire crackers. Some of these explosives made a merry crackling, but not enough of it fully to wake up the deliberate body, and certainly not enough fully to arrest the attention of many persons out of the House. To-day, almost with the effect of an ambuscade, the Democrats uncovered a ten-inch gun, and for two hours shelled the surprised enemy so effectively, that the protectionist batteries, at first manned with spirit, but supplied with very light guns, were silenced, Gunner Raines (Republican, New York), coming out of the engagement with a badly-battered muzzle, and with the conviction, probably, that he would be compelled next time to put in more powder and employ newer and more modern projectiles.

"The man who to-day ceased to be a new and

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young unknown member, and jumped at once into the position of the best tariff speaker in ten years was Representative Bryan, Democrat, of Nebraska. To be a representative from Nebraska implies a condition of revolution in that State; but it also means something more in the case of Mr. Bryan that was not suspected before by those who are not familiar with his reputation at home. Some of the men who supported Mills were in doubt at the time of the caucus about his soundness generally, as he was one of the four Springer men who stuck to Springer after ‘the last button was off his coat,’ and when the votes of the four would have elected Mills instead of Crisp. After his speech of to-day there can be no doubt about where he stands on the tariff question. There can be no doubt about this power of oratory and argument, and Mr. Raines, who is apt at a certain shallow sort of sophistical cross-questioning, will probably admit that Mr. Bryan is able to hold his own with a veteran in the black-horse cavalry. For two hours and a half Mr. Bryan held the floor and his audience, being urged to go on after his hour had expired, and being inspired to still further continue by shouts of ‘Go on,’ ‘Go on,’ when he indicated a modest desire to bring his long speech to a close.

"Having a graceful figure, a little above the average height, Mr. Bryan is not unlike Carlisle in feature, but not so spare. His face is smooth

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shaved and the features are strong and well marked. His voice is clear and strong, his language plain but not lacking in grace. He uses illustrations effectively, and he employs humor and sarcasm with admirable facility. The applause that greeted him was as spontaneous as it was genuine."

On April 5, 1892, Mr. Springer, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, was to address the House on the tariff bill. Mr. Springer had been seriously ill and was admonished by his physician not to make the effort. He came to the House on that day, however, and paid Mr. Bryan the compliment of inviting him to read his, Mr. Springer's, address on the tariff question.

In the spring of 1892, evidences of the hostile silver sentiment had begun to manifest themselves among certain leaders of the Nebraska Democracy. The State Convention to elect delegates to the National Democratic Convention had been called for April 15, 1892. Mr. Bryan announced from Washington that he would attend that convention for the purpose of introducing a free-silver plank into the platform. It was evident that this act would create considerable trouble, and Mr. Bryan was urged by many Democrats not to do it. He refused to be dissuaded, however, from what he regarded as his plain duty, when he went to Omaha. That convention marked the beginning of Bryan's determined efforts to place the

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Nebraska Democracy right on the money question. He introduced his plank favoring the free coinage of silver and was opposed by most of the old-time leaders of the party in Nebraska. It was a bitter contest. Bryan presented his cause with that eloquence and spirit that has made him famous; and during the entire day the battle raged. In speaking upon this plank, Mr. Bryan said among other things:

"I am here on a painful duty. I came to agree with all that has been said and to ask the adoption of the principle which has been a part of our platform heretofore, and I do not believe it is good policy to drop now as a Democratic tenet.

"Gentlemen," said Mr. Bryan, "I do not believe it is noble to dodge any issue. It was dodging that defeated Republicanism in Nebraska. If, as has been indicated, this may have an effect on my campaign, then no bridegroom went with gladder heart to greet his bride than I shall welcome defeat. It has been said that God hates a coward, and I believe it is true. Vote this down if you do not approve it, but do not dodge it, for that is not democratic."

The first vote on Bryan's minority report was announced: 267 for, 237 against. It was a clean-cut victory for bimetallism.

And that convention went mad — absolutely insane. Mr. Bryan tried to soothe things. It was impossible. At last it was decided to call another vote.

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Governor Boyd opposed a recount. Congressman Bryan asked for it, and the Chairman, who had already proposed it, found a sentiment almost unanimous in favor of it.

The recount was taken amid much excitement, and the Chairman finally announced its result:

"Two hundred and twenty-nine, yes."

"Two hundred and forty-seven, no."

The majority report on platform was then duly adopted and the rejected free-silver plank laid carefully aside.

But Bryan's silver plank had been "counted out."

From that moment Mr. Bryan had incurred the hostility of the Cleveland administration, and from that moment that administration showed him no mercy, and no quarter. But it was characteristic of Mr. Bryan that he asked no mercy and accepted no quarter.

On June 17, 1892, Mr. Bryan addressed the students of Ann Harbor, in reply to a speech made there by Mr. McKinley, one month previous. The question was the tariff, and it was generally conceded that Mr. Bryan's effort more than matched that of his distinguished opponent.

On June 20, 1892, at Nebraska City, Mr. Bryan was re-nominated for Congress by acclamation.

Mr. Bryan's platform on that occasion denounced "unjust tariff laws and oppressive financial

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policy;" declared for tariff for revenue only; favored an income tax; condemned bounties and subsidies of every kind; declared in favor of the double standard of gold and silver money; denounced the demonetization of silver in 1873; advocated the re-establishment of silver to its honored place of free coinage, occupied by it from the beginning of the Government up to 1873. That platform favored the election of senators by the people; favored liberal pensions to disabled veterans; reiterated the plank in the platform on which Mr. Bryan was first nominated, that plank opposing caucus dictation.

In the meantime the Legislature had re-districted the congressional districts of the State. Omaha was taken out of Bryan's district and his new district was so arranged that under ordinary circumstances the Republicans would have an overwhelming majority. It was believed by Republican leaders that with this re-apportionment, Bryan's defeat could be accomplished.

The Republican party nominated Allen W. Field, then Judge of the District Court, and a resident of the city of Lincoln.

A series of debates were arranged between the contestants. This was probably the most interesting series of debates in the history of Nebraska. Although Mr. Field was a strong man and defended his cause well, the contest was one triumphal march for Bryan. At every meeting place

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people went wild in their demonstrations in behalf of the young orator. At Auburn, for instance, when the contest was concluded a crowd of Republicans rushed to the platform to shake Mr. Field's hand. And they shook it heartily. But right here is where the difference was to be noticed. The crowd around Mr. Field numbered perhaps fifty men. At the front of the platform a great scene was being enacted. There was Bryan stooping with outstretched hands to grasp the hands of at least 2,000 people who were crowding over each other to greet him. I he farmers and their wives, the laborers and their sisters and their cousins and their aunts all pressed forward to shake the hand of the man who will succeed himself as their representative. Children were raised up to clasp the hand of the man, who, by his great ability and courage, had become enshrined in the hearts of the masses in his district. It was a glorious reception to a public servant.

At Nebraska City 5,000 people had assembled on the Court House Square to hear the debate. Bryan's close was a mighty speech. It was as clean cut a talk as was ever heard. When he concluded, the greatest demonstration ever witnessed in Nebraska was seen. The audience seemed to rise en masse and rush to the platform. The great scene enacted at Auburn was repeated, only it was nine times greater. Farmers and laboring men cheered themselves hoarse. Half

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a hundred women stood upon chairs and waved their handkerchiefs. Three cheers were given Bryan and repeated fifty times. For half an hour he stood on the platform and shook hands with his delighted constituents.

The people refused to leave the grounds until, weary and exhausted, Mr. Bryan left the place, followed by a great crowd of people. The scenes were simply indescribable. It was the best ovation ever received; the greatest triumph ever won by a public man. The scene will never be forgotten in Nebraska City and must long be remembered by Bryan as among the most valuable tributes in his career. A great crowd followed Bryan to his hotel, cheering him all the way.

At Weeping Water, when Bryan closed, the scene in Nebraska City was in part repeated. In this instance probably fifty people came forward to shake Mr. Field by the hand, but it seemed that the entire audience arose to greet Mr. Bryan. The town people and the farmers crowded over each other to shake the young congressman's hand. At first Bryan stood upon the platform, and bending down grasped the many hundreds of hands advanced to him.

But the great throng of his admirers increased and the young orator was literally dragged from the platform and for thirty yards he was crowded here and there, surged by the crowd, every member of which seemed anxious to shake his hand.

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The ovation extended to Bryan was so marked that many deeply sympathized with Mr. Field. At every step from the grove Bryan was heartily cheered, and though this was a Republican precinct Bryan fairly captured everything in sight. At the start the crowd seemed to be against Bryan. At the close of the debate Bryan owned the earth, and had he desired a fence to be built around it, it was but necessary for him to say the word.

At all other points similar scenes were enacted. At the city of Lincoln, October 12, 1892, Bryan won another distinct triumph, and at the close of the debate a handful of people grasped the hand of Judge Field, but it required half an hour for Bryan to half complete the task of greeting his friends. A handsome floral piece was on the stand, the design being a pair of scales. It was the tribute of the young congressman's Lincoln friends.

The closing session of the debate was an overwhelming triumph for Bryan, in perfect keeping with his splendid victory in every previous meeting with his opponent.

The Republicans made desperate efforts to accomplish Bryan's defeat. Speakers of national renown poured into the district and large sums of money were expended against Bryan in all counties in the district. But in spite of all these efforts in the district, which had been arranged to

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give a Republican candidate from 4,000 to 5,000 majority, Mr. Bryan was re-elected by a majority of 152.

Commenting upon this triumph the Omaha World-Herald said editorially: —

"The more one thinks of Bryan's re-election the more wonderful it seems.

"In the face of overwhelming opposition, which was aided by such speakers as McKinley, Foraker and Thurston; in spite of a district, not one county of which was or went Democratic — a district in which Harrison had more votes than Cleveland and Weaver combined, and which was on a congressional fight several thousand Republican; in spite of boodle freely spent by the Republicans, and in spite of a third candidate running as a decoy duck for his principal opponent, Bryan is a victor by a majority of 140.

"He deserved and got the votes of both Independents and Republicans, and his election is a splendid tribute to the qualities which caused his selection both times for congressional honors, and which in one Washington session made him the most prominent man on the floor of the House of Representatives.

"Looking over the whole November fight, there is no more remarkable or brilliant victory than that won in the First Nebraska District."

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Chapter V. Bryan as "Bland's Lieutenant.

When Mr. Bryan entered upon his second term in Congress the money question had come to be recognized generally as the great question of the day. It was known that the Hon. Richard P. Bland, of Missouri, who for twenty years had fought the battles of bimetallism, would lead the fight in the then coming contest. It was also announced that Mr. Bryan would be one of Mr. Bland's lieutenants.

Mr. Bryan was a delegate to the National Silver Conference, held in Chicago, August 1, 1893, and addressed that gathering August 16, 1893.

Mr. Bryan addressed the House in opposition to the bill to repeal the purchasing clause of the Sherman Act. From that great speech, which was recognized as one of the strongest ever delivered in the House, the following extracts are taken:

" MR. SPEAKER: I shall accomplish my full purpose if I am able to impress upon the members of the House the far-reaching consequences which may follow our action and quicken their appreciation of the grave responsibility which presses upon

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us. Historians tell us that the victory of Charles Martel at Tours determined the history of all Europe for centuries. It was a contest ‘between the Crescent and the Cross,’ and when, on that fateful day, the Frankish prince drove back the followers of Abderrahman, he rescued the West from ‘the all-destroying grasp of Islam,’ and saved Europe its Christian civilization. A greater than Tours is here! In my humble judgment the vote of this House on the subject under consideration may bring to the people of the West and South, to the people of the United States, and to all mankind, weal or woe beyond the power of language to describe or imagination to conceive.

"In the princely palace and in the humblest hamlet; by the financier and by the poorest toiler; here, in Europe and everywhere, the proceedings of this Congress upon this problem will be read and studied; and as our actions bless or blight we shall be commended or condemned. * *

"Rollin tells us that the third Punic war was declared by the Romans and that a messenger was sent to Carthage to announce the declaration after the army had started on its way. The Carthaginians at once sent representatives to treat for peace. The Romans first demanded the delivery of three hundred hostages before they would enter into negotiations. When three hundred sons of the nobles had been given into their

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hands they demanded the surrender of all the arms and implements of war before announcing the terms of the treaty. The conditions were sorrowfully but promptly complied with, and the people who boasted of a Hannibal and Hamilcar gave up to their ancient enemies every weapon of offense and defense. Then the Roman consul, rising up before the humiliated representatives of Carthage, said:

"‘I cannot but commend you for the readiness with which you have obeyed every order. The decree of the Roman Senate is that Carthage shall be destroyed.’

"Sirs, what will be the answer of the people whom you represent, who are wedded to the ‘gold and silver coinage of the Constitution,’ if you vote for unconditional repeal and return to tell them that you were commended for the readiness with which you obeyed every order, but that Congress has decreed that one-half of the people's metallic money shall be destroyed? [Applause.]

"They demand unconditional surrender, do they? Why, sirs, we are the ones to grant terms. Standing by the pledges of all the parties in this country, backed by the history of a hundred years, sustained by the most sacred interests of humanity itself, we demand an unconditional surrender of the principle of gold monometallism as the first condition of peace. [Applause.] You demand surrender! Ay, sirs, you may cry ‘Peace,

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peace,’ but there is no peace. Just so long as there are people here who would chain this country to a single gold standard, there is war — eternal war; and it might just as well be known now! [Loud applause on the Democratic side.] I have said that we stand by the pledges of all platforms. Let me quote them:

"The Populist platform adopted, by the national convention in 1892 contained these words:

"‘We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1.’

"As the members of that party, both in the Senate and in the House, stand ready to carry out the pledge there made, no appeal to them is necessary.

"The Republican national platform adopted in 1888 contains this plank:

"‘ The Republican party is in favor of the use of both gold and silver as money and condemns the policy of the Democratic administration in its effort to demonetize silver.’

"The same party in 1892 adopted a platform containing the following language:

"‘The American people from tradition and interest favor bimetallism, and the Republican party demands the use of both gold and silver as standard money, such restrictions to be determined by contemplation of values of the two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of the

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dollar, whether of silver, gold, or paper, shall be equal at all times.

"‘The interests of the producers of the country, its farmers and its workingmen, demand that every dollar, paper or gold, issued by the Government, shall be as good as any other. We commend the wise and patriotic steps already taken by our Government to secure an international parity of value between gold and silver for use as money throughout the world.’

"Are the Republican members of this House ready to abandon the system which the American people favor ‘from tradition and interest?’ Having won a Presidential election upon a platform which condemned ‘the policy of the Democratic administration in its efforts to demonetize silver,’ are they ready to join in that demonetization? Having advocated the Sherman law because it gave an increased use of silver, are they ready to repeal it and make no provisions for silver at all? Are they willing to go before the country confessing that they secured the present law by sharp practice, and only adopted it as an ingenious device for preventing free coinage, to be repealed as soon as the hour of danger was passed?

"The Democratic platform of 1880 contained these words:

"‘Honest money, consisting of gold and silver, and paper convertible into coin on demand.’

"It would seem that at that time silver was honest

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money, although the bullion value was considerably below the coinage value.

"In 1884 the Democratic platform contained this plank:

"‘We believe in honest money, the gold and silver coinage of the Constitution, and a circuating medium convertible into such money without loss.’

"It would seem that at that time silver was considered honest money.

"In 1888 the Democratic party did not express itself on the money question except by saying:

"‘It renewed the pledge of its fidelity to Democratic faith, and reaffirms the platform adopted by its representatives in the convention of 1884.’

"Since the platform of 1884 commended silver as an honest money, we must assume that the reaffirming of that platform declared anew that silver was honest money as late as 1888, although at that time its bullion value had fallen still more.

"The last utterance of a Democratic national convention upon this subject is contained in the platform adopted at Chicago in 1892. It is as follows:

"‘We denounce the Republican legislation known as the Sherman act of 1890 as a cowardly makeshift, fraught with possibilities of danger in the future, which should make all of its supporters, as well as its author, anxious for its speedy repeal. We hold to the use of both gold and silver as

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the standard money of the country, and to the coinage of both gold and silver without discrimination against either metal or charge for mintage, but the dollar unit of coinage of both metals must be of equal intrinsic and exchangeable value or be adjusted through international agreement, or by such safeguards of legislation as shall insure the maintenance of the parity of the two metals, and the equal power of every dollar at all times in the markets and in the payment of debts; and we demand that all paper currency shall be kept at par with and redeemable in such coin. We insist upon this policy as especially necessary for the protection of the farmers and laboring classes, the first and most defenseless victims of unstable money and a fluctuating currency.’

"Thus it will be seen that gold and silver have been indissolubly linked together in our plattorms. Never in the history of the party has it taken a position in favor of a gold standard. On even vote taken in the House and Senate a majority of the party have been recorded not only in favor of bimetallism, but for the free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of 16 to 1.

"The last platform pledges us to the use of both metals as standard money and to the free coinage of both metals at a fixed ratio. Does any one believe that Mr. Cleveland could have been elected President upon a platform declaring in favor of the unconditional repeal of the Sherman law?

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Can we go back to our people, and tell them that, after denouncing for twenty years the crime of 1873, we have at last accepted it as a blessing? Shall bimetallism receive its deathblow in the house of its friends, and in the very hall where innumerable vows have been registered in its defense? What faith can be placed in platforms if their pledges can be violated with impunity? Is it right to rise above the power which created us? Is it patriotic to refuse that legislation in favor of gold and silver which a majority of the people have always demanded? Is it necessary to betray all parties in order to treat this subject in a ‘nonpartisan’ way?

"The President has recommended unconditional repeal. It is not sufficient to say that he is honest — so were the mothers, who, with misguided zeal, threw their children into the Ganges. The question is not "Is he honest?" but "Is he right?" He won the confidence of the toilers of this country because he taught that ‘public office is a public trust,’ and because he convinced them of his courage and his sincerity. But are they willing to say, in the language of Job, ‘Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him?’ Whence comes this irresistible demand for unconditional repeal? Are not the representatives here as near to the people and as apt to know their wishes? Whence comes the demand? Not from the workshop and the farm, not from the workingrnen of this country,

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who create its wealth in time of peace and protect its flag in time of war, but from the middlemen, from what are termed the ‘business interests,’ and largely from that class which can force Congress to let it issue money at a pecuniary profit to itself if silver is abandoned. The President has been deceived. He can no more judge the wishes of the great mass of our people by the expressions of these men than he can measure the oceans silent depths by the foam upon its waves.

"Mr. Powderly, who spoke at Chicago a few days ago in favor of the free coinage of silver at the present ratio and against the unconditional repeal of the Sherman law, voiced the sentiment of more laboring men than have ever addressed the President or this House in favor of repeal. Go among the agricultural classes; go among the poor, whose little is as precious to them as the rich man's fortune is to him, and whose families are as dear, and you will not find the haste to destroy the issue of money or the unfriendliness to silver which is manifested in money centers.

"This question can not be settled by typewritten recommendations and suggestions made by boards of trade and sent broadcast over the United States. It can only be settled by the great mass of the voters of this country who stand like the Rock of Gibraltar for the use of both gold and silver. (Applause.)

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"There are thousands, yes, tens of thousands, aye, even millions, who have not yet ‘bowed the knee to Baal.’ Let the President take courage. Muehlbach relates an incident in the life of the great military hero of France. At Marengo the Man of Destiny, sad and disheartened, thought the battle lost. He called to a drummer boy and ordered him to beat a retreat. The lad replied:

"‘Sire, I do not know how: Dessaix has never taught me retreat, but I can beat a charge. Oh, I can beat a charge that would make the dead fall into line! I beat that charge at the Bridge of Lodi; I beat it at Mount Tabor; I beat it at the Pyramids. Oh, may I beat it here?’

"The charge was ordered, the battle won, and Marengo was added to the victories of Napoleon. Oh, let our gallant leader draw inspiration from the street gamin of Paris. In the face of an enemy proud and confident the President has wavered. Engaged in the battle royal between the ‘money power and the common people’ he has ordered a retreat. Let him not be dismayed.

"He has won greater victories than Napoleon, for he is a warrior who has conquered without a sword. He restored fidelity in the public service; he converted Democratic hope into realization; he took up the banner of tariff reform and carried it to triumph. Let him continue that greater fight for the ‘gold and silver coinage of the Constitution,’ to which three national platforms have

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pledged him. Let his clarion voice call the party hosts to arms; let him but speak the language of the Senator from Texas, in reply to those who would destroy the use of silver:

"‘In this hour fraught with peril to the whole country, I appeal to the unpurchased representatives of the American people to meet this bold and insolent demand like men. Let us stand in the breach and call the battle on and never leave the field until the people's money shall be restored to the mints on equal terms with gold, as it was years ago.’

"Let this command be given, and the air will resound with the tramp of men scarred in a score of battles for the people's rights. Let this command be given and this Marengo will be our glory and not our shame. [Applause on the floor and in the galleries.]

"Well has it been said by the Senator from Missouri [Mr. Vest] that we have come to the parting of the ways. To-day the Democratic party stands between two great forces, each inviting its support. On the one side stand the corporate interests of the nation, its moneyed institutions, its aggregations of wealth and capital, imperious, arrogant, compassionless. They demand special legislation, favors, privileges and immunities. They can subscribe magnificently to campaign funds; they can strike down opposition with their all-pervading influence, and, to those

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who fawn and flatter, bring ease and plenty. They demand that the Democratic party shall become their agent to execute their merciless decrees.

"On the other side stands that unnumbered throng which gave a name to the Democratic party and for which it has assumed to speak. Work-worn and dust-begrimed, they make their sad appeal. They hear of average wealth increased on every side and feel the inequality of its distribution. They see an over-production of everything desired, because of the under-production of the ability to buy. They can not pay for loyalty except with their suffrages, and can only punish betrayal with their condemnation. Although the ones who most deserve the fostering care of government, their cries for help too often beat in vain against the outer wall, while others less deserving find ready access to legislative halls.

"This army, vast and daily vaster growing, begs the party to be its champion in the present conflict. It cannot press its claims 'mid sounds of revelry. Its phalanxes do not form in grand parade, nor has it gaudy banners floating on the breeze. Its battle hymn is "Home, Sweet Home," its war cry "Equality before the law." To the Democratic party, standing between these two irreconcilable forces, uncertain to which side to turn, and conscious that upon its choice its fate

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depends, come the words of Israel's second lawgiver: ‘Choose you this day whom ye will serve.’ What will the answer be? Let me invoke the memory of him whose dust made sacred the soil of Monticello when he joined

"‘The dead but sceptered sovereigns who still rule Our spirits from their urns.’

"He was called a demagogue and his followers a mob, but the immortal Jefferson dared to follow the best promptings of his heart. He placed man above matter, humanity above property, and, spurning the bribes of wealth and power, pleaded the cause of the common people. It was this devotion to their interests which made his party invincible while he lived, and will make his name revered while history endures. And what message comes to us from the Hermitage? When a crisis like the present arose and the national bank of his day sought to control the politics of the nation, God raised up an Andrew Jackson, who had the courage to grapple with that great enemy, and, by overthrowing it, he made himself the idol of the people and reinstated the Democratic party in public confidence. What will the decision be to day? The democratic party has won the greatest success in its history. Standing upon this victory-crowned summit, will it turn its face to the rising or the setting sun? Will it choose blessings or cursings — life or death — which?

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Which?" [Prolonged applause on the floor and in the galleries, and cries of "Vote!" "Vote!"]

Copies of Mr. Bryan's speech on this occasion were in great demand. Senator Stewart circulated 5,000 copies, and other bimetallists distributed large numbers of them; the circulation aggregating, it has been estimated, very near one million.

All the great newspapers were filled with comments complimenting Mr. Bryan's great speech on this occasion. The New York World termed it" The most remarkable yet heard on the propositions now before the House." The New York Tribune said: "The speech was a success of which Mr. Bryan may well be proud." The Atlanta Constitution contained this reference:

"This afternoon young Mr. Bryan of Nebraska delivered the most remarkable speech heard upon the floor of the House in many years. It was upon the silver question. He advocated free coinage. For two hours and fifty minutes the young Nebraska orator held the close attention of a full house and crowded galleries. Instead of members leaving the hall as is usual, they crowded in, and every man who could, listened to the entire speech. There are few other men in Congress who could have held such an audience for so long a time. Certainly in the last ten years no man has performed such a feat. It was generally known that Mr. Bryan was to speak, but no one expected him to sustain the great reputation

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made by his tariff speech delivered last year. That speech made him famous. His speech of to-day will perpetuate his fame. No such speech has been heard on either side since the debate opened. His delivery was perfect. His argument exceedingly strong. Every possible argument in favor of free coinage he placed before his hearers in the most forcible style. He did not repeat himself. Though without a note before him, he went through every argument in language that riveted his hearers to their seats. Occasionally a single standard man would interrupt, but none did it without subsequent regret. He knows his case, so to speak. At repartee he is brilliant. His handsome smooth face always broadened into smiles when a question was propounded to him. With the confidence and ease of a fencing master he would clip the wings of his interrupters. He drove every one to a seat who exhibited the temerity to face him, and he did it with the apparent ease of the experienced matador. He pierced their argument and called for others as the matador would for a new bull. The speech was indeed grand. No other kind would have received such attention. Hardly a man left his seat even for a moment. There is something inspiring about Mr. Bryan's delivery. He is but 32 years of age, with a smooth face of the Sam Randall type, erect in his bearing, perfect in his gesticulation, a manly man to look upon. He is pleasing to the eye. His language is choice, smooth and

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eloquent. He uses no surplus words. Every word fits just where he puts it. His voice is splendid, his utterances pleasing to the ear, his argument strong. The speech has established him as the greatest orator in the House. When he finished, great applause and cheers of Vote! vote! rent the air. Silver and anti-silver men, Democrats and Republicans alike, crowded over to congratulate him. He simply had electrified the House. Tom Reed and Joe Cannon grasped his hand, and told him it was the greatest speech ever delivered on his side of the silver question. Bourke Cochran and William L. Wilson declared it was the greatest silver speech ever made upon the floor of the House. Bland, Culbertson, Bankhead and all the silver men demonstrated enthusiasm of the most intense order. For full ten minutes the House business stopped to allow for the congratulations. Not a member failed to congratulate him. Speaker Crisp says since he has been in Congress he has never known another man to hold such an audience for two hours and fifty minutes. He had never seen such close attention. Such interest in a speech. The silver men are happy over it to-night. They know that it has strengthened the cause. Some of them claim it may change many votes. There are those who say since that speech the silver men have a chance of winning in the House. No definite idea of such a speech can be given in brief synopsis."

Clark Howell, Editor of the Constitution, Atlanta, Ga.

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Chapter VI. Bryan's Determined Fight.

With the approach of the Nebraska Democratic State Convention of 1893 the interest in the money question increased. Friends of the administration determined that the Nebraska platform should contain no plank favorable to silver. On September 26, 1893, Mr. Bryan gave out for publication from Washington an interview in which he announced that he would return to Nebraska to serve as a delegate to the State Convention from Lancaster county, and to assist in giving expression to the sentiment of the party on the paramount question of the day. In the interview Mr. Bryan said: "I shall attend the State Convention, not to secure personal endorsement, but in the discharge of what I regard as a public duty. No one will assert that the President has the exclusive right to construe the platform upon so vital a question. Every Democrat is entitled to his opinion. The Democrats of the East have met and endorsed the President's construction. If our people agree with that construction, they ought to say so. They owe it to the President. If they do not concur in the President's construction, they owe it to the rest of the country

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to express dissent. The President is not infallible any more than any other man. If he is mistaken, we can better show our devotion to Democratic principles by dissenting, rather than by servile acquiescence. I may, as has been suggested, have few to stand with me in the fight. But if I stand alone I shall make the fight. I would be ungrateful for the honors the party has bestowed upon me if I deserted it in this hour of party danger, and I shall make any sacrifice necessary in its behalf."

This announcement created the greatest activity on the part of the administration in Nebraska, and their forces were organized for the defeat of the young Congressman in his effort to place the Nebraska Democracy once more in line for bimetallism. It was given out from high administration authority, that after this announcement Mr. Bryan need not expect any favors at the hands of the administration; that all patronage would be withheld from him. He was warned that if he persisted in his course, no man whom he recommended for office could obtain an office, and that his endorsement of an application would be an insurance of the applicant's defeat. The warning and threats did not deter Mr. Bryan from his course. But it may be remarked right here, that the administration kept its word. From that time on, Mr. Bryan's recommendation at the

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White House was not worth the paper on which it was written.

The State Convention met at Lincoln, October 4, 1893. True to his word, Mr. Bryan was on hand, and he found himself confronted with the greatest aggregation of federal office-holders that ever assembled in one convention hall. It may be said that in point of dramatic interest that convention was the most interesting of any ever held in Nebraska. Mr. Bryan had an almighty big fight on his hands, and while he came out of the contest defeated for the moment he emerged stronger in the hearts and the affections of the people of his adopted State.

In that convention Bryan was not only sat upon, but not the slightest mercy was shown him. Even the ordinary parliamentary courtesies were ignored, and the young Congressman was not permitted to obtain the slightest advantage.

For several days it had been known that the administration had scored a triumph in the election of delegates to this convention, but it was presumed by many that with so pronounced a victory the majority would at least be merciful. There was no quarter, however. The administration element forced the fighting, and the Bryan wing seemed to invite the slaughter by its motions and demands for roll-call, which placed on record every delegate in the convention. The first contest came upon the election of temporary chairman

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and the administration won by an overwelming majority. The administration organized the convention permanently by the same decisive vote. Then when it came to selecting a committee on resolutions one of the delegates moved that Mr. Bryan be made a member of the committee. This brought on the fight in earnest, and the convention went wild. The administration men were determined that not even a personal compliment should be paid to the young Congressman. Although eight members of that committee were to be gold men, they were not willing that Mr. Bryan should be the ninth man. It was a different question from endorsing his financial policy. It was a personal question. But, as results indicated, there was no mercy in that convention. The chairman of one delegation, in casting his vote, said his delegation did not come to instruct the Chair in his duty. He voted "No." He was willing that the Chair should do his duty as he realized it. Everything seemed to be against Bryan until Douglas county, in which Omaha is located, was reached. When that county was called there was a dramatic scene. The chairman of the Douglas delegation arose and announced, "Douglas county casts 103 votes ‘No.’" Be it remembered that this "103 votes ‘No’" meant that the personal compliment should not be extended to Bryan of placing him as one man out of nine on the resolutions committee.

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There was a deathlike stillness. G. V. Gallagher, of Douglas, arose and levelling his good right arm at the Chair said, "Mr. Chairman."

"The gentleman from Douglas," said the chairman.

In every quarter of the hall men stood upon their tiptoes. Every eye was directed toward Gallagher.

"Mr. Chairman," said he, "in order to set myself right before this convention I desire to say that the unit rule has been adopted in the Douglas delegation. As a Democrat I submit to the rule, but I want to say here and now that if it were not for loyalty to the majority rule of my delegation, my vote could never be recorded against paying a deserved tribute to the Chevalier Bayard of the Democratic party in Nebraska."

This broke the camel's back. The Bryan men arose in their seats and yelled themselves hoarse. The galleries added their chorus to the tumult. The noise had not died away when C. J. Smyth, of Douglas, who is now chairman of the Democratic State Committee, arose and declared: "Mr. Chairman, I challenge the vote of Douglas county. It has not been polled. No attempt has even been made to poll the vote. I protest against this system of ‘gag’ rule. I demand that the Douglas delegation be polled."

Then the entire convention arose; everybody yelled at the same time. Bryan alone sat in his

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seat with that familiar set smile upon his face. The Bryan men cheered until the tears rolled down some of their faces. They waved umbrellas, hats, newspapers, and everything available. The crowds in the galleries and in the lobby seemed to be with Bryan and joined in the popular acclaim.

In the midst of all this tumult, the goldbug chairman of the Douglas delegation, and who, by the way, has since been rewarded by appointment as postmaster at Omaha, like Casabianca on the burning deck, stood with arms folded and a determined expression upon his face. He calmly awaited the quiet which did not come until the chairman declared that this was a Democratic convention and every man should have a hearing.

Then the Douglas chairman said that he had canvassed the vote "sufficiently to know how the majority votes were." At this the Bryan men hissed and the administration men cheered. One gold delegate said that Mr. Smyth was the only man that proposed to vote for Bryan, but at this moment Ed. P. Smith, an Omaha lawyer, jumped to his feet, and waving his umbrella yelled: "No, he isn't. I want to say, Mr. Chairman, that if no other vote is cast for W. J. Bryan I want my vote cast in order that the Democratic party of Nebraska may accord him a slight tribute for his great work. I am for Bryan as a member of the Resolutions Committee."

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Again the convention went wild. But the big body was against Bryan and nothing could stem the tide. After a poll of the Douglas delegation the chairman announced "103 votes ‘No,’" and that settled it. The motion to instruct the Chair to appoint Bryan a member of the Resolutions Committee was defeated by a vote of 122 yeas to 373 nays. Everybody thought that in spite of this vote the Chair would appoint Bryan as a member of the committee, tying his hands with eight other members who were against him. But the chair wasn't built that way. He omitted Bryan from the committee.

When the committee was appointed, a motion to take a recess until 7 o'clock was adopted.

As Bryan moved from the convention hall he was surrounded by a great gathering of men. From there to the sidewalk he was kept busy shaking hands. When he reached the street a crowd of workingmen and citizens of all classes gathered around him and climbed over one another to grasp his hand. It was one of the most peculiar public ovations ever witnessed. Here was a man who had just been sat down on by an overwhelming majority of his own party convention, who was being congratulated on every hand — for what? For defending Democratic principles.

Let it suffice, however, to state that no man engaged upon a great triumphal march after a

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mighty conquest ever received such a splendid popular ovation as did Bryan after a mighty defeat.

While the convention was awaiting the arrival of the chairman of the Credentials Committee the crowd filled in the time at the evening session by yelling for Bryan. The calls for the young Congressman became so strong and earnest that the entire assemblage took up the refrain. The delay was becoming more than embarrassing. The crowd was an impatient one, and in the midst of all this one old delegate took a position in the center of the aisle and went through the pantomime of a speech, but it was all pantomime.

Not a word could be heard. It was simply ludicrous to see an old, bald-headed man standing up in a vast assemblage, and at one yell of the crowd the old man's arms would go down and at the next they would go up, and this pantomime was kept up until the crowd was weary. The assemblage was desperate by this time and called for "After the Ball." At 9.40 o'clock the chairman called the convention to order. The Resolutions Committee reported with a goldbug platform, and upon this report Mr. Bryan was permitted to speak. The federal officials who had packed the convention found that they had undertaken a difficult task in endeavoring to completely bury the young Congressman. He asked no

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quarter. He mounted the platform and hurled defiance at his enemies.

Mr. Bryan spoke as follows:

"Gentlemen of the Convention: We have to meet to-night as important a question as ever came before the Democrats of the State of Nebraska. It is not a personal question; it is a question that rises above individuals. So far as I am personally concerned it matters not that (snapping his fingers) whether you vote this amendment up or down; it matters not to me whether you pass resolutions censuring my course or indorsing it, and if I am wrong in the position I have taken I will fall, though you heap your praises upon me; if I am right in the position I have taken — and in my heart, so help me God. I believe I am — (applause) — if I am right I will triumph yet, although you downed me in your convention a hundred times. (Applause.)

"Gentlemen of this convention, satisfied with what I have done, you are playing in the basement of politics. Why, you think you can pass resolutions censuring a man, and that you can humiliate him. I want to tell you that I am exiled with no more joy than the delegates who come here and drown their sentiments for fear they will not get office.

"Gentlemen, if you represent your constituents in what you have done, and will do — because I do not entertain the fond hope that any of you men

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who have voted as you have to-day will change it upon this vote; I have no such idea, but I want to say to you that if the delegates who came here properly reflect the sentiments of the Democratic party which sent them here; if the resolutions which you have proposed here, and which you will adopt; if they reflect the sentiments of the Democratic party of this State, and this party declares in favor of a gold standard; if you declare in favor of the impoverishment of the people of Nebraska, if you intend to make more galling than the slavery of the black, the slavery of the debtors of this country; if the Democratic party after you go home indorses your action and this becomes your sentiment, I want to promise you that I will go out and serve my country and my God under some other name, if I go alone. (Applause.) Voice from convention: ‘The people of Nebraska will take care of you, Mr. Bryan.’)

"Gentlemen, I want to express it as my humble opinion that the Democratic party of Nebraska will never ratify what you have done here in this convention. My friends, in this city, when we had our primaries, there were banks that called their claquers in and told them to vote, but thank God, there are many men in Nebraska who cannot be driven and compelled to vote as somebody dictates. (Applause.) The Democratic party was founded by Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Jefferson dared to defy the wealth and power of

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his day and plead the cause of the common people, and if the Democratic party lives it will still plead the cause of the man who wears a colored shirt as well as the man who wears the linen shirt. (Applause.)

"You have got to-day to choose what kind of Democracy you want. For thirty years the Democratic party has denounced the demonetization of silver; for twenty years it has proclaimed it the "crime of the age;" it has heaped upon the Republican party all the opprobrium that language could express. If you are ready to go down on your knees and apologize for what you have said, you will go without me. (Applause.)

"On the 14th day of July, 1892, John Sherman of Ohio introduced in the Senate of the United States a bill substantially like that which has passed the house known as the Wilson Bill. That bill was introduced in the Senate by the premier of the Republican party, by the leader of the financial system of the Republican party, and you come into this convention and attempt to thrust it down the throats of the Democrats as a Democratic measure. (Laughter.)

"There sits in Columbus, in the State of Ohio, a Democrat, once known as ‘the noblest Roman of them all.’ He has won and held the affection of the American people as few citizens have. He sits now crowned with the honors of a nation's gratitude. He sits waiting there for the summons

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to come that will call him home, where I know there is a reward for men who sacrifice themselves for their country's good, and from the solitude of his retreat Allen G. Thurman says he is opposed to unconditional repeal, and when I must choose between John Sherman of Ohio and Allen G. Thurman of Ohio I take my Democracy from the latter source.(Applause.)

"Do you say this is Democracy? Was it in the platform? Read the national platform; you can't find authority for unconditional repeal there. You find a demand for repeal, but you find a declaration that you shall coin both metals without discrimination, and without charge for mintage, and are you going to snatch away a little of the platform and thrust it down the throats of Democrats and turn your back upon the declaration which has been in their platform for the last twenty years. The Democratic party in Congress has on many occasions expressed itself, and until this year there was never a time but what a majority of the Democrats voted in the House and Senate for the free coinage of silver at16 to 1, and in this Congress, when the question came up in the lower house, a majority of the Democrats voted to substitute the Bland law for the Sheman law, showing they were not in favor of unconditional repeal. Take the vote and see where it comes from.

"This platform says we know no section.

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Well, my friends, we do not know as much as some other people in other parts of the country if we know no section. (Applause.) You take the six New England States, the States of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the two southern States that are really eastern — Maryland and Delaware, that cast 103 votes — 101 were in favor of repeal. (Voice from convention, ‘Douglas county cast 103 votes.’) I might suggest this: That to get the 103 votes they do not have to go back three years to find a convention. (Laughter.) How did the South vote? You take that section of the country which I have called Democratic — I have mentioned — Maryland and Delaware — and the vote of those southern States, notwithstanding more influence was brought to bear, perhaps, than was ever brought to bear before, notwithstanding that, in those southern states sixty-eight Democrats voted against unconditional repeal and forty-nine Democrats voted for unconditional repeal.

"Take the States west of the Mississippi river and there were 29 votes against repeal and 95 for repeal — (applause) — and out of the 95 for repeal one came from Douglas county, and was a Republican, and I do not know whether my friends from Doud as are indorsing him because they elected him in a Democratic district or not. Then, gentlemen of the convention, you will find there were sectional lines in that vote. The great

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country west of the Mississippi river was almost to a vote against unconditional repeal; the great country south, to which we look for our Democratic majority, was, a majority of it, against unconditional repeal. Do you tell me those men don't know what Democracy is? Out of thirteen Democrats from Missouri twelve voted against unconditional repeal. Take the Democrats of Texas, and they rolled up their tremendous Democratic majority, and yet a majority of them were against unconditional repeal. You take the men who have been preaching the gospel of Democracy — take John W. Daniel of Virginia, whose magnificent speech in defense of a constitutional money has not been answered, and will not be answered by any man — (applause) — you take Senator Morgan of Alabama; take Senators Vest of Missouri and Pugh of Alabama; take Harris and Beck of Tennessee, Vance of North Carolina, Butler of South Carolina, George of Mississippi — and they have stood up and said they were Democrats; they stood upon the national platform, and they were opposed to the repeal of the Sherman law unless you give something else in the place of the Sherman law that provided for the use of silver.(Applause.)

"These gentlemen are Democrats. Nobody has dared to impeach their Democracy. And yet I was read out of the Democratic party by a gentleman

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who could not be elected a delegate for the fifth ward. (Laughter and applause.)

"Now, gentlemen, there is a division in the Democratic party on this question. The platform declared for repeal, and it also declared for the use of both metals without cost for mintage. The President of the United States has construed that platform. Is there a man here so lost to hero-worship that he will declare that the President has the right to construe that platform for him? (Hisses.) Does anybody say that because a man is President it gives him the right to take from the platform what he desires and discard what he does not want, and bind that upon the conscience of the Democratic party?

"My friends, I believe that every Democrat in the United States, whether he be rich or poor, whether he be a common laborer or whether he be able to go as ambassador to Italy because of his wealth — (laughter and hisses) — I believe every Democrat has the right to construe the Democratic platform and to express that opinion. (Voices, ‘We do.’) And I am glad that you have had the courage — those who differ from me — instead of straddling the question, to come out squarely and state that the President is right in saying, after we have declared for free coinage, that we cannot have it unless foreign nations help us. Read the letter sent by the President to Governor Northen. In that letter he says: ‘I am

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opposed to free and unlimited coinage by this country alone and independently.’

"I challenge you to find in any Democratic platform made by a national convention, or expressed by any vote of the Democratic party in the Senate or House, a declaration that sustains the President.

"The President has written a new platform, and it must be endorsed by the Democracy of the country before it is binding on any man. (A voice, ‘You are right.’) If you believe the President is right in running his pen through our platform and declaring that the aid of foreign nations is necessary to enable Congress to make laws for our people, express it in your resolution; but, if you believe with me that this nation is great enough, strong enough and grand enough to legislate for its own people, regardless of the entreaties and the threats of foreign Powers, then vote for the minority report. (Applause.)

"Pass that bill through the Senate and where is your hope for silver? Do you believe in the use of gold and silver? Why, read what the platform said in 1880 and 1884. In 1880 we said ‘honest money, consisting of gold and silver and paper convertible into coin.’ Silver was honest money then. When did it become dishonest? In 1884 we believed in honest money, the gold and silver coinage of the Constitution, and a circulating medium convertible into such coin without loss. In

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1884 silver was honest money, and no Democrat in a national convention dared to denounce silver as cheap, nasty or dishonest. In 1888 we reaffirmed the platform of 1884, so that in 1858 silver was honest money. In 1892 we declared for the coinage of both metals without discrimination and without cost for mintage. Aye, silver was honest then, and until some national convention declares as the voice of the Democratic party of the nation that silver is dishonest money, I deny the right of any man, elected to any office, to denounce and ostracise silver as dishonest money; I care not what his position or what his rank. (Hisses.)

"Mr. Gladstone said the other day that England was opposed to silver, was opposed to bimetallism, because England was a creditor nation, and because she gained by the appreciation of the dollar caused by the rise in gold, and because of that selfish interest that England would not be in favor of bimetallism because she wanted to get the dollar fatter every day in payment for the debts we owe. I want to ask you if it is to the interest of the American people to give her that dollar that grows fatter at the expense of the toilers of the United States. (Cries of ‘No,’ ‘No.’)

"In these United States there are $132,000,000 upon farm mortgages. They tell us we must not speak of indebtedness. No, it is better to suffer from it than to mention it and to correct

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the wrong. They call us calamity howlers because we dare to suggest that that is a large debt. You make that dollar larger by appreciation; run it up until a gold ounce will exchange for twice as much as it will to-day and by legislation you fix upon this people a debt of $132,000,000 that they never contracted; you fix it to their disadvantage and to the advantage of the man that holds the note. You tell me it is not a sectional question; but, my friends, when a gentleman from Connecticut stands upon the floor of Congress and says, ‘I want gold because my people loan money and I am interested in their getting as good a dollar as I can,’ I tell you I will be sectional enough to stand upon the floor and say that my people owe money and you will never collect a bigger dollar than we borrowed if I can help it, so help me God! (Applause.) I will not detain you longer — (Cries of ‘Go on’ ‘Go on!’) — I will not detain you longer and enter into a discussion of this question which would go over the whole merits of it. It would require more time than you have to give. But, my friends, you know what the arguments are; you have heard them day by day, and you know that if we would put it to vote in the State of Nebraska and let every man write upon his ballot whether he wanted to use gold and silver, or wanted to repeal the Sherman law to aid some foreign nation in the use of a single standard, you know and I know that not only the

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Democratic party, but all parties, would vote nine to one in favor of the free coinage of silver. You know it.

"If, knowing that fact, you dare to place the Democratic party on record against the interests of the people, you alone are answerable for the consequences which will follow.

"Why, my friends, why shall we appeal to the people for votes? Do you go to a man and say, ‘Vote the Democratic ticket because you will get a postoffice?’ No. The State Committee may send out letters to the candidates and tell them to come as delegates to the convention in order to get a postoffice, but you don't tell that to the people when you ask them for their votes. You say to them ‘the Democratic party is the best instrument by which you serve your country;’ you try to tell them that by the application of Democratic principles of government you will bring equality before the law; that you will bring equal rights to the people, and you have taught them that you will give equal rights to all, and no special privileges to any. That is what you say when you go before the people. You must have something to plead for; you must have something to show them.

"What are you doing, my friends? In 1890 you put in your platform a plank declaring for the free coinage of silver, and for the first time in the history of this State you elected a Democratic

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governor. Free coinage didn't drive people away from the Democratic party. The next year you met, and for fear of embarrassing your Eastern brothers, you decided not to say anything at all until after the national convention; and alter the national convention you decided you could not say anything then because the national convention had spoken. (Laughter.) And we had a campaign of eloquence and ability that cannot be overmatched, and as a result the Democratic party that carried the State in 1890 was beaten by 34,000 by the Republicans, and 24,000 by the Independents.

"Now go a little further: when you were bold and declared for free coinage you carried the State; when you were afraid to express yourself you fell down to nearly one-half your size; and now you bow as willing worshippers at the feet of the golden calf. When you cry to the men who have robbed you by taxation, and you pleaded, and pleaded in vain for relief; when they have robbed you by taxation and then loaned the money that they took from you back to you on interest, and now try to get back from you a bigger dollar than the dollar which they loaned you — now you say that you are in favor of it. Say that instead of standing by the men who have stood by the Democratic party in the hours of its needs, instead of standing by the great producing sections of the South and West, whose interests

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are identical and who suffered from common burdens, say that instead of standing by those who have stood by you in your efforts for tariff reduction, that in the hours of their need and yours you will desert the history of the Democratic party, you will turn a deaf ear to the pleadings of its greatest senators, its greatest lights, and turn and say to the people who have smitten you: ‘We are ready to lick the hands that smite.’ Say that and call it Democracy, but I shall not call it Democracy until the Democratic party of this State has expressed itself upon the subject." (Applause.)

Bryan's speech was greeted with a mighty demonstration. The convention's refusal to even place the young Congressman on the Resolutions Committee was met with most severe criticism. It was one of the best tributes that could be paid to Bryan that his enemies were afraid to place him upon the Resolutions Committee with eight men on the same committee against him. But that action was most severely criticised because it was a violation of all parliamentary precedent, which has been to treat the minority with decency. Simply in keeping with the facts, it must be stated that the Bryan men were not accorded the most common courtesy due to a conquered foe. The administration men plainly showed that they were afraid of the prowess of the young Congressman,

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and they did not propose to give him the slightest opportunity to exert his influence among his fellow Democrats. The convention stood three to one against Bryan. The majority could have well afforded to place him on the Resolutions Committee with eight men against him, but it chose not to do so. They acted very much like men who had an antagonist down and who did not propose to let him up. The entire action, so far as Bryan was concerned, was impolitic and unwise.

The young Congressman in the convention met with a defeat which some of the delegates called ignominious," but if it was to be judged by the popular ovation which was extended to Bryan on every hand, he might have said on that day, in the language of Daniel Webster: "I still live." And from the indications, W. J. Bryan, though he was disowned and dishonored by the State convention of his own party, was the biggest and most conspicuous Democrat west of the Mississippi river.

When the news of Bryan's defeat was carried to Washington the entire Cleveland Cabinet went wild with delight. It was proudly claimed by the Federal office-holders that Bryan was dead and that they had buried him politically forever. But subsequent events not far removed from that date showed that William J. Bryan was able to lay aside his grave-clothes and his shroud.

The parting of the ways with the young Congressman

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and the so-called Democratic administration, however, had been reached, and no effort was spared on the part of Mr. Cleveland and his agents to humiliate the young man who dared to have his own opinion and to express that opinion even though it differed radically from the Chief Magistrate of the nation. But Mr. Bryan was not a man to be humiliated by the cheap tactics of the Cleveland administration.

While the Secretary of Agriculture was loading down the wires with long-winded interviews denunciatory of Mr. Bryan, the young Congressman, true to his nature, had no word of personal retort, but adhered strictly to the line of public duty which he had marked out; and he grew stronger and stronger each succeeding day with the people, who had learned to appreciate his splendid purpose.

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Chapter VII. "The Grave Gives Up Its Dead."

The administration forces at Washington and in Nebraska were considerably disappointed when they found that their delight in the temporary defeat of Mr. Bryan was shared only by the Federal officials. Some of these little fellows, in their blind vanity, could not see that Bryan really represented the overwhelming sentiment of the Nebraska Democracy. Others, however, very soon discovered their error. They soon learned that it is a very difficult task to destroy a man whose only sin had been that he struggled for a principle. The scene at the Nebraska convention of 1893 very much resembled that wherein a gang of jay-birds peck upon an eagle. In this instance at least no injury came to the eagle, for he soared above the petty persecutors and left them to the oblivion for which nature had so admirably fitted them.

Mr. Bryan returned to his Congressional duties while the administration put in much of its time branding for the slaughter men who were applicants for office and who had been known to sympathize with Mr. Bryan. The young Congressman began a determined advocacy of an income

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tax plan. He was so vigorous in his championship of this measure that he drew upon himself considerable criticism of eastern newspapers, but he was rewarded by the adoption of the income tax as suggested by him, by the Committee on Ways and Means.

On January 13, 1894, Mr. Bryan addressed the House on the tariff bill, in which address he maintained his high reputation.

On January 30, 1894, Mr. Bryan addressed the House on the subject of the proposed income tax. On that occasion he had pitted against him the eloquent Bourke Cockran, of New York. Mr. Cockran, although a Democrat, vigorously opposed the tax. From Mr. Bryan's speech in reply to Mr. Cockran the following extracts are taken:

"I need not give all the reasons which led the committee to recommend this tax, but will suggest two of the most important. The stockholder in a corporation limits his liability. When the statute creating the corporation is fully complied with, the individual stockholder is secure, except to the extent fixed by the statute, whereas the entire property of the individual is ordinarily liable for his debts. Another reason is that corporations enjoy certain privileges and franchises. Some are given the right of eminent domain, while others, such as street-car companies, are given the right to use the streets of the city — a franchise which Increases in value with each passing year. Corporations

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occupy the time and attention of our Federal courts and enjoy the protection of the Federal Government, and as they do not ordinarily pay taxes, the committee felt justified in proposing a light tax upon them.

"Some gentlemen have accused the committee of showing hostility to corporations. But, Mr. Chairman, we are not hostile to corporations; we simply believe that these creatures of the law, these fictitious persons, have no higher or dearer rights than the persons of flesh and blood whom God created and placed upon His footstool. (Applause.) Their assessed valuation increased only a little more than $300,000,000. This bill is not in the line of class legislation, nor can it be regarded as legislation against a section, for the rate of taxation is the same on every income over $4,000, whether its possessor lives upon the Atlantic coast, in the Mississippi Valley or on the Pacific Slope. I only hope that we may in the future have more farmers in the agricultural districts whose incomes are large enough to tax. (Applause.)

"But the gentleman from New York (Mr. Cockran) has denounced as unjust the principle underlying this tax. It is hardly necessary to read authorities to the House. There is no more just tax upon the statute books than the income tax, nor can any tax be proposed which is more equitable;

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and the principle is sustained by the most distinguished writers on political economy.

"Adam Smith says:

"‘The subjects of every State ought to contribute to the support of the Government, as nearly as possible in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the State. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation.’

"The income tax is the only one which really fulfills this requirement. But it is said that we single out some person with a large income and make him pay more than his share. And let me call attention here to a fatal mistake made by the distinguished gentleman from New York (Mr. Cockran). You who listened to his speech would have thought that the income tax was the only Federal tax proposed; you would have supposed that it was the object of this bill to collect the entire revenue from an income tax. The gentleman forgets that the pending tariff bill will collect upon imports more than one hundred and twenty millions of dollars — nearly ten times as much as we propose to collect from the individual income tax. Everybody knows that a tax upon consumption is an unequal tax, and that the poor man by means of it pays far out of proportion to the income which he enjoys.

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"I read the other day in the New York World — and I gladly join in ascribing praise to that great daily for its courageous fight upon this subject in behalf of the common people — a description of the home of the richest woman in the United States. She owns property estimated at $60,000,000, and enjoys an income which can scarcely be less than $3,000,000, yet she lives at a cheap boarding house, and only spends a few hundred dollars a year. That woman, under your indirect system of taxation does not pay as much toward the support of the Federal Government as a laboring man whose income of $500 is spent upon his family. (Applause.)

"Why, sir, the gentleman from New York (Mr. Cockran) said that the poor are opposed to this tax because they do not want to be deprived of participation in it, and that taxation instead of being a sum of servitude is a badge of freedom. If taxation is a badge of freedom, let me assure my friend that the poor people of this country are covered all over with the insignia of freemen.(Applause.)

"Notwithstanding the exemptions proposed by this bill, the people whose incomes are less than $4,000 will still contribute far more than their just share to the support of the Government. The gentleman says that he opposes this tax in the interest of the poor! Oh, sir, is it not enough to

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betray the cause of the poor — must it be done with a kiss? (Applause.)

"Would it not be fairer for the gentleman to fling his burnished lance full in the face of the toiler, and not plead for the great fortunes of this country under cover of the poor man's name? (Applause.) The gentleman also tells us that the rich will welcome this tax as a means of securing greater power. Let me call your attention to the resolutions passed by the New York Chamber of Commerce. I wonder how many poor men have membership in that body!

"They say that the income tax was ‘only tolerated as a war measure, and was abrogated by universal consent as soon as the condition of the country permitted.’ Abrogated by universal consent! What refreshing ignorance from such an intelligent source! If their knowledge of other facts recited in those resolutions is as accurate as that statement, how much weight their resolutions ought to have! Why, sir, there never has been a day since the war when a majority of the people of the United States opposed an income tax.

* * * * * *

"But they say that the income tax invites perjury; that the man who has a large income will swear falsely, and thus avoid the payment of the tax; and, indeed, the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Walker) admitted that his district was full of such people, and he said that our districts

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were, too. I suppose these constituents whom he accuses of perjury are expected to pat him on the back when he goes home and brag about the compliment he paid them.(Laughter and applause.)

"If there is a man in my district whose veracity is not worth two cents on the dollar, who will perjure himself to avoid the payment of a just tax imposed by law, I am going to wait until he pleads guilty before I make that charge against him. (Laughter and applause.)

"They say that we must be careful and not invite perjury. Why, sirs, this Government has too much important business on hand to spend its time trying to bolster up the morality of men who can not be trusted to swear to their incomes. And let me suggest that gentlemen who come to this House and tell us that their districts are full of such persons are treading upon dangerous ground. If a man will hold up his hand to Heaven and perjure his soul to avoid a 2 per cent, tax due to his Government, how can you trust such a man when he goes into court and testifies in a case in which he has a personal interest?

"If your districts are full of perjurers, if your districts are full of men who violate with impunity not only the laws, but their oaths, do you not raise a question as to the honesty of the methods by which they have accumulated their fortunes?

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(Applause on the Democratic side.) Instead of abandoning just measures for fear somebody will perjure himself, let them be enacted into law, and then if anyone perjures himself we can treat him like any other felon, and punish him for his perjury. (Applause.)

"But, gentlemen say that some people will avoid the tax, and that therefore it is unfair to the people who pay. What law is fully obeyed? Why are criminal courts established, except to punish people who violate the laws which society has made? The man who pays his tax need not concern himself about the man who avoids it, unless, perhaps, he is willing to help prosecute the delinquent. The man who makes an honest return and complies with the law pays no more than the rate prescribed, and if the possessors of large fortunes escape by fraud the payment of one-half their income tax, they will still contribute far more than they do now to support the Federal Government, and to that extent relieve from burdens those who now pay more than their share.

"The gentlemen who are so fearful of socialism when the poor are exempted from an income tax, view with indifference those methods of taxation which give the rich a substantial exemption. They weep more because fifteen millions are to be collected from the incomes of the rich than they do at the collection of three hundred millions upon the goods which the poor consume. And

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when an attempt is made to equalize these burdens, not fully, but partially only, the people of the South and West are called Anarchists.

"I deny the accusation, sirs. It is among the people of the South and West, on the prairies and in the mountains, that you find the staunchest supporters of government and the best friends of law and order.

"You may not find among these people the great fortunes which are accumulated in cities, nor will you find the dark shadows which these fortunes throw over the community, but you will find those willing to protect the rights of property, even while they demand that property shall bear its share of taxation. You may not find among them so much of wealth, but you will find men who are not only willing to pay their taxes to support the Government, but are willing whenever necessary to offer up their lives in its defense.

"These people, sir, whom you call Anarchists because they ask that the burdens of government shall be equally borne, these people have ever borne the cross on Calvary and saved their country with their blood.

"Let me refer again, in conclusion, to the statement made by the gentleman from New York (Mr. Cockran), that the rich people of his city favor the income tax. In a letter which appeared in the New York World on the 7th of this month, Ward McAllister, the leader of the ‘Four Hundred,’

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enters a very emphatic protest against the income tax. (Derisive laughter.) Here is an extract:

"In New York City and Brooklyn the local taxation is ridiculously high, in spite of the virtuous protest to the contrary by the officials in authority. Add to this high local taxation an income tax of 2 per cent, on every income exceeding $4,000, and many of our best people will be driven out of the country. An impression seems to exist in the minds of our great Democratic Solons in Congress that a rich man would give up all his wealth for the privilege of living in this country. A very short period of income taxation would show these gentlemen their mistake. The custom is growing from year to year for rich men to go abroad and live, where expenses for the necessaries and luxuries of life are not nearly so high as they are in this country. The United States, in spite of their much boasted natural resources, could not maintain such a strain for any considerable length of time. (Laughter.)

"But whither will these people fly? If their tastes are English, ‘quite English, you know,’ and they stop in London, they will find a tax of more than 2 per cent. assessed upon incomes; if they look for a place of refuge in Prussia, they will find an income tax of 4 per cent; if they search for seclusion among the mountains of Switzerland, they will find an income tax of 8 per cent.; if they

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seek repose under the sunny skies of Italy, they will find an income tax of more than 12 per cent.; if they take up their abode in Austria, they will find a tax of 20 per cent. I repeat, Whither will they fly?"

Mr. Weadock: "The gentleman will allow me to suggest that at Monte Carlo such a man would not have to pay any tax at all." (Laughter.)

Mr. Bryan: "Then, Mr. Chairman, I presume to Monte Carlo he would go, and that there he would give up to the wheel of fortune all the wealth of which he would not give a part to support the Government which enabled him to accumulate it. (Laughter and applause.)

"Are there really any such people in this country? Of all the mean men I have ever known, I have never known one so mean that I would be willing to say of him that his patriotism was less than 2 per cent.; deep (Laughter and applause.)

"There is not a man whom I would charge with being willing to expatriate himself rather than contribute from his abundance to the support of the Government that protects him.

"If ‘some of our best people’ prefer to leave the country rather than pay a tax of 2 per cent., God pity the worst.(Laughter.)

"If we have people who value free government so little that they prefer to live under monarchical institutions, even without an income tax, rather

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than live under the stars and stripes and pay a 2 per cent. tax, we can better afford to lose them and their fortunes than risk the contaminating influence of their presence.(Applause.)

"I will not attempt to characterize such persons. If Mr. McAllister is a true prophet, if we are to lose some of our ‘best people’ by the imposition of an income tax, let them depart, and as they leave without regret the land of their birth, let them go with the poet's curse ringing in their ears:

"‘Breathes there the man with soul so dead
Who never to himself hath said,
This is my own, my NATIVE LAND!
Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned,
As home his footsteps he hath turned
From wandering on a foreign strand?
If such there breathe, go mark him well;
For him no minstrel raptures swell;
High though his titles, proud his name,
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim;
Despite those titles, power and pelf,
The wretch, concentered all in self,
Living, shall forfeit fair renown,
And, doubly dying, shall go down
To the vile dust, from whence he sprung,
Unwept, unhonored and unsung.’"

(Loud and long-continued applause.)

On February 23, 1894, the Union League Club of Chicago gave a banquet of national interest.

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Covers were laid for 500 guests. The speakers and their subjects were as follows:

Governor McKinley of Ohio, "‘Washington is the Mightiest Name on Earth’ — Lincoln;" John S. Wise of New York, "The Due Administration of Justice is the Firmest Pillar of Good Government;" Associate Justice David J. Brewer of Washington, D. C. " Lessons from Washington's Farewell Address;" Luther Laflin Mills of Illinois, "';Tis Essentially True That Virtue or Morality is a Necessary Spring of Popular Government;" Bishop Charles H. Fowler of Minnesota, "The Name of America Must Always Exalt the Just Pride of Patriotism;" William J. Bryan of Nebraska, "Patriotism."

Mr. Bryan's address on this occasion is of more than ordinary interest at this time. He spoke as follows:

"Patriotism is defined as love of country, and is everywhere recognized as the highest civic virtue. Some have regarded it as a sentimental attachment to their native or adopted land; some have called it devotion to the flag; and still others have seen in it that higher satisfaction which purchases natural advantages. But whatever may be its essence or the form of its expression, patriotism has ever been the inspiration of statesman, poet and orator. This was the theme of Pericles when he commemorated the death of those who fell at Salamis. This was the theme of Tennyson when

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he laid his graceful tribute of praise upon the tomb of England's greatest general. This was the theme of Patrick Henry when his eloquence aroused our revolutionary sires to armed resistance, and gave to them the immortal war-cry, ‘Liberty or death.’ This was the theme of those who, in memory of Washington, gave to their countrymen — not a poem nor an oration, but more than both combined — a monument, the most imposing shaft ever erected by human hands in gratitude to man.

"There is no more valuable literature than that which embalms the names and deeds of heroes; there is no money more worthily expended than that which expresses in granite, in marble or in bronze, a people's appreciation of their patriots; and, since we imitate that which we admire, there are no reasons more laudable in purpose and more ennobling in effect than those, like the present, which cultivate within us a love of country by the study of those who deserve their country's love. We render unto him due meed of praise whose sword leaps from its scabbard at his country's call; we bestow our heart's affection upon the volunteer whose time and means, and even life, are a nation's reliance in the hour of peril, but we are apt to overlook the labor of those whose devotion is as truly shown when the temple of Janus is closed and the implements of carnage give place to the tools of industry. Sad, indeed,

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would be the lot of this generation if loyalty could be proved only in the service of Mars. To those who are of the aftermath the lines of Milton bring sweet assurance:

"‘Peace hath her victories
No less renown'd than war.’

"Aye, peace hath her victories, and not her victories only, but her responsibilities as well. In this land of ours, where government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed and not from the divine right of kings, the call to duty is as imperative when it comes in the still, small voice, as when it issues from the cannon's mouth. Does it not require as much devotion to discharge with constant and conscientious care the daily tasks of the citizen as it does to carry a musket? Does it not require as much self-sacrifice to list all one's property for taxation as it does to enlist in the army? Does it not require as much patriotism to serve one's country well in the election booth as it does to march to the strains of martial music? Does it not require as much fortitude to place civil duty above private business and the common weal above party advantage as it does to command a company? Does it not require as much courage to resist the siege of a lobby as it does to capture a city?

"Time forbids more than a passing reference to a few of the principal duties which attach to

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citizenship to-day. There is a growing disposition to avoid jury service and all manner of excuses are given by those who find it inconvenient to leave their work. But this sacrifice is not a matter of convenience; it is a matter of necessity. The jury system was never more correct than it is to-day, and to preserve it as a means of administering justice, men of ‘ordinary intelligence and of approved integrity’ must constitute the panel. If thieves are to be tried before thieves and criminals are to receive their acquittal at the hands of their associates, the system will become a hollow mockery. The rights of litigants cannot be safely submitted to the professional juror and the professional jury packer. If men plead pressure of business as a reason for shirking this duty, let them remember that large business interests are safe only under good government. How many, like Naaman, the leper, stand ready to do some great things for their country, but despise those humbler duties which make civil liberty possible.

"Another danger which we have to meet is corruption in official life. The boodler is abroad in the land, and the evidences of his handiwork are too often apparent. He is as dangerous to the welfare of the country as an army with banners, and as insidious as he is dangerous. Whether he enriches himself by his own malfeasance in office or finds a profit in using the legislative

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powers for private purposes, he is a public enemy and must be scourged from the temple. We cannot depend entirely upon criminal courts to remedy this evil, for guilt may exist in the absence of legal proofs sufficient to overcome all reasonable doubt. Public opinion, that ever potent force in popular government, must hold to strict accountability those who are trusted with authority. Mr. Jefferson has wisely said:

"‘Confidence is everywhere the parent of despotism — free government is founded in jealousy and not in confidence,’ and it may be added, the indifference of the citizen is the opportunity of the knave.

"If we were asked to name the greatest danger which threatens our political life as a nation, what danger would we point out? Not protection or free trade — a patriotic people will rid themselves of either if bad; not a gold nor a silver nor a paper standard — a patriotic people will settle the money question according to the best interests of all; not extravagance nor stringency in appropriations — a patriotic people will support their Government with sufficient liberality, and will in time check unnecessary expenditures; not State sovereignty nor the centralization of power — a patriotic people will wisely limit the authority of the general and local Governments. These are all great questions and may well occupy the best thought of the country and challenge the serious

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consideration of both citizen and official, but there is a question which is higher, deeper and broader than any or all of these: Will the citizen be as patriotic when he sits beneath the olive branch of peace as when he follows the eagles of war?

"It has been said that the ‘voice of the people is the voice of God,’ but that voice must be heard to be effective. It must be expressed and obeyed before it can assume supreme power. Some boast that they take no part in politics and talk as if participating in the business of the Government were beneath them. Shame upon such ingrates.

"The man who is too good to take part in politics is not good enough to deserve the blessings of a free Government. Suffrage is given to the citizen not merely as a personal privilege, but as a public trust, and should be exercised as such. The man who tries to vote twice is scarcely more to be feared than the man who is not interested enough to vote once. The few who control primaries in the interest of the machine are scarcely more to be blamed than the many who, by remaining away, not only permit, but invite, misrepresentation. The duty of the citizen does not end when he contributes his just proportion of the taxes collected by the Government; it does not end when he goes to the polls and chooses between the candidates nominated; his full duty requires attendance upon conventions, mass meetings, caucuses

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and primaries where public opinion finds expression and policies are initiated. Not only is there a prevalent disregard of political duties, but parents are often more solicitous about leaving a fortune to their children than they are about training them for the responsibilities of citizenship. If the political world is full of impurity, the son should be prepared to purify it, for in it he must live whether it be foul or clean. It was the boast of the Roman matron that she was able to rear strong and courageous sons for the battlefield; let it be the work of the American mothers that they are able to send forth to do battle for humanity brave and manly sons who can mingle in politics without contamination and serve their country without dishonor. No age has faced graver problems than those which now press us for solution. No generation ever enjoyed greater opportunities for intelligent, heroic devotion to the country's good. It is as important for us to preserve our liberties as it was for our forefathers to secure them, and as we meet about this board to do homage to him whose sword achieved our independence, and whose wisdom guided the footsteps of the infant Republic, I can propose no more appropriate sentiment than this:

"‘The United States — secure in peace or war, when the people so act, at all times, in all places and under all circumstances, that each is worthy

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of that noblest of all names — an American citizen.’"

On March 2, 1894, Mr. Bryan introduced in the House of Representatives the following:

"Whereas, An act entitled ‘An act directing the purchase of silver bullion and the issue of treasury notes thereon, and for other purposes,’ approved July 14, 1890, provides ‘that upon demand of the holder of any of the treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary shall, under such regulations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or silver coin, at his discretion,’ it being the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the present legal ratio or such ratio as may be provided by law; and

"Whereas, This provision and other similar provisions for redemption in coin have been construed to mean that the Secretary of the Treasury has no discretion, but must redeem in that coin which the holder of the obligation demands; and

"Whereas, such construction violates both the letter and the spirit of the law, destroys the principles of bimetallism and places the treasury at the mercy of any who may conspire to reduce the gold reserve for the purpose of forcing an issue of bonds, therefore

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of

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Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled:

"That all obligations heretofore or hereafter incurred by the Government of the United States, whether such obligations bear interest or not, which according to their terms call for payment in coin, shall be payable in gold or silver of present weight and fineness at the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, and the right of the holder of any such obligation to demand payment in a particular kind of coin, whether gold or silver, is hereby expressly denied; and that the Secretary of the Treasury is directed to maintain gold and silver coin on a parity with each other upon the present legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law, by receiving the same without discrimination against either metal in payment of all public dues, customs and taxes."

Speaking of this in an interview, Mr. Bryan said:

"The object of the bill is to make certain a law now upon the statute books, and to prevent the misinterpretation and misconstruction of it. If it had been the object of the law to give to the note-holder the right to demand whichever coin he preferred, certainly the statutes would not have left it to the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury to pay whichever one he preferred. The option cannot be given to the note-holder and the Government at the same time, and yet the

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department has construed a subsequent provision, in regard to maintaining the parity, in a way which absolutely destroys the discretion expressly given to the Secretary of the Treasury. If this bill can be brought before the House, it will enable those who believe in bimetallism and who believe that the Government owes as high duty to all the people as it does to those who attempt to injure its credit by raiding the gold reserve, to express themselves and to put the coin redemption provision in such a shape as to prevent further misunderstanding or misconstruction. We are brought face to face with the single standard and it is well to have the record made before the next election."

By this time the administration was using its utmost endeavors to rebuke Bryan for his defense of Democratic principles. In one district in the State a man was appointed to office who it was known had worked openly and avowedly against the regular Democratic nominee for Congress and in favor of the Republican candidate. On the day following that appointment, a number of Bryan's recommendations were turned down, and this policy of refusing every courtesy to the young Congressman was adhered to to the end by the Cleveland administration. The situation in this respect is well described in an editorial from the World-Herald, March 15, 1894.

"There are some strange influences at work in

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the distribution of patronage in Nebraska. It has been demonstrated that while George D. Meiklejohn, the Republican Congressman, can have some of his friends appointed to office, friendship for William J. Bryan, the one Democratic Congressman from this State, is quite fatal to an applicant's chances. There is little use of the friends of Mr. Bryan keeping their eyes closed to the real situation. The defeat of Mr. Bryan's candidate at Nebraska City shows beyond all doubt — if any doubt has existed — that the anti-Bryan influences are the strongest with the administration. It will be said that Nebraska City being the home of Secretary Morton, he should be permitted to name the postmaster, but everyone understands what Mr. Morton has so often and so plainly stated, that he is not interfering with Federal appointments. It might with equal propriety be claimed that Mr. Bryan should be permitted to name the postmaster at his home. But this privilege was not granted him. A second choice was forced upon him, and his opponents now claim that they suggested this second choice to the President.

"It maybe true that the President was warranted in refusing to appoint Calhoun at Lincoln because of Calhoun's criticism of Presidential action. But in the Nebraska City case there was no question of Boydston's ‘straight democracy.’ He is a young man of high character. He supported Mr.

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Morton for Governor with the same zeal that he labored for Mr. Bryan for Congress. In Nebraska City's democracy Boydston has been the cheerful hewer of wood and drawer of water. Because of his ability and his enthusiasm he came to be known as Bryan's personal representative at Nebraska City. Against either Boydston's democracy or his character nothing could be said. He was, however, guilty of the unpardonable sin — he was a ‘friend of Bryan.’ The fact that he had also been a zealous friend to every other Democratic nominee could not make amends for the greatest ‘crime’ in Nebraska's political calender.

"He had not criticised Cleveland, but on the contrary was one of the President's enthusiastic admirers. Anticipating the punishment for his offense in being zealous in the election of Nebraska's one Democratic Congressman, Mr. Boydston recently accepted the Democratic nomination for City Clerk at Nebraska City. It will be seen that he anticipated correctly.

"The Third District Democratic patronage has been distributed to reward friends of a Republican Congressman.

"In the First District, Democratic patronage has been distributed to rebuke friends of the one Democratic Congressman from Nebraska.

"These are samples of ‘Tobe Castor Democracy.’

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"This may be the way to build up the Democratic party, but we doubt it. And it may also be said that it is the poorest method imaginable to tear down Bryan.

"It is just as well to understand right now that Bryan's recommendation to the administration is hardly worth the paper upon which it is written. But it is equally true that the young Congressman stands closer to the people of Nebraska to-day than ever before. And every move that bears the indication of an effort to rebuke him will only serve to increase the number of his admirers in Nebraska."

On March 15, 1894, Mr. Bryan stopped in Omaha on his way to his home in Lincoln, from Washington. He had made such an admirable record in Congress that the Democrats of Omaha, many of whom had helped the administration to rebuke the young Congressman at the State convention, turned out en masse to give him an ovation. It was noticeable that many of those who had been most conspicuous in the effort to rebuke him in 1893 made themselves conspicuous in the effort to do him honor on this occasion. There were many in that vast audience who differed radically from the young Congressman in opinion on the money question, but he preached to them the gospel of bimetallism eloquently and earnestly as he had at every opportunity presented in his career. He spoke strongly and eloquently of the

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necessity of making silver as well as gold a money metal, the foundation for the currency of the country and of the world, and predicted that his audience would yet see gold and silver go arm in arm to the United States mint. It was the great coming question he declared and no party was great enough to live unless it met every question as it came up. In closing Mr. Bryan completely captivated his great audience when he at once graciously acknowledged the reception accorded him and declared his adherence to the principle to which he is so thoroughly committed.

"My friends," said Mr. Bryan in conclusion, "you have been very kind to me here. Kind far beyond my deserts. For your personal consideration and the political honors you have helped to confer upon me I owe you more than I can ever repay, but I feel so strongly upon this subject that even should every friend I have turn from me, believing as I do that inconceivable misery would be wrought by a single gold standard, still would I preach the doctrine of bimetallism from every stump." The great audience rose as one man and cheered the young orator for fifteen minutes. Thousands of people crowded upon the platform and congratulated him personally and bid him God speed in his good work.

On the day following this reception, the Omaha World-Herald contained an editorial under the

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head line, "The Grave Gives Up Its Dead," as follows:

"THE GRAVE GIVES UP ITS DEAD.

"Congressman Bryan has reason to be proud of the splendid reception accorded him by the people of Omaha. The Democrats seemed to be a unit in doing honor to the young man, whose public career has been an honor to his State. Men who have disagreed with him upon the financial question were as enthusiastic as their free silver brethren in paying a tribute of respect to the young Congressman.

"It is not too much to say that if Mr. Bryan had been offered as a member of a resolutions committee at the Exposition hall Thursday night, instead of the Douglas delegation being solidly against him, it would have been solid in his favor.

"Mr. Bryan has always manifested a tender feeling for the people of Douglas county, for it was here that he received in his first election a vote that swelled his majority to immensity. It was here, in fact, that he made the first speech that stamped him as a student of political economy, and here he has always had a host of friends whose devotion to him could not be questioned.

"It is hardly necessary to refer to the breezy incidents at the last State Convention, when, in the language of one enthusiast, ‘We laid the Young Man Eloquent to rest in the grave.’ But the scenes at the Exposition hall on Thursday

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night impressed one with the thought that ‘the grave’ has given up its dead.

"This splendid reception to Bryan, coming immediately upon the announcement that he has ‘once more been turned down by the administration,’ is not without its significance. It demonstrates that while the young Congressman's influence with the administration has become weaker and weaker, his power with the people has grown stronger and stronger.

"While the reception Bryan received was a splendid tribute to himself, like the blessing of mercy it was creditable alike to them that gave and him that received. Many men who were earnest in the successful attempt to ‘sit down on Bryan’ at the State Convention were equally earnest and enthusiastic in doing him honor at the great gathering on Thursday night. Many of these may not have changed their views since that time, but it is fair to believe that if that State Convention were to be held to-day the ‘sitting down’ process would be carried out in an entirely different manner.

"There are many men in Omaha who do not entirely agree with Bryan, who are proud of his record and his fame.

"Bryan's strength is in his candor as well as his ability. Before him at the Exposition hall were the members of the two local Democratic organizations and representative Democrats in every

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walk of life. Upon every issue of the day he made himself understood. He took issue with the administration upon the issue of bonds, upon the repeal of the Sherman law, and he did not hesitate to refer to the well-known words of the Democratic Secretary of the Treasury in the halcyon days of that gentleman's championship of free silver. No other Democrat has ever lived in Nebraska who could receive the open recognition and the explicit tribute of organized Democracy in this city at the moment when he boldly assailed the attitude of the Democratic administration upon the great issues of the day; and when he said, ‘You have been very kind to me here, but if every friend I have in the world should turn against me, as long as I believe as I do on this question I will preach it from every stump’ — when he said this, there was no man present who could restrain himself from joining in the applause which was given as a tribute to the sincerity and the courage of a public man.

"The Omaha reception to Mr. Bryan must be accepted as formal recognition of the fact that he is to-day the leader of the Nebraska Democracy. The White House may send its messengers through the political Charnel House for ‘leaders’ in the distribution of patronage, but the Democracy of Nebraska, unawed and uninfluenced by the hope of reward to any individual, will prefer to doff its hat in the interesting presence of William

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J. Bryan — the pigmy in Presidential favor, the giant in popular esteem."

On May 8, 1894, an incident occurred in the House which illustrates the conscientious activity of the Democratic nominee for President. The Committee on Public Lands and Buildings brought up a bill to appropriate $300,000 to buy a site for a new printing office. The debate ran along all through the day. After adjournment Mr. Bryan visited the various sites suggested, examined the Government land suitable for the purpose and consulted real estate agents as to the price of property near the proposed sites.

The following morning he took charge of the fight against the bill and showed that the land recommended by the committee was being valued at $100,000 to $150,000 above its actual market value. He also showed that the Government owned suitable land for the building and did not need to buy. He succeeded in carrying by a vote of 149 to 35 a resolution to instruct the committee to select a site on land owned by the United States. His presentation of the facts was so clear and convincing that he carried the House in spite of the unanimous opposition of the Committee on Public Lands and Buildings.

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Chapter VIII. How Nebraska Was Redeemed.

In the spring of 1894 the silver sentiment in Nebraska had undergone a wonderful increase and the Democrats in all parts of the State became restless. The party in Nebraska was dominated by inferior men who had obtained their power simply because they were the only ones who were willing to do the bidding of the administration," without regard to what the orders might be. The dominant element in control of the State Committee had the aid and co-operation of the greater number of the Federal officials. It was evident too that they had plenty of money at their command, and it is certain that they had all the railroad passes that were necessary for the convenience of their fellows. On the other hand, the silver men were without money, but they were not without courage and determination. The administration men felt confident of their ability to hold power in Nebraska, unquestioned for time to come, and certainly they had good reason for this confidence.

But one evening in the month of May 1894, there assembled in a private room in the Paxton Hotel, in Omaha, a number of Silver Democrats

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of Nebraska. It is just and proper that the names of these gentlemen should go into history, for they laid the foundation for one of the greatest triumphs ever accomplished in the record of a State. Their labor was entirely disinterested, for there was not one man among the number who was a candidate for public office either present or prospective. They were all property holders and men of wide business experience, and they had learned at great personal expense to appreciate the evils of the single gold standard. The names of these men are as follows: Judge Joseph E. Ong of Geneva, Nebraska; J. B. Kitchen of of Omaha, Nebraska; C. J. Smythe of Omaha; Nebraska; J. H. Broady of Lincoln, Nebraska, William H. Thomsen of Grand Island, Nebraska; James C. Dahlman of Chadron, Nebraska; State Senator John Thompson of Freemont, Nebraska; G. A. Luikhart of Norfolk, Nebraska; John C. Vanhousen of Schuyler, Nebraska; W. H. Kelligar of Auburn, Nebraska; Frank J. Morgan of Plattsmouth, Nebraska; Edwin Falloon, of Falls City, Nebraska, and C. D. Casper of David City, Nebraska.

These gentlemen determined to call a State conference of the Free Silver Democrats of Nebraska and they fixed June 21 as the date on which that conference should be held. They determined to have the call for this conference signed by 250 representative Democrats from all parts of

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the State, and they determined that the matter should be an entire secret until all these signatures had been obtained and the call had been formally issued. It will be readily understood that it required a great deal of skillful effort to keep such an interesting plan a secret, particularly when such a large number of persons were required to sign the call. But the plan was well carried out and like a lightning flash from a clear sky the newspapers of the State on May 24, 1894, contained, under glaring head lines, this formal call:

"CALL TO FREE SILVER DEMOCRATS.

"Believing that the question of the restoration of the double standard of gold and silver as money of ultimate redemption and standard of values is now one of the foremost issues in the minds of the voters of Nebraska, and that the change from the double to the single standard is, has been, and will continue to be, until reversed, a grievous wrong to the people of the United States and particularly to the people of Nebraska; and believing that nine-tenths of the Democrats of Nebraska so feel, and that they have not always been fairly represented on the subject by the Democratic conventions of Nebraska; and believing that the time has come when the welfare of the party in this State imperatively demands a plain,

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unequivocal statement of the party on that subject;

"Therefore, we, the undersigned Democrats ot Nebraska, for the purpose of propagating the double standard doctrine in the Democratic party and enabling the masses of the Democratic party in this State to obtain the fairest expression of their views on that subject in the conventions of the future, do hereby call a State conference of Free Silver Democrats, to be held at Omaha, commencing at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of Thursday, June 21, 1894, at which conference will be organized a ‘Nebraska Democratic Free Coinage League.’"

This call was signed by 250 representative Democrats. On June 21 this great conference was called to order. One thousand delegates were in attendance. The Nebraska Bimetallic League was organized and the following resolutions were adopted:

"We send greeting to our fellow-Democrats of Nebraska and ask their earnest co-operation and aid in electing delegates from every county in the State to the Democratic State Convention of 1894, pledged to vote for the insertion in the Democratic State platform of the following plank:

"‘We favor the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the present ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid and consent of any other nation on earth.’

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"In the effort to obtain a fair expression of Democratic sentiment, we urge upon every Democrat who believes in the principles herein enunciated to participate actively and vigorously in the selection of delegates to the State Convention.

"We recommend that in every county of the State the Democrats who oppose this proposed plank be invited to a thorough discussion of its merits, to the end that the Democratic party may act intelligently and harmoniously upon this great question.

"We propose that this contest shall be fought out upon clean lines and with intelligent methods, but, confident in the correctness of our position, we also propose that the fight shall be vigorous, and that no effort shall be spared to place in the platform of the Democratic party the same emphasis, the same unmistakable utterance concerning the great question of finance, as has been lastingly imprinted upon our platforms concerning the great question of tariff reform."

Mr. Bryan addressed the Conference on the money question and concluded his splendid effort in the following language:

"I bid you go forth to battle; upon you rests a grave responsibility, and going forth in the name of the party that you love, you can redeem this country. The restoration of silver is only one of the reforms, but if the Democratic party cannot accomplish it, it cannot accomplish the others, for

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the same power opposes all the reforms demanded by the people to-day. Here before me are gray haired, men who have toiled for victory for long years without hope of reward — or fear of punishment. Their eyes may not behold complete success, but they may know that their labors, have not been in vain, and when the time comes he down happy in the promise:

"‘Yea, though thou lie upon the dust,
When they who helped thee flee in fear,
Die full of hope and manly trust,
Like those who fell in battle here.

"‘Another hand thy sword shall wield;
Another hand the standard wave;
Till from the trumpet's mouth is pealed
The blast of triumph o'er thy grave.’"

The mighty determination of the silver men thoroughly alarmed the administration forces. At the same time it gave hope to the silver Democrats of the State and from all parts of Nebraska came encouraging words and promises of loyal assistance from men who had become disgusted with the manipulation of their party to base purposes. The Silver Democrats at their conference adopted a courteous resolution, requesting the gold-bug State Committee to call an early convention, in order that the contest might be properly carried on. But the committee refused to adhere to the

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request and insisted on calling a late convention in the hope that the gold men would be able to repair their shattered forces. The silver men prepared for the fight and organized in every county of the State. In the spring of 1894 Mr. Bryan had announced his determination not to be a candidate for a third term in the House on July 28, 1894. The following letter was sent to Mr. Bryan:

"HEADQUARTERS NEBRASKA DEMOCRATIC FREE COINAGE LEAGUE , GENEVA, Neb., July 28, 1894. — [To Hon. William J. Bryan, Washington, D. C.] —

Dear Sir: The growing sentiment that United States Senators should be the choice of the people make it essential that Nebraska should be in line with other States with this progressive idea. Believing that the great majority of the people of Nebraska desire that you should represent this State in the United States Senate, the executive committee of the Nebraska Democratic Free Coinage League, respectfully request that you announce yourself as a candidate for this high office.

"We desire that you shall at the same time announce the principles which will guide you in the event that you are elected, and also that you shall make a thorough canvass of the State.

"In the event that you make this announcement, the friends of bimetallism in the Democratic party propose to urge your nomination by that party.

"We are confident that every element in the

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State favorable to the principles you have so ably championed are favorable to your election as United States Senator, and we are certain that the political party which does not champion your candidacy will not reflect the sentiment of the masses of the people of Nebraska.

"Awaiting an early reply we are yours, truly,

J. E. ONG, President,

F. J. MORGAN, Secretary,

G. A. LUIKHART, Treasurer,

JAMES C. DAHLMAN

H. M. BOYDSTON,

C. J. SMYTHE,

ROBERT CLOGG,

W. D. OLDHAM,

JOHN THOMPSON,

WILLIAM H. THOMSEN,

W. H. KELLIGAR,

GEORGE WELLS,

Executive Committee."

On August 5, 1894, Mr. Bryan replied to this letter consenting to become a candidate for the United States Senate. In this letter he said that if he should be elected he would do his part to repeal the unjust laws now existing and to secure such new legislation as might be necessary to protect each citizen in the enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He said he would labor for an income tax as a permanent

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part of our financial system, preferring a graduated tax, but accepting the tax provided for in the Wilson Bill as a step toward the restoration of equality in the distribution of the burdens of government. He said that the most important and far-reaching question which would confront the Senator then to be elected from Nebraska was the money question. On this question Mr. Bryan said:

"In my judgment it lies at the bottom of the great industrial disturbance now prevalent throughout the world, and no permanent prosperity can be expected until silver is restored to its rightful place by the side of gold, or metallic money is abandoned entirely. For reasons which I have stated on former occasions, I prefer the remonetization of silver to the complete demonetization of both of the precious metals, and I therefore ‘favor the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the present ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth.’

"Believing that the creation of money is an attribute of sovereignty, I am opposed to farming out the right to any private individual or corporation whatever, and, in case the precious metals do not furnish a sufficient supply, favor the issue of full legal tender paper, redeemable in coin, by the General Government, in such quantities that the volume of the currency, gold, silver and paper together

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will be so adjusted to the needs of commerce that the dollar will be stable in its purchasing power, and thus defraud neither debtor nor creditor.

"I shall also favor such legislation as will hereafter prohibit the making of contracts for a particular kind of money. No person should be permitted to demonetize by contract a nation's money.

"The fact that the purchasers of the bonds recently issued (and issued, as I believe, without reasonable excuse,) drew from the treasury more than $18,000,000 in gold, to pay for the bonds sold to obtain gold, shows the viciousness of the policy followed by the present administration and by the preceding Republican administration, of allowing the holders of greenbacks and treasury notes to demand gold only for redemption. The Government has, and should exercise, the option of paying either gold or silver on all coin obligations. If the Government will exercise this option in the interest of the people generally, it will not be necessary to further burden the taxpayers by issues of interest-bearing bonds in time of peace. Until the Government does exercise its right to pay in silver, when that is most convenient, it will be at the mercy of any band of conspirators who may find a pecuniary advantage in depleting the gold reserve. No issue of bonds, however great or frequent, can maintain a gold

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reserve so long as the option is given to the note-holder, and the moneyed interests find a profit in the increase of our bonded indebtedness."

Mr. Bryan also declared in favor of election of Senators by the people. He declared in favor of a liberal pension policy toward the nation's disabled soldiers. He favored the foreclosure of Government liens on all Pacific Railways, and their sale, in order that the people of Nebraska and other Western States might not be burdened by the tolls collected to pay interest on an exorbitant valuation. He favored the application of the principle of arbitration as far as Federal authority extends.

Mr. Bryan's letter contained one plank which is very significant at this time, taken in connection with his declaration immediately following his nomination at Chicago.

This plank is as follows:

"I am in favor of an amendment to the Constitution making the President ineligible to re-election, in order that he may not be tempted by ambition to use the enormous patronage at his disposal to secure a continuance in office."

This is only one instance indicating that the principles advocated by William J. Bryan are not those hewn out for the occasion, but that they are the same principles to which he has devoted his life and his earnest and consistent effort.

The contest for control of the Democratic State

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Convention that year was the most spirited in the history of the State. County after county elected silver delegates and instructed for Bryan for United States Senator. The "gold bugs" felt confident of carrying Douglas county, in which Omaha is located, but the Bryan men invaded that domain and made such a vigorous warfare that a solid free silver delegation was elected from that county. The silver men controlled the State Convention which met September 27, 1894, by two to one, and that convention adopted a platform of which the following is an extract:

"We endorse the language used by Hon. John G. Carlisle, in 1878, when he denounced the ‘conspiracy’ to destroy silver money as ‘the most gigantic crime of this or any other age,’ and we agree with him that ‘the consummation of such a scheme would ultimately entail more misery upon the human race than all the wars, pestilences and famines that ever occurred in the history of the world.’ (Cheers.) We are not willing to be parties to such a crime, and in order to undo the wrong already done, and to prevent the further appreciation of money, we favor the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation upon earth.

"We regard the right to issue money as an attribute of sovereignty and believe that all money

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needed to supplement the gold and silver coinage of the Constitution, and to make the dollar so stable in its purchasing power that it will defraud neither debtor nor creditor, should be issued by the General Government as the greenbacks were issued; that such money should be redeemable in coin, the Government to exercise the option by redeeming them in gold or silver, whichever is most convenient for the Government. We believe that all money issued by the Government, whether gold, silver or paper, should be made a full legal tender for all debts, public and private (applause), and that no citizen should be permitted to demonetize by contract that which the Government makes money by law."

Mr. Bryan was nominated by that convention for United States Senator. There was considerable difference between this convention and the convention that assembled in Lincoln in 1893, when Bryan was rebuked. The convention of 1893 was dominated by the agents of the Cleveland administration, but the convention of 1894 was in the hands of the untramelled Democracy of Nebraska.

Mr. Bryan, in acknowledging his nomination to be United States Senator, said among other things:

"I look back over what I have tried to do with nothing of regret except that I have been able to do so little of what I have desired to do. I have

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realized, as each day passed, more and more the magnitude of the work, and more and more the exactitude of such a position. I want to say to you that I have striven as best I could to carry out your wishes as expressed at the convention and to protect your rights, as I understood them, and to do my duty as I saw it. I believe from your vote to-night that you will give me credit for having at least made an earnest attempt.

"I could not promise more fidelity in the future than I have tried to give in the past. The experience, which by your suffrages I have been able to earn, will be used, if by your suffrages again I am made a member of the upper part of Congress."

Although the State Convention was controlled two to one by the silver men and the "gold bugs" had been thoroughly whipped, thirty-nine of them, mostly Federal office-holders, or beneficiaries otherwise of the administration, bolted the convention and upon this slender pretext built up an organization which laid claim to be the regular Democratic organization of the State. The progeny of this organization was the delegation that went to Chicago and was seated by the votes of the "gold bug" members of the national committee and then ejected from the convention by the unanimous vote of the credentials committee, even the gold men of the credentials committee not being

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able to countenance such a shallow claim to recognition in a Democratic assemblage.

On the day following Mr. Bryan's nomination C. J. Smythe, chairman of the Democratic State Convention, issued a challenge to the Hon. John M. Thurston, who, although not formally nominated, was regarded as the Republican choice for Senator. It was very evident from the start that Mr. Thurston was not fond of punishment and it required considerable correspondence before he was induced, or perhaps forced, to meet Mr. Bryan in joint debate. Messrs. Bryan and Thurston opened their debate in Lincoln to a crowd of about 10,000 people. The second meeting was in Omaha where 15,000 people had gathered. It was a mighty contest in which Mr. Thurston, who is a man of great ability, acquitted himself with great credit. But his friends were not profuse in their compliments of his really worthy effort. They were content to congratulate their distinguished fellow-Republican that he had escaped from the contest with his life. Bryan overmatched the ablest Republican orator west of the Mississippi river exactly as he has overmatched every orator on either side of the Father of Waters.

Mr. Bryan was defeated for the Senate. Nebraska has a law whereby preference of the United States Senator may be expressed by the voter on his ballot. Of these expressions Mr. Bryan received 81,000 votes. Had the result been determined

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by the popular vote, no politician denies that Mr. Bryan would have been elected by a large majority. But the effect of many votes were lost for Mr. Bryan by the election of members for the Legislature by districts and thus the Republiccans controlled that body. Mr. Bryan's defeat was a great disappointment to his many loyal friends in Nebraska, but if it was a serious disappointment to himself no one was ever able to discover it. He is not a man to "wear his heart on his sleeve for daws to peck at," and he accepted defeat gracefully. As soon as the result of the election was known, Mr. Bryan issued this splendid letter to his Nebraska friends.

"Lincoln, Neb., November 8, 1894.

"The Legislature is Republican, and a Republican Senator will now be elected to represent Nebraska. This may be mortifying to the numerous chairmen who have introduced me to audiences as the ‘next Senator from Nebraska,’ but it illustrates the uncertainty of prophecies.

"I appreciate more than words can express the cordial good will and the loyal support of the friends to whom I am indebted for the political honors which I have received. I am especially grateful to those who bear without humiliation the name of the common people, for they have been my friends when others have deserted me. I appreciate also the kind words of many who have

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been restrained by party ties from giving me their votes. I have been a hired man for four years, and, now that the campaign is closed, I may be pardoned for saying that as a public servant I have performed my duty to the best of my ability, and am not ashamed of the record made.

"I stepped from private life into national politics at the bidding of my countrymen; at their bidding I again take my place in the ranks and resume without sorrow the work from which they called me. It is the glory of our institutions that public officials exercise authority by the consent of the governed rather than by divine or hereditary right. Paraphrasing the language of Job, each public servant can say of departing honors: ‘The people gave and the people have taken away, blessed be the name of the people.’

"Speaking of my own experience in politics, I may again borrow an idea from the great sufferer and say: ‘What, shall we receive good at the hands of the people, and shall we not receive evil?’ I have received good even beyond my deserts, and I accepted defeat without complaint. I ask my friends not to cherish resentment against any who may have contributed to the result. If my election would have brought good to the State, those who have aided in the defeat will suffer as much as we; if my defeat has brought good to the State, we as citizens shall enjoy the advantage in common with those who secured it. If they were

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conscientiously striving to carry out what they believed to be right, we cannot criticise them, because each citizen has a right to contend in politics for the measures and men desired by him, and he is in duty bound to do so. If our opponents were actuated by unworthy motives, they will suffer more than their victim. Instead of finding fault when it is too late to apply a remedy, let us rather prepare for the work before us. I have advocated fusion because I believe it necessary to bring the reform forces of society together in order to overcome a united and insolent opposition. I still advocate fusion as the only possible road to the great reforms needed.

"The enemies of good government, the beneficiaries of class legislation, act as one man, with unlimited means at their disposal. The common people have only their votes, and they must cast them together or suffer defeat. In this State, fusion, while only partial, has elected Judge Holcomb and thus secured the defeat of as corrupt a ring as ever cursed the State. That is a great victory for this year. Where else have the Democrats and Populists won such a triumph? Let us rejoice that by our combined efforts we have elected an honest man as Executive of this State.

"The friends of these reforms have fought a good fight; they have kept the faith, and they will not have finished their course until the reforms are accomplished. Let us be grateful for the

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progress made, and ‘with malice toward none and charity for all’ begin the work of the next campaign.

"Those who fight for the right may be defeated, but they are never conquered. They may suffer reverses, but they never suffer disgrace.

"Yours truly,
"W. J. BRYAN."

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Chapter IX. Bryan at Arlington.

On May 30, 1894, at Arlington, Washington, D. C., Mr. Bryan delivered the Memorial Day Address, which was listened to by the President and his" cabinet, and many members of Congress. This address was admitted by Mr. Bryan's most bitter opponents, to be one of the best of memorial day productions. On this occasion Mr. Bryan said:

"With flowers in our hands and sadness in our hearts, we stand amid the tombs where the nation's dead are sleeping. It is appropriate that the chief executive is here, accompanied by his cabinet; it is appropriate that the soldier's widow is here, and the soldier's son; it is appropriate that here are assembled, in numbers growing less each year, the scarred survivors, federal and confederate, of our last great war; it is appropriate, also, that these exercises in honor of comrades dead, should be conducted by comrades still surviving. All too soon the day will come, when these graves must be decorated by hands unused to the implements of war, and when these speeches must be made by lips that never answered to a roll call.

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"We, who are of the aftermath, cannot look upon the flag with the same emotions that thrill you, who have followed it as your pillar of cloud by day and your pillar of fire by night, nor can we appreciate it as you can who have seen it waving in front of reinforcements when succor meant escape from death; neither can we, standing by these blossom-covered mounds, feel as you have often felt when far away from home, and on hostile soil you have laid your companions to rest; but from a new generation we can bring you the welcome assurance that the commemoration of this day will not part with you. We may neglect the places where the nation's greatest victories have been won, but we cannot forget the Arlingtons which the nation has consecrated with its tears.

"To ourselves, as well as to the dead, we owe the duty which we discharge here, for monuments and memorial days declare the patriotism of the living no less than the virtues of those whom they commemorate.

"We would be blind indeed to our own interests and to the welfare of posterity, if we were deaf to the just demands of the soldiers and his dependents. We are grateful for the services rendered by our defenders, whether illustrious or nameless, and yet a nation's gratitude in not entirely unselfish, since, by our regard for the dead, we add to the security of the living; by our

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remembrance of those who have suffered, we give inspiration to those upon whose valor we must hereafter rely, and prove ourselves worthy of the sacrifices which have been made and which may be again required.

"The essence of patriotism lies in a willingness to sacrifice for one's country, just as true greatness finds expression, not in blessings enjoyed, but in good bestowed. Read the words inscribed on the monuments reared by loving hands to the heroes of the past; they do not speak of wealth inherited, or honors bought, or of hours in leisure spent, but of service done. Twenty years, forty years, a life or life's most precious blood he yielded up for the welfare of his fellows — this is the simple story which proves that it is now, and ever has been, more blessed to give than to receive.

"The officer was a patriot when he gave his ability to his country and risked his name and fame upon the fortunes of war; the private soldier was a patriot when he took his place in the ranks and offered his body as a bulwark to protect the flag; the wife was a patriot when she bade her husband farewell and gathered about her the little brood over which she must exercise both a mother's and a father's care; and if there can be degrees in patriotism, the mother stood first among the patriots when she gave to the nation her sons, the divinely-appointed support of her

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declining years, and as she brushed the tears away, thanked God that he had given her the strength to rear strong and courageous sons for the battlefield.

"To us who were born too late to prove upon the battlefield our courage and our loyalty, it is gratifying to know that opportunity will not be wanting to show our love of country. In a nation like ours, where the Government is founded upon the principle of equality and derives its just powers from the consent of the Government; in a land like ours, I say, where every citizen is a sovereign and where no one cares to wear a crown, every year presents a battlefield and every day brings forth occasion for the display of patriotism.

"And on this memorial day we shall fall short of our duty if we content ourselves with praising the dead or complimenting the living and fail to make preparation for those responsibilities which present times and present conditions impose upon us. We can find instruction in that incomparable address delivered by Abraham Lincoln on the battlefield of Gettysburg. It should be read as a part of the exercises of this day on each returning year as the Declaration of Independence is read on the Fourth of July. Let me quote from it, for its truths, like all truths, are applicable in all times and climes: —

"‘We have come to dedicate a portion of that

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field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it cannot forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.’

"‘The Unfinished Work.’ Yes, every generation leaves to its successor an unfinished work. The work of society, the work of human progress, the work of civilization is never completed. We build upon the foundation which we find already laid, and those who follow us take up the work where we leave off. Those who fought and fell thirty years ago did nobly advance the work in their day, for they led the nation up to higher grounds. Theirs was the greatest triumph in all history. Other armies have been inspired by love of conquest, or have fought to repel a foreign enemy, but our armies held within the Union brethren, who now rejoice at their own defeat, and glory in the preservation of the nation which they once sought to dismember. No greater victory can be won by citizens or soldiers than to

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transform temporary foes into permanent friends. But let me quote again:

"‘It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.’

"Aye, let us here dedicate ourselves anew to this unfinished work, which requires of each generation constant sacrifice and unceasing care. Pericles, in speaking of those who fell at Salamis, explained the loyalty of his countrymen when he said:

"‘It was for such a country, then, that these men, nobly resolving not to have it taken from them, fell fighting, and every one of their survivors may well be willing to suffer in its behalf.’

"The strength of a nation does not lie in forts, nor in navies, nor yet in great standing armies, but in happy and contented citizens, who are ever ready to protect for themselves and to preserve for posterity the blessings which they enjoy. It is for us in this generation to prove ourselves worthy of our ancestors by making our Government so good, so just and so beneficent, that

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all who live beneath its flag will be willing if need be to die in its defense. It is for us of this generation to so perform the duties of citizenship that a ‘government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.’

"The man who gave expression to these thoughts is a safe man for any position where genuine patriotism and real ability are the essentials."

On September 1, 1894, Mr. Bryan became editor-in-chief of the Omaha World-Herald. His strongest and best editorial efforts were devoted to an education of the people on the money question. The following extracts are taken from some of Mr. Bryan's editorials, for which extracts this publication is indebted to the New York World:

"Editor Bryan attacked the secret bond deal arranged by Mr. Cleveland and Mr. Carlisle with J. Pierpont Morgan in an editorial on March 4, 1895. He said —

"‘The enormous bonus that was given the Rothschild syndicate to take the last issue of bonds may prove, after all, to be one of the best investments the people have made in many a day. The deal reveals the cloven foot of a political syndicate, which undoubtedly has for its purpose the expenditure of foreign money to carry the next presidential and subsequent presidential elections in the interest of foreign and home capitalists, and the money the people have paid to

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get a glimpse of this enemy of our institutions will have been well and profitably invested if it causes them to rise in their might and send the American end of the conspiracy to its political grave.

"‘There is no doubt whatever that the Rothschild syndicate will make its bond holdings an excuse to employ agents to influence nominating conventions that neither party shall designate a man for the Presidency who cannot be brought under the syndicate's influence. It is apparent that not a stone will be left unturned by Wall street and London to fasten upon the country at the next election an administration that is committed in advance to the gold standard. Every move of the monometallists in this country and Europe indicates as much, and when once monometallism is firmly fastened about the necks of the people, Eastern and foreign capital will be the people's taskmaster. Farmers, mechanics, laborers — the common people — think they already have greater burdens than they can bear, but if these bond syndicates get control of the Government the people will have to make bricks without straw. As an eye-opener, therefore, the bonus paid the Rothschild combine is not too great if the people will act, now that their eyes are open.’"

On April 28, 1894, Mr. Bryan editorially advocated the "initiative and referendum." Here are Mr. Bryan's words: —

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"The principle of the initiative and referendum is Democratic. It will not be opposed by any Democrat who indorses the declaration of Jefferson that the people are capable of self-government, nor will it be opposed by any Republican who holds to Lincoln's idea that this should be a Government of the people, by the people and for the people. It is the duty of every good citizen to endeavor to make the machinery of government as perfect as possible.

"The anarchists in Chicago did not hold memorial services over the graves of those of their comrades who were executed for participating in the Haymarket riots. For seven years it has been their custom to hold exercises of this character in Waldheim Cemetery, where the remains of their misguided friends are buried, but the directors of the cemetery this year refused to permit it. It seems harsh to prohibit a tribute by the living to its beloved dead, but in this case the action of the directors was justifiable. These annual gatherings have not been those of genuine mourning, but the participants have used the place and occasion to teach their doctrines, and to stir up an animosity against the law and its officers.

"Anarchy has no place in this country, either in the busy walks of life or in the quiet city of the dead. Anarchy is an enemy to peace, to society and to happiness. It is not to be tolerated in any

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country. Much less has it any cause for existence or toleration in this country, and its friends and devotees cannot use the sacredness of the grave as a means for spreading their unwholesome doctrines and to stir up new strife against the law that accords to even the teachers of arson and assassination, a fair and impartial trial before a jury of their peers."

When the Senate Investigating Committee was probing the Sugar Trust, President Havemeyer acknowledged under oath that the principal object of the trust was to control the price on output of sugar. Mr. Bryan privately sent a copy of this evidence to Mr. Olney, then attorney-general, but he got no reply. On September 7th, Mr. Bryan published an editorial, rehearsing Mr. Havemeyer's testimony and quoting the statute forbidding trusts. This is Mr. Bryan's summary of the matter:

"A clear case would seem to be made out against the trust by the testimony of its President, which, be it said, is corroborated by the record of testimony in a suit brought in the United States Court by the North River Refining Company against the trust. Will Attorney-General Olney bring the officers of the trust to justice?"

Editor Bryan was strongly opposed to the marriage of rich American women to titled foreigners, and on November 3, 1895, said that the rearing of rich American girls in such a manner as to

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make them desire titled husbands was "a reflection on the parents, who cultivated a love for aristocracy rather than a pride in American democracy." Mr. Bryan continued:

"Our forefathers decided that titles were dangerous to liberty, and it is to be regretted that the patriotism of Revolutionary days has given place to a disgraceful scramble, among the daughters of some of our multi-millionaires, for lords and dukes and counts.

"When an Englishman or Frenchman or other foreigner, with nothing to commend him but a title, inherited from a remote ancestor (and possibly only retained because it could not be pawned), reaches majority, he embarks for the United States and enters into negotiations for some marriageable heiress or heiress-apparent. Instead of teaching their daughters to regard with favor the suits of worthy sons of this country, too many ambitious parents lead their daughters into the market place, and seek to barter a fortune for a crown.

"Love may leap across the ocean and join in holy wedlock ‘two hearts that beat as one,’ but social ambition and hereditary avarice can never weld two hearts into home-building material.

"When Cupid becomes a boodler, and courtship is carried on by brokers, marriage is a mockery.

"It is significant that poor American girls, however

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accomplished, have no charms for impecunious noblemen. It is also a source of congratulation that American sons do not seek foreign alliances. It is a shame that some American daughters do."

Now that Mr. Bryan expects to live in the White House himself it is interesting to recall what he wrote on March 31st, less than four months ago, on the subject of former presidents and a proposition to pension them. These are his words:

"Ex-presidents ought to take care of themselves as ordinary citizens do. If it should ever happen that one of our ex-presidents should be in need of public or private aid, said aid would be forthcoming. In recent years our presidents have retired in comfortable circumstances. Gen. Harrison is earning fat fees at the bar, and his dignity does not suffer one bit because he is eating his bread in the perspiration of his gray matter. When Mr. Cleveland retires he will not be in immediate want. The several millions which he is credited with accumulating will help to keep the wolf from the door for a while, and whenever his reserve fund gets below one or two millions the people will help him out cheerfully.

"This Government will attain more to the purpose of its founders when the notion that the people owe their officials anything is entirely eradicated. To be sure, we owe the faithful

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official our appreciation and respect. We have paid him for his time, and he loses nothing in dignity if he steps from his official place to the ranks of the laborers. If he is broken down in health or should otherwise be unfortunate, the American people would not permit an ex-president to suffer."

After the nomination of McKinley and Hobart, at St. Louis, Mr. Bryan editorially attacked Mr. Hobart and reprinted The World's criticism. Of Mr. McKinley he said: —

"In selecting William McKinley as its standard-bearer, the Republican party chose the strongest man within its ranks. He is a man of good character and personally no objection can be urged against him.

"It is amazing that a man for whom the people of this country entertain such a high regard as they do for Mr. McKinley would consent to become the standard-bearer of a cause that has brought upon us all of our woe, and the continuation of which will make prosperity impossible. Hut the people will vote for the measures, not men, this year, and Mr. McKinley, as the representative of an un-American measure, will go down to defeat."

On January 14, 1895, the World-Herald contained an editorial from Mr. Bryan's pen on the Subject of "vast wealth." He said: —

"It is possible for one citizen to injure another

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with a club or with a weapon, but that is not the only way. The gamblers on the Board of Trade may injure the farmer by decreasing the price of his grain, or they may injure the person who buys farm products by increasing the price. Whether their manipulations of the markets hurt the one class or the other they do an injury. Trusts crush out small competitors, and, then having a monopoly, extort higher prices from purchasers. There are many indirect methods by which one person can injure another, methods by which one person virtually takes the property of another person without his consent.

"If the Government properly restrains each citizen intent on wrong-doing and fully protects every citizen in the ‘enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,’ many great fortunes will be prevented.

"People may well ask themselves whether our form of government will stand an indefinite aggravation of the tendency which has been observed for the last generation. Great inequality in wealth fosters social and political inequality and arouses class prejudices when great accumulations are found to arise from unjust legislation.

"The main contention of some of our financiers is, that we should so arrange our monetary system as to continually increase the investment of foreign capital among us. The World-Herald believes that it is better for the Government to

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furnish a sufficient supply of money to do the business of the country, than to depend upon borrowing abroad and paying interest upon it

"There is an economy in exchanging that which we can produce at a low cost, for something which we can only produce here at a high cost. That is the principle which lies at the foundation of all commerce between individuals and between nations. But there can be no justification for a financial system in this country, built upon the theory, that the more money we borrow abroad, the better we are off, and which permits the sale of a few American securities in London to create a panic in this country."

Mr. Bryan closed his editorial by declaring that the only remedy for our present financial ills, was independent and free coinage of silver, and the issue, by the Federal Government, of whatever paper money is needed to preserve stability in the purchasing power of the dollar.

In July, 1895, the Salvation Army was in trouble and Mr. Bryan wrote an editorial defending it. He said:

"The Salvation Army is not a nuisance. It is ‘noisy,’ but Satan is a rather noisy fellow himself, and no one can object if these people choose to ‘fight the devil with fire.’ * * * If it is ‘a noisy crowd,’ the noise will never induce any man or woman to do wrong, and there are thousands of instances where this ‘noise’ has induced many

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persons to quit their meanness. Such an organization is entitled not only to respect, but to the earnest co-operation of every good citizen."

On February 16, 1895, Mr. Bryan wrote this: —

"The cry that the Democratic party is dead is the cry of the enemy, of the coward and of the traitor. The Democratic party is not dead, nor is it asleep. When the Democratic party dies Democratic principles will die, and in the same grave will be buried the hope of humanity, the incentive to work for a broader and better plan of existence and the power to go from strength to strength in advancing and maintaining liberty and freedom. The principles of Jefferson, of Jackson and of Lincoln — the same — all are the heart and the soul of every government by and for the people that now is or ever will be; and, moreover, they are the life-blood which courses through the arteries of liberty and makes the all-powerful agency in the mighty work of lifting mankind Godward.

"Man may be born and man may go hence, and nations may be established and nations may be overthrown, but the principles of Democracy are of God and they must return to him bearing in their arms a perfect humanity.

"The onward way of these principles has always been and always will be more or less impeded by the Judases of the world, but the right always prevails — the people triumph ultimately.

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It is true that the Democratic party — the custodian and proclaimer of these principles of human progress — is for the moment wrenched and torn by fierce onslaughts from daggers in the hands of members of its own household, who, like Benedict Arnold, were caught in the act of selling their fellows for British gold, but they have made their own graves deep and wide in the morasses of their own treachery, and there is no inclination anywhere to hinder the operations of the law of retribution."

The last editorial written by Mr. Bryan appeared on July 1st, nine days before he was nominated. It was an answer to the charge made by the Atchison Globe that he had advised the people to always oppose the bankers. The following extract contains the germ of Mr. Bryan's argument: —

"The banker is a man, nothing more, nothing less, and his opinions are entitled to all due consideration. But no man should permit another man to do his thinking for him. There are many bankers who are sincere and consistent bimetallists. There are others who are sincere gold bugs. There are some who advocate the single gold standard when they do not believe its preservation will be beneficial to the country, but for reasons best known to themselves they adhere to the advocacy of that standard.

"The opinions of all bankers are entitled to

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unusual consideration, because of their experience in financial matters, but the banker must be able to back up his opinion with logic.

"Because the banker has had wide experience in money matters, is no reason that another man should believe the banker's mere statement that black is white, particularly when the other man knows that black is not white."

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Chapter X. Bryan as a Lawyer.

William J. Bryan, the lawyer, has largely been obscured by the greater reputation which has been attained by the orator and as a student of governmental questions. His career as a lawyer is practically confined to the period prior to his election to Congress the first time. As this event occurred when he was just passed thirty years old, his achievements, and the demonstration of the possession of those qualities which go to make great lawyers, have been as conspicuous as his opportunities permitted.

Those lawyers who have had the best opportunity to judge of his abilities in this direction say, that had his destiny not directed him into another channel, he would have taken his place as high in the ranks of the legal profession, as he has attained in the political arena.

The influence, which his contact with Lyman Trumbull had upon the future professional career of Mr. Bryan, had been detected by some who were in a position to judge. With men possessing characters as strong as that of W. J. Bryan, it is doubtful if the influence of any association ever directs them into one path or another. Influences

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of other strong minds, when brought into contact with them during the receptive period of earlier years, may remain with them in after years, but their province is more that of lights which show the surroundings, than that of pilots who select the routes.

While pursuing his legal studies in Union College, W. J. Bryan occupied himself outside of recitation hours in the office of Lyman Trumbull, where such time as was not taken up with the minor duties imposed upon him was given to study.

After graduating from the law school at the age of twenty-three, he commenced to practice in Jacksonville, Illl., beginning at the bottom as young lawyers without influential connections must do. During the four years he lived in Jacksonville, he increased his professional income each year. After his removal to Lincoln, he was again a young lawyer, and one who had not made a reputation large enough to precede him to the new home in the West. Again, he had to commence over the work of building up a practice. Surrounded as he was by strangers, the first step was necessarily to make acquaintances and friends, out of whose ranks clients were afterwards to come. Again he saw his income from his law practice gradually increasing, until 1890, when he was elected to Congress. During his service of two terms in Congress, he did not practice, giving his

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whole time and attention to the questions which came up and to the business of the office to which he had been chosen. After his return from Congress at the close of his second term, it was his intention to at once take up the practice, but he found that this plan could not be carried out, on account of the demands made upon his time for speeches in different parts of the country, in behalf of the silver movement. In spite of the constant work and travel in the interests of the silver cause, several important cases involving questions of great interest were tried by him in the State Courts; the principal one of these was the Lincoln bond case, referred to in another place.

During the time since his retirement from Congress, and while at work in the interest of the silver cause, Mr. Bryan has sometimes lectured before Chautauquas and other societies for stated sums, and at others a liberal allowance was made by communities in which he spoke to meetings. Sometimes there was no compensation received but his income from this source, which, together with his salary as editor of the Omaha World-Herald, was sufficient to support himself and family.

His financial and professional success, when it is considered that he made two beginning's in seven years, each time as a young man among strangers, has been enough to demonstrate that he has the qualities which make successful lawyers.

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The only case which he carried to the United States Supreme Court was won by him.

One of the cases of more than local importance which Mr. Bryan carried to a successful issue in the State courts was the Lincoln bond case. In this, the city council sought to authorize the issue of a series of refunding bonds, with a proviso inserted that the bonds should be payable in gold. The obnoxious clause had been inserted, or it was sought to be inserted, by the city council after the voters of the city had authorized a bond issue. The bond syndicate which had made a bid for the bonds demanded that the gold-payment clause be inserted. Mr. Bryan, as a citizen of Lincoln, in connection with others, joined in a petition to the State courts for an injunction restraining the city officials from issuing a gold bond as proposed. Mr. Bryan was the attorney for the petitioners and the court granted the injunction prayed for, making it perpetual. This case is regarded as of largely greater importance than the mere amount of half a million involved in the Lincoln city bonds would indicate. There were involved in it important and unsettled principles of constitutional law which were far reaching in their effects. Its determination against the city officials was one of the victories of the silver forces in the battle against the gold. This case was one in which there was no opportunity for the orator to win by swaying the jury, but, being an equity case,

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it was only on the application of cold logic, that would appeal to the judgment of the chancellor, that the attorney could depend for success.

Two other cases of lesser importance, but involving governmental principles, tried by Mr. Bryan as attorney, consisted of one wherein the right of officers to refuse to serve papers in criminal cases without their fees being paid in advance, was questioned and settled in the negative. Another was where the right of a township to vote bonds to beet sugar factories was combated and decided against any such issue. It is of interest to note that in these cases Bryan, the lawyer, appeared as the advocate of the rights of the many — of the people — as against the assumption of special rights, by the preferred class.

The same impulses which have made him among political leaders conspicuous for his advocacy of the cause of the masses of the people dominated him as a lawyer. His friends, who were solicitous for his pecuniary success, noted this, and some of them sought to give well-meant advice against what they considered faulty business policy. Bryan, in his practice, congratulated himself whenever he was able to bring about a settlement without going into court and entailing the extra expense and sometimes bitter feelings which litigation brings about between neighbors and friends. On one occasion, when an old friend thought to advise him that this was not the best

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policy, because his fees were smaller than if a fight in court had been carried on, he silenced the objector by saying that it would pay best in the long run, because these men would be happier and better citizens by reason of being friends instead of enemies, and then "they will be my friends, too."

As a lawyer, his practice was general, covering nearly the whole range. The line was drawn at one place. He had no corporation practice. The natural bent of his mind, and perhaps his inclinations, are such as are supposed to distinguish the jury practitioner from the equity lawyer. There are cases on the records in the State courts of Nebraska which show, that, although it was the opinion of W. J. Bryan's friends that he could make useful his powers of persuasive eloquence to more readily establish his standing at the bar, he did not lack those other qualities which make a successful equity lawyer, — the best paid and generally conceded to be the highest type of the lawyer. In the Lincoln bond case, Mr. Bryan exhibited the grasp of the broad principles, and the intimate knowledge of the history of previous cases having bearing on the subject which only comes to the delver in musty books. This case was won besides upon a presentation of the theories of the constitutional principle contended for with such clearness that the judges were convinced by the mastery of the

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case displayed by the lawyer. This case was even to some of Mr. Bryan's friends the means of revealing qualities of mind which they had not given him credit for possessing. It was shown that as a lawyer, he did not have to depend alone upon the powers of persuasion and appeals to the emotions which mark the jury lawyer. While possessing in an imminent degree the faculty of doing this, he showed that the ordinarily-considered incongruous branch of the profession, the equity practice, presented no closed doors against his entrance, but the gates flew open at his approach as if to welcome one who by right can claim a place of honor within. As a jury lawyer, older citizens of Southern Nebraska have many vivid recollections of his triumphs by means of the same qualities of persuasive eloquence which have gained him fame in Congress, on the lecture platform and before excited political gatherings. An old friend and intimate acquaintance of Mr. Bryan's ascribed the success which met his practice before juries to the fact that the lawyer was in close touch with the great body of the people; knew what they thought about and how they are affected by a given condition or occurrence. As the juries are drawn from this mass of the common people, he always found himself before men whose every-day thoughts and feelings were as an open book to him. No time had to be lost in lawyer and jurors getting into sympathy with each other.

A review of Mr. Bryan's legal life and analysis

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of his legal method and bent of mind has shown a curious likeness to that of Abraham Lincoln. While both coming from the people, depended largely upon their keeping in touch with the masses by constant association with those around them, while with both, this desire for social intercourse came from a cordial and real friendship for those around them, it was the source of greatest strength in professional battles. It can be safely said that Mr. Bryan has demonstrated that he is as strong a lawyer as ever was selected by the people as president, with the exception of Lincoln and Benjamin H. Harrison. The achievements of Lincoln and Bryan as lawyers, up to the time Lincoln arrived at Mr. Bryan's age, are so nearly on a par that the two might fittingly be said to run side by side. Great legal reputations have not been regarded as prime essentials in the selections of presidents, and the history of the country shows that but one really strong lawyer — who had a strong record before his election — has ever been honored with the presidency. Men who might have been strong lawyers if their time and attention had not been taken up with governmental affairs and other questions, the mastery of which required as fine a quality of mind, have been presidents. Benjamin Harrison is the sole representative of the lawyer who was recognized by the profession, and had made a reputation as a great lawyer before election to the office of chief magistrate of the union.

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Chapter XI. Bryan as an Orator.

Bryan is an orator of the people. Earnestness, simplicity and beauty are the chief characteristics of his style. The subject upon which he would speak is thoroughly studied in all its bearings. The best that has been written or said upon it is examined and re-examined, if necessary, until it is mastered. Nor is the investigation confined to the side of the question to which he is predisposed; every conceivable objection to the position he favors is looked for and thoroughly studied in the light of the strongest thought of its ablest advocates. Having digested with the utmost minuteness all that can be said for or against his position, he then selects from the mass the most forceful thoughts on both sides of the question. This done, he then looks for language suitable to express them. Long, involved sentences will not do; unusual words must not be employed; the thought which burns within the mind and would impress itself upon the hearts of others must not have any of its strength impaired or its beauty dimmed by the language selected to convey it. The simplest words are chosen and they are formed into short, pithy

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sentences. No word is used solely for its sound; the mere jingle of words has no place in the mental workshop of our orator. To him words are the servants of thought, and take their real beauty from the thought that blazes through them. From this let it not be concluded that he undervalues the importance of the best literary style. His style is as pure and captivating as that of Irving, or Addison, and not dissimilar to either. But style, with him, as with those two great masters, is valued not for itself, but because it conveys in the most pleasing manner the thoughts which he would have others know. Here are some of his sentences culled from different speeches:

They call that man a statesman whose ear is tuned to catch the slightest pulsations of a pocketbook, and to denounce as a demagogue anyone who dares to listen to the heart-beat of humanity.

*****

The poor man who takes property by force is called a thief, but the creditor who can by legislation make a debtor pay a dollar twice as large as he borrowed is lauded as the friend of a sound currency. The man who wants the people to destroy the government is an anarchist, but the man who wants the government to destroy the people is a patriot. * * *

Some who are ready to use the power of the government to limit the supply of money, in order to prevent injustice to the creditor, are slow to admit the right of the government to increase the currency when necessary to prevent injustice to the debtor. I denounce the cruel interpretation of governmental power which would grant the authority to starve, but would withhold the authority to feed our people — which would permit
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a contraction of our currency, even to the destruction of all prosperity, but would prohibit the expansion of our currency to keep pace with the growing needs of a growing nation! * * * * *

The gentlemen who are so fearful of socialism when the poor are exempted from an income tax, view with indifference those methods of taxation which give the rich a substantial exemption. They weep more because $ 15,000,000 is to be collected from the incomes of the rich than they do at the collection of $300,000,000 upon the goods which the poor consume. And when an attempt is made to equalize these burdens, not fully, but partially only, the people of the south and west are called anarchists. I deny the assertion, sir. It is among the people of the south and west, on the prairies and in the mountains, that you find the staunchest supporters of government and the best friends of law and order. You may not find among these people the great fortunes which are accumulated in cities, nor will you find the dark shadows which these fortunes throw over the community, but you will find those willing to protect the rights of property, even while they demand the property shall bear its share of taxation. You may not find among them as much of wealth, but you will find men who are not only willing to pay their taxes to support the government, but are willing whenever necessary to offer up their lives in its defense. These people, sir, whom you call anarchists because they ask that the burdens of government shall be equally borne, these people have ever borne the cross on Calvary and saved their country with their blood. * * * * *

I may be in error, but in my humble judgment he who would rob man of his necessary food or pollute the springs at which he quenches his thirst, or steal away from him his accustomed rest, or condemn his mind to the gloomy night of ignorance, is no more an enemy of his race than the man who, deaf to the entreaties of the poor and blind and the suffering he would cause, seeks to destroy one of the money
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metals given by the Almighty to supply the needs of commerce. *****

The line of battle is laid down. The President's letter to Governor Northern expresses his oppostion to the free and unlimited coinage of silver by this country alone. Upon that issue the next congressional contest will be fought. Are we dependent or independent as a nation? Shall we legislate for ourselves or shall we beg some foreign nation to help us provide for the financial wants of our own people? * * *

You may think that you have buried the cause of bimetallism; you may congratulate yourselves that you have laid the free coinage of silver away in a sepulchre, newly made since the election, and before the door rolled the veto stone. But, sirs, if our cause is just, as I believe it is, your labor has been in vain; no tomb was ever made so strong that it could imprison a righteous cause. Silver will yet lay aside its grave clothes and its shroud. It will yet rise, and in its rising and its reign will bless mankind. * * *

Alexander "wept for other worlds to conquer" after he had carried his victorious banner throughout the then known world. Napoleon "re-arranged the map of Europe with his sword " amid the lamentations of those by whose blood he was exalted; but when these and other military heroes are forgotten and their achievements disappear in the cycle's sweep of years, children will still lisp the name of Jefferson, and freemen will ascribe due praise to him who filled the kneeling subject's hearts with hope and bade him stand erect a sovereign among his peers. * * *

The State of Indiana has declared that no police power shall be conferred on the Pinkerton detectives; and if the people of the State of New York do not desire such powers to be conferred upon them, it is the business of the State of New York, or any other State which entertains that view, to regulate it by its own legislative enactment. It is not within the purview of Congress, it is not the business of Congress to interfere with the police powers of the several States of the
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union. I believe that the time has come when we ought to squarely draw the line between the powers conferred upon the federal government and those reserved to the States, and that we ought to stop this indiscriminate investigation where we clearly have no power to legislate.

I have been opposed to the issuing of money by national banks, for the reason that this function of government should not be surrendered to any corporation or any private concern whatever. On the same ground I am opposed to the States authorizing private corporations to issue money, or so-called money.

Mr. Bryan is not averse to the employment of the thoughts of others wherever they add force and attractiveness to the argument in hand. Accordingly, we find his speeches interspersed with quotations from some of the best writers in prose and poetry, but in each instance the quotation has a natural fitness for the place in which it is found. No straining of the lines of the argument is permitted that the quotation may find a place. There are some productions which pass for oratory that are mere mechanisms — the offspring of minds cold and plodding without a ray of genius to illumine their path. In them, words have been dragged together in the vain hope of producing a flower worthy to be laid at the feet of oratory, but they are as painted leaves, they are without the odor of life. The work of genius springs spontaneously from the depths of a heart ruled by purity — "Genius sees by intuition, illustrates by pictures, and speaks in music. The

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phraseology in which its sentiments are clothed is not a kind of patch-work laboriously tagged together, but is part and parcel of the thought, and is born mature and splendid, like Minerva glittering from the brow of Jove."

Briefly we have sketched the mere outlines of the work employed by Mr. Bryan in the preparation of his great deliverances in behalf of human rights. First, he masters the whole field of argument, and thus he prepares himself not only to prove the correctness of his own position, but to meet every objection that may be offered against it. He is enabled, too, by this means to state correctly the position of his opponent. Not a little of his force in debate is due to the fact that he states with absolute fairness the argument of his adversary, and then, with crushing effect, hurls against it the clean-cut, well-considered, overwhelming reply. His care in arranging the matter which he has gathered is no less than that employed in the gathering. By this means he has everything in its place, subject to his instant command, and when sent forth on its mission of truth, goes with a force that carries conviction. The most acceptable language is chosen, and so clear and simple do the most profound thoughts appear when they come fresh-coined from his brain, that men have no difficulty in comprehending them in all their force. This power was noted by a critical observer of one of the debates in which Mr. Bryan

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engaged when a candidate for Congress. The observer was asked what kind of an argument Mr. Bryan's opponent made. He replied that the argument was very good, but its strength was obscured by involved and awkward sentences, and most listeners could not comprehend it when delivered. On the other hand, Mr. Bryan's argument, he continued, came forth in language so simple and pleasing that the listener had not to hesitate for a moment to grasp its full force, and thus the orator carried along with him a convinced as well as an enthusiastic audience. Superficial observers have spoken of this feature of Mr. Bryan's style as "catchy," and frequently have they said that while he might charm a "common country audience" by what they termed "catch words," he would fail utterly when he came to address "men of culture." But these critics did not recognize in the simplicity of his work the hand of genius, and they have lived to see their anticipations dashed to atoms. Twice the lower house of Congress was enraptured by Mr. Bryan's luminous powers of eloquence. The morning after his great tariff speech the nation awoke to hail him as the peer of Webster or Prentice. A few years later he discussed the financial question before the same body only to win a repetition of the plaudits which greeted the close of his tariff speech. The next day, and for weeks thereafter, the press of the nation gave him unstinted praise

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and crowned him one of America's greatest orators.

But all his work would accomplish but little if not presided over by "a mind stamped with the patent of Divinity" and acting in the glow of a heart throbbing with the noblest and purest impulses. Nor does the great care employed by Mr. Bryan in the preparation of his speeches make him an orator. Preparation does not enable him to sway the minds of others and place in them impressions that live. It is something else. It is a power equalled by few and excelled by none. It comes from an unseen hand — the hand of God — and is entrusted to him for noble ends.

harm in deliv'ry, a magical art,
That thrills like a kiss, from the lip to the heart;
'Tis the glance — the expression — the well-chosen word —
By whose magic the depths of the spirit are stirr'd —
The smile — the mute gesture — the soul-stirring pause —
The eye's sweet expression, that melts while it awes —
The lip's soft persuasion — its musical tone;
Oh! such were the charms of that eloquent one!"

In personal appearance as well as in mental gifts, Mr. Bryan is highly favored. Before he utters a word, his presence wins for him the favor of his audience. Simplicity itself rules his delivery and bearing, but it is a simplicity in which the highest art wears all the graces of nature. As he stands before his audience, he presents a

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striking picture; every feature of his strong face is instinct with intelligence; his eyes dance with the light of a soul on fire as he marches through the depths of his discourse, pleading for the rights of the poor and of the masses. He "illustrates in his own person the ancient apologue of the youthful Hercules, in the pride and strength of beauty, surrendering his own soul to the worship of human rights and exalted virtue in public places.

He commences in a soft, pleasant, conversational tone; instantly your attention is riveted upon him; or rather upon what he has to say. You have little disposition to study either the man or his manner — his thought is what holds you. Nothing occurs either in tone, posture, or gesture to divert your attention, or break the spell that is upon you, Every movement of arm, head and body, every modulation comes as an inseparable part of the thought he is expressing. Your eyes are fastened upon the orator: as he moves, you in spirit move with him; as he advances to his climax the listener advances with him; not a step is missed, not a break occurs; in perfect harmony orator and audience travel over the path of thought until the climax is reached and then, as the last tone of the deep, rich, melodious voice of the orator is uttered with a dramatic force which thrills every fiber, there breaks forth the full, earnest, uproarious applause that marks the approval and admiration of those who listen.

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The hand of the orator is raised, instantly perfect silence follows. The sweet tones of that marvelous voice are again heard by every one within the enclosure, no matter how vast. Under the influence of that voice and the magic of words that convey the thought of a master mind, men sit enraptured and applaud sentiments which but a moment before they ridiculed; they came to scoff, but remain to worship.

It has been said in describing the auditor under the influence of the orator's power, "He is thrilled in every nerve, he is agitated with rapture. He blends all his emotions with the speaker, and is subdued or inspired under his power. He soon becomes stripped of all defence, and willingly exposed to every blow, so that the greatest effects are produced by the slightest words adroitly directed and skillfully expressed." That this exactly portrays the auditor sitting under the influence of Mr. Bryan's orations will not be denied by those who have listened to his greatest efforts. Mr. Bryan never delivers a poor speech; he always pleases, but to reach those heights of impassioned eloquence which none but a master dares to tread, he must have the occasion and the subject. "It is only when God's creative breath fans the fires of patriotism in the soul sublimely endowed, that a true orator is fashioned for sovereignty over the hearts of mankind." If the highest oratory consists in the power to persuade and the force to

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chain in the blazing fires of the purest enthusiasm the intellects of men, then Mr. Bryan is an orator with few peers in ancient or modern times. Well we may say of him what the great Fenelon says of Demosthenes: "He moves, warms and captivates the heart. He was sensibly touched with the interests of his country. His discourses gradually increase in force, by greater light and new reasons, which are always illustrated by bold figures and lively images. One cannot but see that he has the good of the Republic entirely at heart, and that nature itself speaks in all his transports."

There is much in Mr. Bryan's oratory that recalls Demosthenes, Fox, O'Connell and Fisher Ames, but unlike any of them he never indulges in invective. Search his speeches through, whether in Congress, before the Convention, or on the stump, and you will find them absolutely free from personalities. Methods and classes he may denounce; individuals never. No audience ever sat within the sound of his most fervid utterances and caught a word that would appeal to the lower passions of anger, hate or revenge. The intellect, and the purer, higher affections of the human heart present the only field in which he loves to labor. He is always a master of himself. The noblest passions may surge and fiercely burn within his breast, but they are like the fires of the volcano, confined within the snow-capped mountain.

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Many have constructed arguments as logical as Mr. Bryan. Nor would it be difficult, perhaps, to find speeches of equal depth and bold imagery to those delivered by him, but this is true of all the great tribunes of the people. Quintilius says, "Logicians can be found everywhere, an able argument is not rare, but seldom has that orator appeared whose eloquence could carry the judge out of his depth, who could throw him into what disposition of mind he pleased, fire him into resentment, or soften him into tears. Many have constructed arguments as logical as those of Demosthenes, or Cicero, but none ever arrayed them before their audiences with such magic power."

One of Bryan's best speeches was that on the subject "Money," in which he gave his famous apostrophe to Jefferson. It is as follows:

"There are wrongs to be righted; there are evils to be eradicated; there is injustice to be removed; there is good to be secured for those who toil and wait. In this fight for equal laws we cannot fail, for right is mighty and will in time triumph over all obstacles. Even if our eyes do not behold success, we know that our labor is not in vain, and we can lay down our weapons, happy in the promise given by Bryant to the soldier:

"‘Yea, though thou lie upon the dust,
When they who helped thee flee in fear
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Die full of hope and manly trust,
Like those who fell in battle here.
"‘Another hand thy sword shall wield;
Another hand the standard wave;
Till from the trumpet's mouth is pealed
The blast of triumph o'er thy grave.’

"Let us then with the courage of Andrew Jackson, apply to present conditions the principles taught by Thomas Jefferson — Thomas Jefferson, the greatest constructive statesman whom the world has ever known; the grandest warrior who ever battled for human liberty! He quarried from the mountain of eternal truth the four pillars, upon whose strength all popular government must rest. In the Declaration of American Independence he proclaimed the principles with which there is, without which there cannot be ‘a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.’ When he declared that ‘all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,’ he declared all that lies between the Alpha and Omega of Democracy.

"Alexander ‘wept for other worlds to conquer’ after he had carried his victorious banner throughout

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the then known world. Napoleon ‘rearranged the map of Europe with his sword’ amid the lamentations of those by whose blood he was exalted; but when these and other military heroes are forgotten and their achievements disappear in the cycle's sweep of years, children will still lisp the name of Jefferson, and freemen will ascribe due praise to him who filled the kneeling subject's heart with hope and bade him stand erect — a sovereign among his peers."

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Chapter XII. Bryan at Home.

In a country where no man is born to authority, but where each must acquire place through his own achievements, it is inevitable that the private life of public men should be closely scrutinized. This country has never ceased to be a democracy in spite of the efforts of some of its worst enemies, and in a democracy the good citizen is the bulwark. The American people still believe that a man who does not fulfill his obligations to the community as a good husband and father, and an honorable man of business, can not be fit to administer the highest office in the gift of the people. Moreover, this is a country where the sentiment of women counts for much, and the influence of women is frankly acknowledged. The home-life of a man, and those who make his home-life, have much to do, it is maintained, with his success.

Mr. Bryan has been very fortunate. Twelve years ago he married a sensible and lovely woman, who has made it easy for him to remain the domestic man that he is. What has been the duty of many men, has been his pleasure. Home is and always has been, the fairest spot on earth

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to him, and he is to be congratulated as much as praised for his unswerving fidelity to it.

Concerning Mr. Bryan's devotion to his home, the eulogistic language he himself used in speaking of the happy home of a colleague is entirely appropriate:

"He found his inspiration at his fireside, and approached the ideal in his domestic life. He and his faithful wife, who was both his helpmeet and companion, inhabited as tenants in common that sacred spot called home, and needed no court to define their relative rights and duties. The invisible walls which shut in that home and shut out all else had their foundations upon the earth and their battlements in the skies. No force could break them down, no poisoned arrows could cross their top, and at the gates thereof love and confidence stood ever upon guard."

Mrs. Wm. J. Bryan was Mary Elizabeth Baird. Her father, John Baird, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Baird is of ScotchIrish descent. There is a record of his ancestry running back at least thirteen generations, which reveals many men and women of more than ordinary ability, all of whom have taken, as even those of the last generation may take, pride in the fact that not a taint has ever rested upon that good family name. Mr. Baird moved west in 1838 and in 1852 was married to the daughter of Col. Darius Dexter of Dexterville, New York.

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Mr. Baird located at Perry, Illinois; and here on the 17th day of June, 1861, Mary was born.

In those days Perry was a trading-post of quite a large territory. Mr. Baird engaged with a partner in an extensive business which comprised, in the earlier days, a general store — a shoe-shop, harness-shop, pork-packing house and a general grain and shipping business. This firm did quite an extensive business in shipments to the city of St. Louis, using the river steamboats for transportation. Mr. Baird was a gentleman of scholarly instincts and a great reader. Although a very busy man, he became the companion of his daughter who was his only child, and he related to her the stories of the Iliad and Odyssey and of Greek mythology at the time when the little girl could not read them for herself. Mr. Baird was himself a self-educated man, and he appreciated the great value of a thorough education; consequently, he devoted his best energies to making a perfect woman, intellectually, of his beloved child.

Mrs. Bryan's mother was an invalid and upon the daughter rested a great deal of the care of her mother. Mrs. Bryan attended the High School at Perry, and at the age of sixteen went to Monticello Seminary at Godfrey, Illinois, remaining there for one year, but on account of the serious condition of her mother's health she found it necessary to be nearer home and in the following year entered the Presbyterian Academy at

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Jacksonville, from which institution she was graduated in 1881 with the first honors of her class.

While Miss Baird was attending the Presbyterian Academy at Jacksonville, Mr. Bryan was a student at the Illinois College in the same city. The two young people first met at a reception in the Academy parlors. A very pretty story has been going the rounds to the effect that Miss Baird heard Mr. Bryan recite "A Soldier of the Legion," and was captivated with him. The story however, is without foundation. The fact is that the young people met at this college reception and they fell in love with one another just as two good-looking and sensible people would be expected to do, and at the time Miss Baird had never detected the fire of oratory in her young lover and did not know that he could even deliver "Casabianca" with more than ordinary effect until long after their first meeting. The young people were engaged for a period covering a little more than four years. During the year preceding their marriage, Mr. Bryan practised law in Jacksonville. The young man had already built up a paying practice and the young lovers planned and built their first home before they were married, and on October 1, 1884, the marriage ceremony took place and they began housekeeping in their own home. This house stands to-day on College Hill in Jacksonville, near the Illinois College. Mr.

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Bryan continued the practice of law in Jacksonville for three years after his marriage. On October 2, 1885, their first child, Ruth, was born.

In 1887 they removed to Nebraska, Mr. Bryan feeling that in the stirring West was more opportunity for success. Mrs. Bryan agreed with him. From the first she liked the West and made herself perfectly at home at Lincoln. She took up the study of the law, desiring to fit herself for the consideration of legal questions, not with any expectation of practising herself, but that she might be of assistance to her husband, and also that she might have the mental training resultant from such study.

The Bryans have now three children, Ruth, who is nearly eleven, William, who is seven, and Grace, who is five. All of the children are comely, well behaved, well taught, and very dearly beloved. In short, the home of the Bryans is the simple American home. Mrs. Bryan, who has never been a society woman, spends the early part of her evenings reading to her children. They have always received her direct personal care. Her responsibilities have not been light in any respect. Besides her young children, she has had her aged father and mother with her, and her affection for them has been such that she has been closely kept at home. Her mother is now dead, but her father remains, and he receives her solicitous care.

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Mrs. Bryan has a singular activity of mind. She is logical, studious, industrious and aspiring. Above all, she is sensible. She has kept in touch with each detail of her husband's advancement in a political way. She knows the political situation and all the minutiae of local political affairs accurately, giving them their due importance, and regarding them in a philosophic manner. She has been a faithful critic to her husband, assisting in the collection of material for his speeches, and giving him the benefit of her advice. She has been his closest confidante, and, probably, his most trusted adviser. Hers is not a mind to be swayed by prejudice. She is not given to undue enthusiasm. In short, she is possessed of that poise which makes her one of the safest of companions for a man of affairs, who is about to be plunged into a historic campaign.

Mrs. Bryan has maintained her democratic principles in her household, where intelligent liberty prevails. The children are directed, but not tyrannized over. She does not believe in doing anything likely to destroy their individuality. In religion her children are taught reverence, tolerance and devotion. She has tried to teach them that it is a sacred duty to do the best they can with their lives. To educate, not to coerce, is Mrs. Bryan's simple policy.

The home of the Bryans is substantial, hospitable and well-kept. Within, one is greeted by an

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atmosphere of unpretentious comfort, simple cordiality and unaffected refinement. The rooms are quietly and comfortably furnished. Pictures, books, statuettes, souvenirs of certain historic occasions in their lives, mementoes of distinguished persons, and gifts from admirers compose what is precious in the house. In the library there is a double desk, one side of which belongs to Mr. Bryan and one to his wife. Here they work together in their quiet hours. At times this happy intimacy has filled them with a sort of dread.

"I am not so sure I like this desk," she once said. "What should I do with it if you were to leave this life before I do? I sometimes wonder if it is not dangerous for two lives to be so bound together. How could one bear parting after such association as this?"

Mrs. Bryan is an honest student of good literature. She is one of the organizers of "Sorosis," one of the women's study clubs, and she holds its highest office. She is a prominent worker in the Nebraska State Federation of Women's Clubs, and one of a committee which has in charge the traveling library of that association. Among club women she has won no little reputation for her work. She can speak extemporaneously on any subject in which she is interested, in a calm, concise, telling manner. She will never speak for

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the sake of speaking, or upon a subject with which she is unacquainted.

Mrs. Bryan's attire is always very simple. She wears only quiet colors, usually browns or greys. But her costumes are becoming and effective. She always appears to be a well-dressed woman; that is to say, no one ever thinks about her clothes at all. They are in such good taste that they are not observed. She has a sense of propriety in dress, and always wears what is suitable to the occasion. She would always dress with modest propriety, just as she always speaks with modest propriety. Even these few sentences have laid more stress upon her toilet than she ever did.

Mrs. Bryan is sociable to a degree, and heartily enjoys meeting people. She is far too wholesome to have any of the affectations of a recluse. But a purely fashionable society would never please her. She would feel the need, always, in her social relations, for intelligent conversation. Any society which did not give her this would be distasteful to her. She would be impatient with a society which stood for competition in luxury, or in which pretention was conspicuous. Moreover, her nature is too affectionate, and she is too fond of real friendship, to endure the shallow relations of fashionable society.

She has been present at all of her husband's greatest forensic triumphs. When Mr. Bryan, in the beginning of his Congressional career, made

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his famous tariff speech, she listened from the galleries. She was present at the Chicago Convention when he turned the tide and made an epoch in his party. She sat on the stand when he received his nomination, and showed her profound gratification only with a few quiet tears. Throughout all the tremendously exciting scenes of that day she was one of the calmest persons in the house. When she joined him at the Clifton House, where he received the news of his nomination, a silent kiss expressed her congratulations. She probably was not in the least surprised. From the first she had felt perfect confidence in his ability. It would not be in her to be surprised at having her judgment confirmed.

Mrs. Bryan is comely. Her face is pale, well modeled and placid. It resembles that of her husband in some respects. At least, it gives a similar suggestion of strength and purity. It is the face of a sensible and affectionate woman; and it is typically American.

Mr. Bryan has been very fortunate, and he has shown his appreciation of his blessings in the best way possible, by unfaltering devotion.

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Chapter XIII. Perils of the Gold Standard.

Mr. James Dobson is known to the merchants throughout the United States. He is of the great manufacturing firm of John & James Dobson, of Philadelphia. In an interview in the New York Mail and Express Mr. Dobson shows very clearly the evil effects of the single gold standard.

Mr. Dobson said: "In 1890 there were imported into the United States from Japan 300,000 rolls of so-called China mattings at an average cost of twelve and three-eighths cents per yard. In 1895 the importation of China mattings had increased to 800,000 rolls, at five and one-fifth cents per yard. That is equivalent to 32,000,000 yards at five and one-fifth cents, instead of at twelve and three-eighths cents five years ago, all on account of the difference in exchange caused by the separation in value of the gold and silver dollar. I repeat that the price at which these mattings are imported in such enormous quantities, supplanting our own ingrain carpets, is wholly due to the rate of exchange caused by the fact that Japan is upon a silver standard while we are upon a gold standard. Japanese silks are affecting the domestic silk trade precisely as mattings

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are ruining the carpet trade. Let me quote figures to prove that also. In 1890 the United States imported only 12,000 pieces of Japanese silk. In 1895 we imported 404,164 pieces, or over thirty times more. This has demoralized the silk industry of this country, and so long as the rate of exchange remains as it is no duty could be imposed high enough to check these importations. So with silk handkerchiefs. In 1890 we imported 354,000 dozen. In 1895 the importation increased to 1,100,000 dozen. That shows graphically, I think, the abnormal and alarming increase of importations. So with many other lesser articles. Why, the Japanese are supplying the world to-day with tooth brushes.

"But another great industry is threatened. The Japs have gone largely into cotton manufacturing. No nation in the world has made such rapid progress in this industry as has Japan. Their 300,000 spindles in 1894 jumped at a bound to 750,000 in 1895, and they have orders placed in England to-day for 750,000 more. That is an increase of spindles at the astonishing rate of 100 per cent, a year. So I have shown you that in the three great items of mattings, silks and cotton cloth the difference in exchange between the Japanese silver standard and our present single gold standard is ruining three great branches of American manufacturing. The South must, in time, feel this, as well as Pennsylvania,

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New York and New England, for the South is destined, under normal conditions, to be the home of the cotton factory."

Mr. Dobson, who favors a protective tariff, was asked: "Cannot these increased importations be charged in part to the lower duties of the WilsonGorman tariff law?"

Mr. Dobson replied as follows: "Take silks alone. The rate of duty on silks is only 5 per cent, lower under the present tariff than it was under the McKinley law. That is not difference enough to multiply the silk importations of 1890 by thirty in 1895. Matting under the McKinley act paid 20 per cent. duty. Now it is admitted free. Add 20 per cent, on the first cost in Japan — four cents per yard — and it makes the cost 80/100 cents per yard more, making the cost, if imported under the McKinley law, six cents per yard, and under the present law five and one-half cents per yard, the difference being in the rate of exchange from a silver to a gold standard. In other words, when gold and silver were of nearly equal value, the cost of matting was twelve and three-eighths cents, as against five and one-fifth cents to-day."

"Why does not this oriental competition affect other manufactures, such as iron and steel?"

"It will in time. When a nation like Japan first enters the markets of the world, it naturally offers for sale the cheapest and plainest fabrics, requiring the least skill to make. As soon as

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this field is covered, as it already is in part, the new competing nation will turn its attention to costlier fabrics, requiring more labor and skill. Most woolen goods, as well as most iron and steel products, are thus far made in countries which are like ourselves, on a gold basis; so that in these branches of industry we are not yet confronted with a bounty of ioo per cent, in favor of the manufacturer in a silver country. Gradually, eastern competition may drive the single gold standard countries into killing competition with one another, and the United States will become the dumping ground of all foreign products, unless we protect ourselves."

Mr. Dobson was asked to give some illustrations of how these importations had affected American labor.

"That is the saddest part of the tale," was the reply. Mr. Dobson led the way to a window, which he threw open. "Look down there," said he, pointing down the hill. "You see a few lights gleaming yonder in the valley. Two years ago all the surrounding blackness would have been twinkling with the lighted windows of happy and prosperous homes." The manufacturer sighed as he gazed down upon the dark Schuylkill valley, and returned to his library. He resumed; "Here are more figures, but they have human interest and carry a pathetic meaning. The present importation of China mattings would keep

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busy 2,500 ingrain carpet looms. That means work, directly, for 7,500 weavers, dyers and spinners. That means labor and wages for one-half the ingrain carpet workers of Philadelphia. That means that about 30,000 people are indirectly caused to suffer by the stoppage of those 2,500 looms. Not one-half of the ingrain looms in the country are running to-day. That means that thousands of trained employes are out of work. And this does not apply to the weaving of ingrain carpets alone. What affects ingrains must affect other branches of the trade. The making of tapestries and Brussels suffers as well."

Mr. Dobson was so absorbed in this branch of his subject that he closed his eyes, and talking as if to himself, plunged into a little mental arithmetic.

"Let me see, 404,000 pieces of silk would be 16,000,000 yards a year. One loom weaves sixteen yards a day. That would mean about 3,300 looms a year to make the silk we imported in 1895 from Japan alone, not to speak of China. That, I believe, is just about the number of silk looms now idle at Paterson. That throws directly out of work 10,000 people — dyers, throsters and spinners. Indirectly, that brings hardship to 50,000 people. Those disasters have not yet struck our cotton mills. But they are coming, and coming soon, and they will strike New England and check the growth of the New South."

"Mr. Dobson, will you say to what extent these

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oriental importations have stopped the payment of wages within your personal knowledge?"

"I do not like that part of my story," he replied, "but I'll tell you approximately. In 1893 our pay-roll reached $136,000 a month. Our mills were then running full and gave steady work to 5,000 people. To-day our pay-roll is $60,000 a month. By reductions of time and like devices we managed to distribute these wages among about 4,000 people. We take care of as many as we can, but there is so much less for them to do and so much less for them to earn, and so much less for them to spend, and so much less for I don't know how many thousand other people to receive and to respend in their turn. I think those figures are sadly eloquent, and they apply only to our own local community, right here at the falls of the Schuylkill. But think of the other communities. Go to Kensington — Kensington, you know, is a northern suburb of Philadelphia, on the Delaware River. There are Dolan & Co.'s woolen mills. I am sure that not one-half of their people who were working on full time at good wages in 1893 can get any work at all now. That statement will apply to every branch of the woolen business, excepting only the mills that make women's fancy dress goods. Most of those mills, I believe, are still running full. And then think of the Paterson silk mills!"

Mr. Dobson explained that he preferred to

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confine his statement to the shrinkage of pay-rolls in dollars to his own experience, but suggested that the figures he had already given carried their own inference. Then he went on:

"All this means distress to both employes and manufacturers. The employes are earning either little or nothing at all, and yet they must live, and their necessity is dire. The manufacturer suffers because his expenses are constant for insurance, maintenance of plant and other items. These expenses in the aggregate are an enormous tax upon the capital invested in these crippled industries. For example, in the neighborhood of Providence, R. I., there are seventy-five woolen mills. Of them fifty-four are standing still and the rest are running only four days a week. It is hard to put into words what distress that means to both capital and labor.

"Why, in all my experience of many years I have never seen business in such a condition as it is to-day. People won't buy goods, because they think that at another time they can buy them cheaper. There is no stability in prices. For example, only last week 10,000 cases of ginghams were sold in New York at from three and one-half to three and three-quarter cents a yard. Only a few weeks ago the price of these goods would have been to jobbers six to seven cents a yard. To-day cotton cloth for converting purposes and for export sells in the South at thirteen cents per

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pound. That is simply unprecedented in the annals of manufacturing."

It was suggested that it would be difficult to trace the effect of these disasters upon other classes of capital and labor in our social and industrial system.

"Yes, to their furthest extent," said Mr. Dobson, "but it is comparatively easy to see how they affect the great business of transportation. I believe that the railroads employ one per cent, of all the employes of the country. Mow, when the factories of the country are not busy, they furnish less freight to the railroads, whose earnings fall off until they go into the hands of receivers. That is the condition of sixty-two per cent, of the railroads of the country to-day. Unless we manufacturers can give business to the railroads I don t see how they can pay their interest charges and prosper. This, of course, finally reaches the pockets of the stockholders, big and little, at home and abroad, and carries distress to those who had hoped to live on their invested earnings. We owe an enormous foreign indebtedness to our railroads. Many of our railroads have borrowed all they can, until almost all their rolling stock is pledged to car trusts, and they have nothing left to borrow on. Not a railroad security falls due but that is paid off by issuing a new security. In other words, they are not paying their debts, but are keeping their borrowing capacity up to its extreme limit."

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Chapter XIV. A Voice from Boston.

The following is an editorial taken from the Boot and Shoe Record, a representative business publication at Boston: —

"It is not easy to decide whether the financial authorities (?) who control the daily press in this part of the country are stupidly ignorant or lamentably disingenuous in their statements about our alleged dependence on foreign capital or about the threatened withdrawals of foreign capital by reason of the silver scare. Now foreign capital either refuses to go to silver-using countries or it does not. It is a question of fact and not of opinion. If doing business on anything but the gold standard scares off investors, then we will certainly find the proof in a silver-using country like Mexico, where gold is counted at nearly ioo per cent, premium. In the financial columns of the Boston Herald, which editorially tells of the terrible things that will happen if we favor silver in the slightest degree, we find the following: —

"A city of Mexico special says: "The Bank of London and Mexico will increase its capital to $10,000,000, in order to provide funds for its

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growing business. It had just paid 14 per cent. dividend.

"The National Bank of Mexico has purchased Hotel De La Gran Sociedad, and is expected to build a magnificent edifice on its site.

"The Deutsche Bank of Berlin has decided to open a branch here, with ample capital, on the first day of June. There is a great interest aroused in financial circles by this attempt of the greatest bank of Central Europe to secure business in this country, and the fact that it will open a branch is taken to indicate confidence in the financial solvency and continued prosperity of this country. The new bank will be managed by Baron Bleichroeder's former agent here, Dr. Gloner, and Pablo Kosidowski, German consul.

"A new private bank will also be opened here July 1st. It is reported that when the new banking law goes into effect, permitting the establishment of banks of issue in the interior, several institutions of credit will be opened.

"The Government has a heavy balance in cash, and is meeting all its obligations with punctuality. The national revenue is exceeding all expectations.

"There is a remarkable amount of residential buildings here, and every indication of solid and permanent prosperity. Bankers report everybody well supplied with funds, and business generally very satisfactory."

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Does this look like a scare or not? Are any banks in this country paying 14 per cent, dividends? Can banks here or in any gold-standard country report " everybody well supplied with funds and business generally very satisfactory," or not? Isn't it about time that the hard-headed business men of the country used their common sense and stopped cowering like frightened children at the bug-a-boo threats of the great editors? Could we not stand a good deal of that kind of ruin and disaster?

Referring again to the evidence from Japan, we have the statements of Hon. Robert P. Porter, who has just returned from that country, where he has been investigating the industrial conditions. He says that he deems the question of Japanese competition one of the momentous problems that the American nation will have to solve, and that the danger lies not so much in the present competition in the undeveloped state of Japanese resources as in the enormous rapidity of the growth of the Japanese output in all lines of manufacture which they enter. Ten years ago, according to Mr. Porter, the whole Japanese trade amounted to $78,000,000, while last year it had increased to $300,000,000. The export of textiles alone increased from $511,000 to $23,000,000 in the ten years.

The really important point to be noted in regard to this mass of evidence from Mexico,

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Japan, and in fact from all the silver-using countries, is that the remarkable development has been made during the last ten years, or since the marked decline in the gold value of silver. In the case of Japan, that country, by reason of the commercial treaties forced upon it by England, was prevented from levying protective duties on imports. The native industries were able to make but little headway against the imports from Europe, and for fifty years there was no progress to speak of. When England succeeded in forcing the gold standard on other countries and silver was displaced, the premium on gold in Japan operated as a protective duty of about 100 per cent. This gave the stimulus needed, and, as the evidence proves, the development has been something wonderful. Of course, great industries cannot be built up in a year, and we do not feel much of the force of Japanese competition as yet, but given another ten years, at the same rate of progress, and how will our industries bear up against it?

An editorial in the Boston Herald, on the subject of "Competition with Asia," admits the facts as to the stimulating effect of the silver currency, and also the fact that "to purchase the ordinary country supplies an ounce of silver in the form of coin will go nearly as far in the form of compensation as it would when the same ounce was worth, as bullion, nearly twice as much as it is at

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the present time, and this under conditions in one form or another of nearly free coinage." The editor attempts to explain this by the lack of intelligence and scant means of communication in those countries, so that the mass of the people do not realize the depreciation of silver. This would be plausible if it could be shown on the other hand that prices of ordinary country supplies in the gold-using countries had not fallen and the silver alone of all commodities had declined in value when measured in gold. As this is not true, and as the fact of the ruinous decline in all prices measured in gold is beyond dispute, the proof is absolute that the change in value is in the gold rather than in the silver.

Of course, the Herald yearns for the wage-earner. It continues that if we brought our currency to the Chinese basis, employers would pay wages in silver the equivalent of fifty cents in gold for what they are now paying 100 cents in gold. This, it claims, would be robbing the wage-earner. This is another form of the old stock free trade argument, which assumes that employers carry on business for the sole and only purpose of paying wages, and that the amount of wages paid is entirely optional with the employer, having no reference to profit or the selling prices of the products. Wages are considered as fixed and arbitrary, and political economy is, in effect, the science of giving the cheapest

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prices or the most goods for the wages. The employers are always despots, who can be forced to sell at low prices while paying the highest wages. It is hardly necessary to point out the absurdity of such assumptions. A few weeks since, for example, it was announced that the Baldwin Straw Plating Works, at Milford, Conn., had arranged to ship their entire machinery to Japan, as they were unable to continue the competition here. Will this concern maintain an office in Milford and continue paying wages to the old employes in gold or not? If not, how much do the wage-earners benefit by the gold standard? When manufacturers of silk, cotton, woolen, iron, leather, boots and shoes and other lines, find it profitable to follow the Baldwin example, who will continue to pay wages at ioo cents in gold to the idle workman? Where will the gain for the wage-earners come in?

What is the use of trying to keep up such humbug arguments? The people must come to their senses sooner or later. They must learn that employer cannot be separated from wage-earner, and that the latter depends absolutely on the prosperity of the former. Why not admit the fact that the gold standard and disuse of silver is forcing an unequal and ruinous competition in all industries? Every gold-using country feels it, and the people cannot always submit to be made slaves; of the money-lenders, who exact their

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"pound of flesh nearest the heart." Let us have some fair discussion, instead of special pleading by the interested organ; and for the good of common humanity, let us honestly seek an honest remedy.

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Chapter XV. Cernuschi on the Issue.

Henri Cernuschi was the famous French writer who won fame as a champion of international bimetallism and an opponent of independent bimetallism by any single nation. He has been frequently quoted by advocates of the gold standard in this country in their endeavor to com-bat the arguments of the advocates of " 16 to 1. The following is one of the last of Cernuschi's contributions: From the Paris Economists

"I have always combated the uncompromising silver men of America, who at bottom are really silver monometallists, because from the scientific point of view, their doctrine is as fallacious as that of the gold monometallists.

"The adoption of the free coinage of silver by the United States alone would, it is true, increase to a formidable extent the contingent of silver monometallic countries, but would not immediately bring about a true solution of the problem that international bimetallism has in view — namely, the instantaneous fusion of the two monetary standards in a single international money by the establishment of a fixed parity of value between gold and silver.

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"With silver monometallism in the United States, the war to the knife between gold and silver will agitate yet for many years the civilized world, and you know as well as I do that the results of this struggle will be disastrous to those European countries which are at present living under a single gold standard, and in particular to England and France.

"I have always been the adversary of the out-and-out silver men of America, that is to say, the party which demands the free coinage of the silver dollar in the United States without reference to the action of European nations, because their monetary conception is diametrically opposed to mine. They are monometallists, like the monometallists of the city of London, and the triumph of their cause, so far from putting an end to the monetary anarchy in which the world has been writhing since 1873, will merely accentuate it, in rendering more burdensome for Europe the economic consequences of the diverge.

"But if I were a citizen of the United States and were convinced that Europe, by reason of England's attitude, is fixedly hostile to the establishment of a stable monetary parity between gold and silver, obstinately rejecting all ideas of international bimetallic agreement, then I should cease to be an international bimetallist (which nearly all my friends in the United States are), and should go over unhesitatingly to the camp of the silver men.

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"As a matter of fact, in its present economic situation, the United States of America, that great and youthful nation, suffers much more from the merciless conflict that has been in progress between gold and silver since 1873 than England — a very wealthy country, creditor of the rest of the world, possessing resources of every kind and enormous financial reserves, which enable her to endure with comparative ease the economic competition of those nations whose monetary standard is depreciated in regard to gold, like the countries of the far east, Mexico, the Argentine Republic, etc.

"The United States of America, on the contrary, are debtors to Europe for a portion of the sums which they have employed in the development of their industrial system, and must necessarily liquidate their debts abroad by realizing upon the products of their soil and of their manufactures.

"Now, as their foreign debts are, on the one hand, contracted in gold, and as, on the other, American products in Europe have to reckon with the depressing competition of similar products exported by other countries having a silver standard or paper money, it follows that the appreciation of gold, in regard to silver, that has taken place since 1873, has had a twofold result for the United States — which have remained faithful to the single gold standard since that date — namely: First — it has diminished by

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half, on American territory, the value in gold of all the national products which are subject to the said competition; and, second, it has doubled the real burden of the debts contracted abroad in gold, since double the quantity of American products is now required to discharge the annual liabilities arising from those debts.

"The native products of England have evidently felt the depressing influence of the same competition with similar products from countries whose monetary standard has been depreciated in regard to gold, and in this respect English agriculturists and manufacturers are prejudicially affected in the same way as the agriculturists and manufacturers of the United States. For this reason, an understanding between the two countries looking to the re-establishment of the equilibrium between the two monetary standards, and the maintenance of a stable parity of exchange for the future, was logical, reasonable and desirable for the world at large.

"But, if the interests of English agriculturists and manufacturers are seriously affected by the competition of countries having a depreciated monetary standard, the exterior finances of the United Kingdom do not suffer thereby, since England has no debts contracted abroad, and, in this respect at least, the English escape that particular evil from which the finances of the United States of America suffer so cruelly.

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"Furthermore, England being a large creditor of foreign countries, the London bankers can argue — as Sir William Harcourt did in so categorical a manner in his speech of March 17th last in the House of Commons — that the English capitalists recover, by the increasing purchasing power of the gold due them from abroad, the amount which, owing to the fall in the gold price of products imported into England by debtor countries, is lost by the agriculturists and manufacturers of the United Kingdom.

"Is that the case with the United States of America? No, most assuredly not! for they are debtors in gold to foreign countries, and it is with the proceeds of these same products, the gold prices of which have been depreciated by the competition of silver standard or paper money countries, that they are obliged to pay their foreign debt.

"Therefore, the present monetary situation in the United States is doubly unfavorable to the economic interests of that great nation, since, owing to the state of affairs now obtaining, the gold standard countries of Europe, and particularly the manufacturing countries like England, find it enormously advantageous to purchase their raw materials in those countries whose standard depreciated with regard to gold, like Asiatic countries, Russia or the Argentine Republic, and, on the other hand, to sell their manufactured products in the American market, where they are paid for in gold currency.

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"The present monetary policy of the United States is consequently very advantageous to the interests of England, a gold monometallic country, but it is utterly ruinous as regards the foreign financial relations of the United States, and especially for its native producers.

"This is why, inasmuch as England's attitude prevents the realization of international bimetallism and condemns one-half of the world to gold monometallism and the other half to silver monometallism, I would not hesitate, were I a citizen of the United States, to become — I, Cernuschi, the father of international bimetallism, as I am everywhere called — a silver monometallist.

"From a theoretical point of view, the free coinage of silver at 16 to1, re-established by the United States without the concurrence of Europe, would be a vicious solution, but it would nevertheless be a step in the direction of international bimetallism; for, under the regime of the new standard, the productive power of the United States would receive so enormous an impulse, and this development would have such a disastrous effect upon the economic and financial interests of England and the other European nations now governed by the gold standard, that it may be confidently predicted in advance, that the course of events would force the adoption of international bimetallism as the only true solution even upon those who to-day deny the possibility and efficacy of it." HENRI CERNUSCHI.

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Chapter XVI. John M. Thurston on Money.

The Republican National Convention for 1896, held in the city of St. Louis, selected a distinguished citizen of Nebraska to preside over its deliberations. Senator John M. Thurston needs no introduction to the people of the United States, and as the permanent chairman of the Republican National Convention, his utterances on the money question will be of more than ordinary interest.

By way of preface, and in exact justice to Senator Thurston, it should be said that there is no record showing that he declared explicitly in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1; but he seems to have regarded the question of the ratio as of secondary importance, while at the same time he favored restricting the coinage to the American product. But Senator Thurston's utterances on the money question, up to and including the very day of his election to the United States Senate, were directly, emphatically and explicitly antagonistic to the single gold standard.

In a letter addressed to Hon. J. Burrows, of

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Lincoln, Nebraska, under date of July, 1893, Mr. Thurston said: —

"I am a profound believer in the use of both gold and silver as money. I advocated the restoration of free coinage before any of those who are now the self-selected champions of silver in Nebraska had ever opened their lips on the subject. At the opening of the corn palace in Sioux City, four years ago, I said: —

"At the risk of being tedious, I ask your careful attention to the presentation of another grave question, which, in my judgment, is of such momentous importance to the entire West that all our people should join in vigorous efforts to secure its early and favorable solution.

"We of the West must have cheap money, not money intrinsically cheap, but cheap in interest charges for its use.

"We are money borrowers, and we need vast sums with which to hasten the development of our wonderful resources.

"We have good security to give, and neither repudiation nor bankruptcy is to be feared.

"But the amount of money in circulation is becoming inadequate for the daily commercial necessities of the country. It is almost impossible to-day for our local banks to accommodate their regular customers at 10 per cent. They have not a dollar to loan on the best paper to anyone else.

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"In popular parlance, ‘money is scarce.’

"The country grows so fast that the demand increases almost by multiplication.

"An inadequate circulating medium adds to the relative value of the dollar, and cheapens the relative value of everything else.

"Every debtor must work harder or sell more property to meet his obligations than he otherwise would.

*******

"But our mountain ranges produce a metal which, until a few years ago, was money the wide world over. Silver was one of the standard coins of the United States from the birth of independence until its demonetization crept into the statutes of Congress, either by mistake or fraud.

"I assert that the American people, and especially those of the West, demand the free and unlimited coinage of silver. I do not mean that the financial affairs of the country should be carried on by the actual use of silver, for it has been demonstrated that the silver certificates answer better. Nor am I certain that the present standard should be adhered to. But let us restore the law which made silver a legal tender for all debts, public and private. Let us give the right to any man to deposit the bullion in the Treasury and receive for it certificates redeemable in silver coin, and the great problem of an adequate, flexible and stable currency is solved.

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"The assertion that a government can have too much money, is not reliable. Inflation by issuance of irredeemable paper is one thing; expansion by coinage is another. If we coin all the silver produced in America, over and above what is used in manufactures and the arts, we will not any more than keep pace with the increased demands of our business growth. Every dollar issued in exchange for silver bullion will find its way into circulation and a new era of prosperity begin.

"From time to time thereafter, before the various Republican clubs and organizations in the United States, I maintained substantially the same views. My present position is quite fully set forth in a letter addressed by me to George Gunton, editor of Social Economist, New York City, on July 7, 1893, a copy of which I hereto attach."

On July 7, 1893, Mr. Thurston addressed a letter to George Gunton, editor of The Social Economist, No. 34 Union Square, New York City, in which Mr. Thurston said: —

"I have no doubt the remonetization of silver in the United States would speedily and certainly appreciate the price of silver, not only in this country, but throughout the whole world. No matter what other governments do, this country ought not to eliminate silver from use as a coin metal. Any legislation in that direction will be looked upon by the common people as in the interest

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of the money power for the express purpose of increasing the purchasing power of money and decreasing the selling price of everything produced by human toil. It is a fact, which should not be overlooked by statesmen, that the price of American silver and the price of American wheat reached low water mark on the same day.

*******

"Economists insist that the volume of money in a country has nothing to do with the intrinsic value of the dollar, and this is true so far as the intrinsic value of the coin is concerned, but the amount of money in circulation in a country has almost everything to do with the interest rate on money, with the ability to borrow money for use in manufactures, improvements and speculation. Since the recent monetary scare many branches of industry have been closed to American workmen because of the inability of the manufacturers to borrow money from the banks as heretofore, and this, because a large part of the actual money in the country had been taken out of circulation by the panic. Small depositors have withdrawn their money from the banks, and the deposit vaults of the country have in them to-day millions of dollars which, three months ago, were on deposit in our banks. Therefore, the interest rate has increased and it is difficult, in most communities, to borrow money on any reasonable terms.

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The result is stagnation of business, stoppage of all kinds of enterprises, and in a very short time thousands of American workmen will be out of employment.

* * * * * * *

"The recent events, instead of bringing me to believe in the single gold standard, have had quite the opposite result. For the world at large to abandon the use of silver as money would be to greatly enhance the power of gold; to greatly diminish the volume of money, and thereby the borrowing classes and the producing classes would be more at the mercy of the money holders than they ever have been heretofore. The United States is a silver-producing country, and I do not believe it can afford to let those nations not silver producing compel it to abandon silver as a money.

"It is better that we should, if necessary, buy gold at a premium to settle our foreign balances with than that the American people should be compelled to pay higher prices in human labor and in human endeavor for a dollar because of the adoption of the single gold standard. I am an advocate of the American theory. We are not dependent either for manufactures or money on the outside world."

In an interview printed in the Omaha World-Herald of Monday, June 11, 1894, Mr. Thurston said: —

"So far as I am concerned, I think I only disagree

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with such Republicans as ex-President Harrison upon the question as to what steps ought to be first instituted to bring the commercial world back to the use of both gold and silver. He believes that it must be done through a monetary conference with the great commercial powers. In my judgment the United States can safely take the initiative by providing for the coinage of its own silver, and I believe that such action on its part would, within a comparatively short time, drive the other great countries of the world to similar action, and speedily pave the way for a monetary conference, which would establish gold and silver as the money of the world and fix the ratio for generations to come."

On January 16, 1895, Mr. Thurston addressed the Legislature of the State of Nebraska in formal acknowledgment of his election to the United States Senate. On that occasion Mr. Thurston said: —

"I would put a stop to the outflow of gold from the treasury; first, by requiring that all import duties should be paid in gold at the option of the treasurer of the United States; and, second, by insisting upon the right of redemption in either gold or silver, of outstanding notes, whenever it becomes apparent that redemption is being demanded for speculative purposes. It is said that such a policy would drive gold to a premium. In my judgment, we can better afford

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to have gold at a premium than prosperity at a discount. * * * * * *

"More money on hand than is necessary to supp'y the business demands may reduce interest rates, but the people can easily stand that. The bankers and the capitalists should not have power to contract the volume of currency in circulation or corner the money market of the country. I do not agree with those who would retire our greenbacks and treasury notes. I am in favor of keeping every one of them in circulation, and there can. be no danger in so doing if we will adopt the policy already stated of meeting all speculative demands for redemption by tender of either gold or silver, at the option of the government, in accordance with the specific terms of the contract.

"I am in favor of American bimetallism, and in this the United States should lead the world.

"My position upon the American silver question has been thoroughly understood by the people of the State, and I accept my election by the united vote of the great Republican majority in the Legislature as an indorsement of my ante-election declaration in favor of coining the American product of gold and silver into honest dollars. To those who fear the effect of the American silver coinage, I have this to say: We are not realizing financial prosperty under existing gold monometallism, and it is worth our while to try the experiment of a return to bimetallism."

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Chapter XVII. Moreton Frewen on the Issue.

(From the London Financial News of May 29, 1896.)

"It may be well to notice an error into which many persons ignorant of the currency question have fallen. They accuse the committee of desiring to rob the present public creditors in order to make up for the injury done to the public debtors in 1819. To such parties the committee recommends an inquiry as to how far the present relations and obligations of society are in accordance with the present gold coinage; and they will find that what the committee desires is to prevent further appreciation, or further robbery of the debtors, and not to rob the public creditor. The average of prices and wages is still about 25 per cent. above the present gold standard. It is the attempt at a further reduction which causes the present universal embarrassment. * * * Will or can the agricultural and commercial classes submit to this reduction? And, if so, would it be possible to collect the amount of revenue required by the government?" — From the memorial of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce

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addressed to Sir Robert Peel, December 2, 1842.

"To the Editor of the News — Sir: Your interesting leader of the 21st, upon the currency situation in the United States, may be shortly summed up in the following theses: (1) That no legislation by the United States, single-handed, can establish a parity between gold and silver; (2) That the free coinage of silver in the United States involves silver monometallism; (3) That gold monometallism is to be preferred to silver monometallism. Now, in the opinion of the silver party in the United States, if (1) is sound, (2) an honest silver currency such as Germany had until 1873, and India until 1893, is infinitely preferable to (3) an appreciating gold currency, even if — which is more than doubtful — that gold currency can be maintained at all. As a general statement of the financial position of the United States it may be said that she owes annually these interest payments: $150,000,000 on loans, $75,000,000 remittances to travelers and absentees, $75,000,000 to foreign ship-owners: so that either her exports have to exceed her imports by ,Å60,000,000 sterling or she loses gold, or, failing this, she has to borrow to pay the interest, thus piling higher the permanent interest charges.

"I venture to think that the debts of this nation of 70,000,000 people are even larger than I have stated them. The general condition of financial

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strain, and consequent political unrest in the United States seems to be not less than is now the case in Australia, where the annual interest paid abroad by 4,000,000 people is known to be some Å15,000,000 sterling. If we take, for example, the state of California; this state is in population, in resources and climate about the peer of New South Wales. The annual indebtedness of New South Wales is officially stated at, Å5,000,000 sterling. May not the debt of California to New York and to Europe be about the same? and, if so, how can California any more than New South Wales permanently sustain the burden of a 50 per cent, fall of prices, which fall must have exactly doubled the burden of her external debt? Thus the one issue in the United States — which includes the other issues, such as the mere color of her money and the fiscal methods by which her revenue shall be collected — the one paramount issue is this: How can the United States secure a sufficient balance of exports to continue solvent? Now, I contend that if, as you admit to be the case the world over, a depreciating currency stimulates exports and contracts imports, then that portion of public opinion in America which favors silver rather than gold is intelligent. For scheme, and re-adjust, and tinker with the tariffs as you will, you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear; you cannot restore the balance of trade to the United

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States unless her currency legislation is such that it drags up the exchanges between Europe and Asia; whereas every further movement, in America or elsewhere, toward gold monometallism drags those exchanges down. In short, gold monometallism in the United States involves an increased competition for the industries of white men everywhere, at the hands of the yellow races of the orient; and there is not a consular report which comes to us from the far east but emphasizes this statement. What, then, is the argument for single-handed free coinage in the United States? It is this. Either free coinage will establish bimetallism for the whole world, or, failing this, there will be such a gold premium in New York as to-day assists exporters in Russia, in all Asia, and in nine-tenths of South America.

"This gold premium, unlike a protective tariff, will stimulate the exports of the United States, while acting, just as a protective tariff does, to reduce imports; therefore, either free coinage will give bimetallism to the whole world, or, failing this, it will tend to secure that excess of American exports over imports, which is the only possible alternative to further gold loans, leading to ultimate insolvency. These, then, are the arguments which favor a non-appreciating, or even a depreciating, currency in the United States. On the other hand, I do not see, qua its economic

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aspects, what possible advantage can accrue from a gold standard and a gold currency. A gold currency in America cannot raise — it cannot, indeed, fail to further depress — the European exchanges with 800,000,000 of Asiatic exporters. It cannot, therefore, fail to still further throw the balance of trade against the United States, unless, indeed, by further contracting the American currency, it forces down prices there to such a point as to contract violently America's import trades. And a pretty look-out for England that! In short, the clamor of our press that America shall become gold monometallic, seems to involve either the insolvency of our greatest debtor or the decline of our export trades to America, or both.

"There is this further point which you emphasize — that if America copies our gold standard ‘confidence will be restored,’ and we will lend her more money; thus aggravating in the future the very disease from which she suffers. On the other hand, if she goes to free coinage we shall, in a panic, return her securities, and thus sell her back her railways and industrials at half price, just at that very moment when, her legislation having sent the rupee, the tael, and the yen to nearly, or quite, par, the export trades of the orient will be cut into, and the exports of the American farm, mine and factory will take their place. In other words, because of the inane

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injunctions of a portion of the London press, our investors there will be so misled as to sell American stocks to Americans at that very moment when in America prosperity is about to set in. You remark that I describe America as ‘the greatest debtor nation on earth,’ and you add ‘that one fact is conclusive against taking any course tending to lower its national credit.’ But would free silver lower its credit, even should it involve a gold premium? It certainly would not, if trade and agriculture there improved, and the railways did a larger business at better rates. The credit of a country is not determined by its currency, but by its prosperity. Thus India's credit, the rate at which she borrows, has greatly improved side by side with the depreciation of her currency. So also has Russia's. Of the Argentine and Brazil it is not too much to say that incontrovertible paper issues, and the stimulus thus afforded their exports because of de preciation, has alone enabled these countries to continue paying the interest on their foreign loans. And what is lacking in the United states is not really the lenders' confidence in the currency; it is rather the conviction of both borrower and lender that money invested in a farm or factory will earn no profit; that the pains and perils of a fresh ‘resumption’ period are just ahead; and that while prices over there are even now depressed below the point of possible profit,

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they must be depressed 25 per cent, further yet before imports, under any tariff, can be so checked as to permit gold to remain at home in the currency. And, further than this, let me ask how, if imports are to be checked by a high tarift, is the necessary revenue to be secured for the Federal Government? If then, as I believe, the critical position of the United States results from the present conditions of exchange between Europe and Asia, and can only be remedied by some action which will raise those exchanges, much may be said for the policy of free silver, even should that policy involve a gold premium in New York. It is not the exporter from America who will be hurt by that premium; it is the exporter to America — in other words, the English manufacturer. But let me go further and ask your reasons for believing that the United States is unable to maintain the parity of 1 to 16, assuming, as we may assume, that if the American mints open to the free coinage of dollars, we shall open mints to the free coinage of rupees. Are there any scientific grounds for the conviction, so generally held, that such a monetary union as this bimetallism in America and silver monometallism in India would fail to maintain the world's parity. I do not venture, of course, to dogmatize as to this; but the problem is so interesting and the experiment by the United States — whether next year or in 1901 — is so extremely

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probable, that it is worth while for those who hold that the experiment would be attended with disaster, to offer something for our consideration more convincing than prophecies.

"In the first place, then, free coinage in America would bring the Asiatic exchanges promptly to par — for the moment, at least — and assuming that you are right, and that there would be panic sales of American securities held here, perhaps ,Å40,000,000 sterling of American gold would flow into Europe. This great flood of gold would be likely to inflate prices here to some extent, to thus increase the exports from the United States, and also to reduce the gold premium at Buenos Ayres and elsewhere, thus checking exports of wheat, etc., which compete with similar exports from America. And, again, the prodigious rise in the exchange with Asia would expand European exports to Asia, and, until gold prices here had risen, would greatly contract exports from Asia to Europe. Thus a double influence favorable to the balance of trade in the United States would be exerted. The United States would export more to England because Asia would export less, and thus America's gold as well as her securities, would go back to her. Secondly, because England, selling more goods to Asia, the rupee, the dollar, and the yen being at par, England could then also buy more produce from the United States. Thus, while free coinage in the

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United States might, in the first place, tend to displace gold, there would almost simultaneously be exerted an even more powerful tendency for gold to be shipped west from Europe in order to liquidate what it seems to me must be an immense trade balance in favor of the United States. As to the absurd idea one frequently encounters, that Asia will dump silver upon the American mints and carry off gold, it is hardly necessary to examine this fallacy. It is for the objectors to show why Asia should give the metal which to her alone is money in order to buy the other metal which is not money; and why also the white metal should be withdrawn from the hoards of the orient at that moment when it appreciates, in order that it may be exchanged for the yellow metal, which has just depreciated almost one-half in terms of rupees.

"The present Lord Aldenham (then Mr. Hucks Gibbs), in his evidence before the currency commission in 1886, declared that, in his judgment, America with open mints could maintain the parity without help. There is no one who has had a larger practical experience of exchange problems than Mr. Gibbs; there is no one whose opinion is more entitled to respect. And since that evidence was given what have we seen? On a certain Monday in June, 1893, we saw the two metals at a parity of 1 to 24; on the Friday of that week the parity had become 1 to 30I/2. And why? Because the Indian mints had been closed

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to free coinage. Now, it is not possible to argue seriously that, while the closing of the Indian mints had thus enormously reduced the gold price of silver, yet the reopening of those mints would have failed to bring about a rise; so that it is fair to assume, that if between Monday and Friday the ratio fell from 1 to 24 to 1 to 301/2, then between Friday and Tuesday, had the Indian mints been reopened, the ratio would have risen from 1 to 30Ë to 1 to 24. And supposing, further, that on the Tuesday the United States had accepted free coinage at 1 to 16, is it inherently improbable that such a vast country, with such a boundless exporting capacity, could have lifted silver to 58I/2d?

"Permit me to recapitulate. The difference between open mints and closed mints in India has been demonstrated by the experiment of 1893 to be silver at 30I/2 d and silver at 38I/2d, and, this having been ascertained, is it the folly, is it the lunacy, is it the dishonesty that the New York press so glibly declares it, if we venture to hold that the difference between open mints in the United States and closed mints in the United States, is the entire difference between 38I/2dand 58I/2d? In other words, if India contributes a 25 per cent, life to silver by giving it free coinage, why cannot America contribute a further 50 per cent? Why cannot she lift the ratio from 1 to 24 to 1 to 16? What, permit me to ask, with much respect, is your view as to this? We are

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aware that you favor bimetallism, and not merely ‘by and by metallism.’ Either a monetary union over a strictly limited area will establish the parity, or, if not, then the whole system is chimerical; because if bimetallism needs to be universal, then, also, it follows that our opponents are correct in declaring that the system is impracticable, because the defection of one of two warring nations would serve to destroy it.

"The new French Prime Minister, M. Meline, when pointing to the rapid spread and acceptance by experts of the bimetallic theorem, declared that what alone is now needed is the ‘electric spark.’ Such an electric spark may very well prove to be a free-coinage plank in the national Democratic convention, which met at Chicago, on July 7th. For even if the Republican party should elect its president, still that plank, unless countered by a similar move in the Republican party, will certainly secure to the Democratic party the control until 1900 of the all important senate; whereas, on the other hand, the monometallist counsels of Mr. Cleveland and Secretary Carlisle, should they dominate the party at Chicago, will both leave in that party the record of a disgraceful surrender and will leave of that party for a generation to come not one stone standing upon another.

"Such is the great exchange crisis which to-day confronts the whole world of trade. Its effects

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on international trade, still dimly perceived, are probably infinitely greater and more complicated than any of us at all appreciate. We have seen, with the great rise in the gold premium at Buenos Ayres since 1890, the wheat area in that country increase from 2,990,000 acres in 1891 to 7,141,000 acres in 1895; while in the same period the wheat exports jumped up from less than 2,000,000 quarters to nearly 8,000,000 quarters. Here is a competition which, while the press is shouting for ‘honest money,’ has made Kansas and Minnesota not less desolate than Essex and Lincolnshire. On the other hand, we saw, in 1893, an artificial, a manipulated, rise in the exchanges between India and the far east strike the milling industries in Bombay as by lightning; so that 30,000 operatives there were thrown out of work in a few weeks, while yarn exports from Bombay fell off one-third, and the government of India was obliged to come to England because of the exchange disturbance and the contraction of exports, exactly as America has to day to come to England, because of the contraction of her exports, in order to borrow gold. We have seen these experiments in exchange; we have seen experts, such as Mr. Hermann Schmidt, exactly foretell, in evidence before royal commissions, the results which were to follow from these experiments; and yet silly people there are who still declare that steady exchanges with four-fifths

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of mankind are immaterial, because ‘international trade is merely international barter.’

"Let me only add, in conclusion, that Europe and America are indeed to be congratulated if, because of the intuitions of the common people in the western republic, we are now very near the dawn of better days. At a time when political leaders the world over are, as never before in history, disappointed and disgraced, the western nations, unguided and unguarded, groping in the dark as to the magnitude of the issues involved, have come within an ace of being routed and their industries decimated by that exchange crisis which has given their silver money to our oriental competitors at half price. If, then, we succeed in evading the greatest race danger with which we have ever been confronted, we shall owe our escape, not to our statesmen, who have failed us, but to the detection of pseudo-liberalism, false economics, and half-truths (worse than any lies) by the great American nation. Not without reason did Lincoln declare of that nation: ‘You may fool some of them all the time, but not all of them all the time.’ ‘Everyone,’ said Lincoln, again, ‘knows more than anyone!’ an utterance which, no doubt, his successor, the present occupant of the White House, and his ‘cuckoo’ cabinet consider frankly blasphemous.

"Yours faithfully,

''MORETON FREWEN.

"White's Club, London, May 25, 1896."

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Chapter XVIII. The Chicago Convention.

The Democratic National Convention for 1896, which had been called to meet in Chicago, July 7th, was destined by political conditions to be the most important gathering of the kind in recent years. The interest in the financial question had grown so rapidly during Mr. Cleveland's second administration that it became the one topic of national consideration. The action of the Republican National Convention at St. Louis, in June, in declaring for a single gold standard gave an impetus to the movement for a declaration for free silver coinage by the Democratic Convention. The people had listened to arguments on the important issue, had read and studied the question, and had discussed it among themselves until there was a demand by them that the issue must be fairly and honestly met at the polls.

The silver sentiment had taken a more aggressive form in the Democratic party than in its formidable competitor, and as the latter had gone on record for a gold standard, the democracy was looked to to take up the cause of silver. In every state convention held to select delegates to the National Convention, this one question was

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uppermost. No surprise was shown by the op ponents of free coinage when the friends of silver secured the delegations from the Western States, but when that sentiment gave evidence of sweepingthe Middle and some of the Eastern States, there was much alarm among the advocates of gold.

The Democratic national administration was for the gold standard, and used its power to enable that sentiment to control the National Convention. The repeated issuance of bonds by the administration to uphold the gold standard, thereby increasing the national debt to a startling extent, aroused the people to a sense of the need of a change in the financial policy of the Government. The result showed that this sentiment did not exist alone in the States which mined silver, as had been so frequently urged by the enemies of free coinage. Bimetallism carried the silver States, the Western States, with but two exceptions, the Southern States, and passed on into the enemy's camp, and carried all the Middle States but two. So strong did the movement become that it was conceded weeks before the National Convention met that the free-coinage men would control by a large majority.

The body which met at Chicago was a deliberative one, realizing at the outset that it had an important issue to meet, and that whatever position the party took on the question, there would inevitably be a great deal of dissatisfaction,

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followed by a bolt on the part of many prominent Democrats. It was composed of cool and determined men, who went there with a purpose, and bent on carrying that purpose out. They were not to be swayed from what they considered their duty, by personal friendship, local pride or political precedent. They held that new conditions had come into existence, requiring new men, new ideas, and new methods of party procedure. They worked upon this line, and the Democratic national ticket and platform of 1896 are the result. The convention met at noon, Tuesday, and did not adjourn till late the following Saturday afternoon. There was a contest royal from the moment the convention was originally called to order, till the fall of the gavel announced the dissolution.

Mr. Bryan was one of the duly-elected dele gates-at-large from Nebraska, but his seat, and those of his delegation, were contested by a faction of the Democratic party in that State which had bolted from the regular organization, and called themselves "Administration Democrats," favoring a gold standard. This contest was acted upon by the National Committee previous to Unassembling of the convention', and that organize tion being controlled by gold Standard men, tincontesting delegation was seated, forcing the regular delegation to take seats among the spectators in the convention.

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Hon. William F. Harrity, of Pennsylvania, Chairman of the National Committee, called the convention to order at noon on Tuesday, July 7th, and after the usual formalities attending the opening of such a meeting, announced that the National Committee had selected Senator David B. Hill, of New York, as temporary chairman.

The silver men, being in a majority in the convention, refused to accept a single-standard man as the temporary presiding officer, even when he was possessed of the eminent ability and character of the senior senator from the Empire State, and presented as their choice, Senator John W. Daniel, of Virginia.

This action was contrary to precedent in Democratic conventions, but this convention was not following precedent. It was establishing precedent and making history for future conventions. A discussion was precipitated upon the phases of the question which continued all afternoon. Upon roll call, the silver men triumphed in their first contest, Senator Daniel being chosen to preside temporarily over the convention by a vote of 556, to 349 for Senator Hill.

The customary committees were selected, after which the first day's session came to an end.

The convention was slow in getting to work on Wednesday, owing to delay by committees in making their reports. After a few hours the committee on credentials sent in a partial report

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recommending the seating of the regular delegation from Nebraska, of which Mr. Bryan was a member, and this report was adopted by the convention without division. The departing of the contesting delegation, and the coming of the regular delegation, was the occasion for the first demonstration for Mr. Bryan, who, however, was not present at the time, being engaged with the committee on resolutions in preparing a platform.

Later, the committee on credentials reported in favor of seating four contesting silver delegates from Michigan, and this report was discussed during the larger part of the afternoon, being eventually adopted. With that, the work of this particular committee ended.

Permanent organization was then perfected by the election of Senator Stephen M. White, of California, as permanent chairman, after which the convention adjourned till Thursday.

Thursday morning the committee on resolutions reported. Senator J. K. Jones, of Arkansas, presented the majority report, embracing the free-silver plank, and Senator D. B. Hill presented the minority report, which called for the maintenance of the present gold standard until an international agreement could be reached for the free coinage of silver.

The committee had agreed to set aside two hours and forty minutes for debate on the platform, one hour and twenty minutes on a side.

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Senator B. R. Tillman, of South Carolina, opened the discussion for the silver men, followed by Senator Jones, of Arkansas. Senator D. B. Hill opened for the gold standard side, followed by Senator William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin, and ExGov. William E. Russell, of Massachusetts. Mr. Bryan closed for the silver men and closed the debate. The discussion proved to be a forensic contest of surpassing interest and of wonderful force. Mr. Bryan's address on that occasion, and a description of the manner in which it was received, can be best given by republishing the report which appeared in the Chicago Times-Herald the morning after the discussion, which was as follows:

"The Silver Knight of the West," William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska, set the convention on fire with a speech, which was followed by a demonstration which never will be forgotten by the 16,000 persons who witnessed it and participated therein.

Up to this time the convention had not been dull for want of effective oratory. The tearful and pleading Colonel Fellows, of New York; the fiery and impulsive Blackburn, of Kentucky; the forceful and aggressive Altgeld, of Illinois; and such famous orators as Hill, Russell, Waller and White had scored their triumphs and added new leaves to their laurel wreaths. But when compared to the impassioned oratory f the "Black

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Eagle of Nebraska," newly named "The Silver Knight of the West," the efforts were tame.

A reputation as an orator may prove either an advantage or a handicap to its possessor. From such a man the listener expects much. Woe is in store for such an orator if his effort fail to meet the sanguine expectations of the auditor, and triumph is sure if he reaches the heralded heights which have been promised. Bryan established a reputation as an orator in the scattered hamlets on the Nebraska plains and it wafted him into Congress. In one term he set a new mark for congressional eloquence. Yesterday, he set another new mark.

Senator Hill was given a storm of applause before he spoke; Bryan, a cyclone of enthusiasm when he had concluded. When quiet had been restored by the chairman, Mr. Bryan then addressed the convention.

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Chapter XIX. Speech Delivered by Hon. William J. Bryan of Nebraska Before the Democratic National Convention, July 9, 1896.

"Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention:
"I would be presumptuous, indeed, to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened if this was a mere measuring of abilities; but this is not a contest between persons. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty — the cause of humanity.

"When this debate is concluded a motion will be made to lay upon the table the resolution offered in commendation of the administration and also the resolution offered in condemnation of the administration. We object to bringing this question down to the level of persons. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies;

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but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest over a principle.

"Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as that through which we have just passed. Never before in the history of American politics has a great issue been fought out, as this issue has been, by the voters of a great party. On the fourth of March, 1895, a few Democrats, most of them members of Congress, issued an address to the Democrats of the nation, asserting that the money question was the paramount issue of the hour; declaring that a majority of the Democratic party had the right to control the action of the party on this paramount issue; and concluding with the request that the believers in the free coinage of silver in the Democratic party should organize, take charge of, and control the policy of the Democratic party. Three months later, at Memphis, an organization was perfected, and the silver Democrats went forth openly, courageously proclaiming their belief, and declaring that, if successful, they would crystallize into a platform the declaration which they had made. Then began the conflict. With a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the crusaders who followed Peter the Hermit, our silver Democrats went forth from victory unto victory until they, are now assembled, not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the

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plain people of this country. In this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. The warmest ties of love, acquaintance and association have been disregarded; old leaders have been cast aside when they have refused to give expression to the sentiments of those whom they would lead, and new leaders have sprung up to give direction to this cause of truth. Thus has the contest been waged, and we have assembled here under as binding and solemn instructions as were ever imposed upon representatives of the people.

"We do not come as individuals. As individuals we might have been glad to compliment the gentleman from New York (Senator Hill), but we know that the people for whom we speak would never be willing to put him in a position where he could thwart the will of the Democratic party. I say it was not a question of persons; it was a question of principle, and it is not with gladness, my friends, that we find ourselves brought into conflict with those that are now arrayed on the other side.

"The gentleman who preceded me (ex-Governor Russell) spoke of the State of Massachusetts; let me assure him that not one present in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the State of Massachusetts, but we stand here representing people who are the equals before the law of the greatest citizens of the

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State of Massachusetts. When you (turning to the gold delegates) come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course.

"We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too limited in its application. The man who is employed for wages is as much a business man as his employer; the attorney in a country town is as much a business man as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis; the merchant at the cross-roads store is as much a business man as the merchant of New York; the farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day — who begins in the spring and toils all summer — and who by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of the country creates wealth, is as much a business man as the man who goes upon the board of trade and bets upon the price of grain; the miners who go down a thousand feet into the earth, or climb two thousand feet upon the cliffs, and bring forth from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured into the channels of trade are as much business men as the few financial magnates who, in a back room, corner the money of the world. We come to speak for this broader class of business-men.

"Ah, my friends, we say not one word against those who live upon the Atlantic Coast, but the

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hardy pioneers who have braved all the dangers of the wilderness, who have made the desert to blossom as the rose — the pioneers away out there (pointing to the West), who rear their children near to Nature's heart, where they can mingle their voices with the voices of the birds — out there where they have erected school-houses for the education of their young, churches where they praise their Creator, and cemeteries where rest the ashes of their dead — these people, we say, are as deserving of the consideration of our party, as any people in this country. It is for these that we speak. We do not come as aggressors. Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families and posterity. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. We defy them.

"The gentleman from Wisconsin has said that he fears a Robespierre. My friends, in this land of the free, you need not fear that a tyrant will spring up from among the people. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand, as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of organized wealth.

"They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. We reply to them, that changing

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conditions make new issues; that the principles upon which Democracy rests, are as everlasting as the hills, but that they must be applied to new conditions as they arise. Conditions have arisen, and we are here to meet those conditions. They tell us that the income tax ought not to be brought in here; that it is a new idea. They criticise us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. My friends, we have not criticised; we have simply called attention to what you already know. If you want criticisms, read the dissenting opinions of the court. There you will find criticisms. They say that we passed an unconstitutional law; we deny it. The income tax law was not unconstitutional when it was passed; it was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time; it did not become unconstitutional, until one of the judges changed his mind, and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. The income tax is just. It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. I am in favor of an income tax. When I find a man who is not willing to bear his share of the burdens of the government which protects him, I find a man who is unworthy to enjoy the blessings of a government like ours.

"They say that we are opposing national bank currency; it is true. If you will read what

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Thomas Benton said, you will find he said that, in searching history, he could find but one parallel to Andrew Jackson; that was Cicero who destroyed the conspiracy of Cataline and saved Rome. Benton said that Cicero only did for Rome what Jackson did for us when he destroyed the bank conspiracy and saved America. We say in our platform that we believe that the right to coin and issue money is a function of government. We believe it. We believe that it is a part of sovereignty, and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than we could afford to delegate to private individuals the power to make penal statutes or levy taxes. Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have differed in opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank, and that the Government ought to go out of the banking business. I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of government, and that the banks ought to go out of the governing business.

"They complain about the plank which declares against life tenure in office. They have tried to strain it to mean that which it does not mean. What we oppose by that plank is the life tenure which is being built up in Washington, and which

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excludes from participation in official benefits the humbler members of society.

"Let me call your attention to two or three important things. The gentleman from New York says that he will propose an amendment to the platform, providing that the proposed change in our monetary system shall not effect contracts already made. Let me remind you that there is no intention of affecting those contracts which according to present laws are made payable in gold, but if he means to say that we cannot change our monetary system without protecting those who have loaned money before the change was made, I desire to ask him where, in law or in morals, he can find justification for not protecting the debtors when the act of 1873 was passed, if he now insists that we must protect the creditors.

"He says he will also propose an amendment which will provide for the suspension of free coinage if we fail to maintain the parity within a year. We reply that when we advocate a policy which we believe will be successful, we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by suggesting what we shall do if we fail. I ask him, if he would apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. He says he wants this country to try to secure an international agreement. Why does he not tell us what he is going to do if he fails to secure an international agreement? There is more reason for him to do that than there is

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for us to provide against the failure to maintain the parity. Our opponents have tried for twenty years to secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who do not want it at all.

"And now, my friends, let me come to the paramount issue. If they ask us why it is that we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that, if protection has slain its thousands, the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. If they ask us why we do not embody in our platform all the things that we believe in, we reply, that when we have restored the money of the constitution, all other necessary reforms will be possible; but, that until this is done, there is no other reform that can be accomplished.

"Why is it, that within three months, such a change has come over the country? Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those who believe in the gold standard would frame our platform and nominate our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a president. And they had good reason for their doubt, because there is scarcely a State here to-day, asking for the gold standard, which is not in the absolute control of the Republican party. But note the change.

Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis, upon a platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard, until it can be changed into bimetallism

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by international agreement. Mr. McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans, and three months ago, everybody in the Republican party prophesied his election. How is it to-day? Why, the man who was once pleased to think that he looked like Napoleon — that man shudders to-day, when he remembers that he was nominated on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. Not only that, but as he listens, he can hear with ever-increasing distinctness, the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of St. Helena.

"Why this change? Ah, my friends, is not the reason for the change evident to any one who will look at the matter? No private character, however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from the avenging wrath of an indignant people, a man who will declare that he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this country, or who is willing to surrender the right of self-government, and place the legislative control of our affairs in the hands of foreign potentates and powers.

"We go forth confident that we shall win. Why? Because upon the paramount issue of this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. If they tell us that the gold standard is a good thing, we shall point to their platform and tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of the

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gold standard and substitute bimetallism. If the gold standard is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? I call your attention to the fact that some of the very people who are in this convention today, and who tell us that we ought to declare in favor of international bimetallism — thereby declaring that the gold standard is wrong and that the principle of bimetallism is better — these very people, four months ago, were open and avowed advocates of the gold standard, and were then telling us that we could not legislate two metals together, even with the aid of all the world. If the gold standard is a good thing, we ought to declare in favor of its retention, and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until other nations are willing to help us to let go? Here is the line of battle, and we care not upon which issue they force the fight; we are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all the nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard, and that both the great parties this year are declaring against it. If the gold standard is the standard of civilization, why, my friends, should we not have it? If they come to meet us on that issue, we can present the history of our nation. More than that; we can tell them that they will search the pages of history in vain

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to find a single instance where the common people of any land have ever declared themselves in favor of the gold standard. They can find where the holders of fixed investments have declared for a gold standard, but not where the masses have.

"Mr. Carlisle said, in 1878, that this was a struggle between ‘the idle holders of idle capital’ and ‘the struggling masses, who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country,’ and, my friends, the question we are to decide is: Upon which side will the Democratic party fight: upon the side of the ‘idle holders of idle capital,’ or upon the side of ‘the struggling masses?’ That is the question which the party must answer first, and then it must be answered by each in dividual hereafter. The sympathies of the Democratic party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic party. There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them,

"You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply

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that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.

"My friends, we declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth; and upon that issue we expect to carry every State in the Union. I shall not slander the inhabitants of the fair State of Massachusetts nor the inhabitants of the State of New York by saying that, when they are confronted with the proposition, they will declare that this nation is not able to attend to its own business. It is the issue of 1776 over again. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our people. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. If they say bimetallism is good, but that we cannot have it until other nations help us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard because England has, we will restore bimetallism and then let England have bimetallism because the United States has it. If

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they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.’ "

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Chapter XX. Convention — Continued.

At the conclusion of this speech there was a demonstration, the like of which had never been seen in a convention, and which is also best described by again calling upon the Chicago TimesHerald, that paper reporting the scene in this language:

"Nebraska was the central star around which all other silver delegations clustered, in the midst of the popular demonstration to the orator from the Platte Country. Chairman Smyth, of the Nebraska delegation, grasped the hand of Bryan when he returned from the stage, pale with victory and excitement. In another instant Smyth was on his chair waving the blue Nebraska standard with an energy born of ecstasy. The members of the Nebraska delegation pulled red bandannas from their pockets and waved them enthusiastically. The sight of the emblem of ‘the old Roman’ used in former campaigns, awakened the Ohio delegation across the aisle.

"Bush, of Georgia, bewhiskered and strong of lung, ran down the aisle with the Georgia standard toward the Nebraska chairs. A wild yell from the rear of the hall disclosed Joe Lacy, the

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dark-skinned Cherokee delegate from the Indian Territory corner, causing a panic in the New York delegation, through whose ranks this Indian plunged at breakneck speed with the territory standard, in an attempt to beat the Georgian to Bryan's side. Like a Tammany brave, this child of the southwest, walked all over dignity and feet of the passive New Yorkers, and reached the Nebraska section second.

"Then came the colors of Illinois, South Dakota, Missouri, Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, Ohio, Iowa, Tennessee, Mississippi, Michigan, Utah, Nevada, Colorado and others in quick sequence.

"Standing on chairs and yelling at the full capacity of lung power, the men who held the delegation standards reached as high as possible in their effort to reach the roof of the building. Bo Sweeney, of Colorado, six feet three inches from head to heel, shoved his long arm up near the rafters, while Hugh Brady pushed the colors of Missouri against those of Nebraska, to kiss the emblem of the new conqueror. Then Alabama led a grand march of glory around the delegates' pit. It was a parade of silver States fencing in the Bryan boom, and framing the hopes of the young Nebraskan with the shadows of coming events.

"Bryan was carried off his feet in the rush. The air in his vicinity was a kaleidoscope of big hands, all eager to congratulate him. Some felt

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honored to touch the hem of his alpaca coat. They surged and jostled him into the North Dakota delegation, three rows from his seat. Eight brawny men, including Buck Hinrichsen, of Illinois; Oldham, of Nebraska, and McLaurin, of Mississippi, grasped him and lifted him upon their shoulders. Bryan was physically a heavy load. It was like lifting an ice wagon, or a GraceoRoman wrestling match with an upright piano in a moving van.

"On the shoulders of his admirers Bryan endeavored to fold his arms and look pleasant, but his bulk caused the support beneath him to shake, and he grabbed the shoulders of his supporters in much the same manner as a passenger seizes the last strap on an ‘L’ train at the Sixty-third street curve.

"At his own request they lowered him to the floor. In an instant the Nebraskan was the center of a stampede. The delegates swarmed around him and blockaded every inch of space. They sat on his lap, hugged him until his collar wilted, shook his hand, shouted into his ears, danced all over his feet and hemmed him in until he could scarcely get his breath.

"Virginia came to him and announced that the old dominion delegation would vote for him and desert Bland. Then came Georgia, Mississippi, and other States. News came from the Ohio boys that McLean had released them to vote for

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whom they pleased. Before adjournment, twenty Bryan votes had materialized in Ohio.

"With face flushed with excitement into a deeper, darker red, the giant of the Georgia delegation returned to his seat, after planting the standard of the Southern States in its old place. His chest was extended with pride and his eyes shone with pleased delight. He had reason to be proud. It was he, Dr. E. B. Bush, who had led the demonstration of States. It was he who had carried the Georgia standard to the Nebraska fold and planted it among the Bryan delegates as a token of the enthusiasm and admiration of the Southern men for the silver orator. It was his example that brought the standards of the other silver States around Mr. Bryan in a wild wave of delight, such as had not often before been witnessed at a National Convention.

"Carried away by his own delirious enthusiasm for the orator and the excitement of the moment, his giant form leaped into the arena of victorious applause, and he brought with him a rushing, shouting, cheering mob of standard-bearers. As the leader of the standard-bearers, Dr. Bush leaped into fame in the few bounds needed to carry him to the Nebraska delegation. A moment before he had been simply the distinct delegate from Miller County, Georgia.

"‘When I am not: here,’ he said, ‘I am in the Georgia penitentiary.’

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"This did not mean that he had laid aside the stripes and hard labor and donned the badge of a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. Dr. Bush is the chief physician of the Georgia penitentiary, and only leaves his duties when the National Convention opens. He little thought he would become the leader this year of an extraordinary demonstration over the oratorical effort of William J. Bryan.

"Then the Georgia delegates began to send telegrams to their friends in the South, which read: ‘Bryan will be nominated. He is the best man.’ And this was the sentiment of the Georgia delegation after hearing the Nebraska man's speech. The Georgians said they were ready to throw the mantle of charity over New York, and to entreat it to return to the fold.

"The feeling that Bryan would be nominated on the second or third ballot was general among the delegates of those States, the standards of which had been planted in front of the Nebraska orator, with the exception of those who were pledged to favorite sons. The latter considered the demonstration only one of appreciation and pleasure at the eloquent speech of Mr. Bryan.

"Maine did not pluck its standard from its rest, but a feeling grew among the delegates that Mr. Bryan was the only silver man they would care to vote for. And then some of them said they would cast their ballots for him any way.

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"Ollie M. James, chairman of the Kentucky delegation, was another man who shared somewhat in the honors that fell to the lot of Dr. Bush. After shouting himself hoarse in the waving of the standards in the Nebraska fold he led the march down the aisles and round the floor of the convention hall. It was meant only as a compliment to Mr. Bryan on his eloquent and masterly argument for free silver, he said, but he also thought the Nebraska man would be a dangerous rival for the other presidential candidates.

"Mississippi was not far from the Nebraska fold, but it was not until the giant of Georgia had leaped to the front that R. H. Henry clambered over his fellow-delegates and seized the standard. ‘The demonstration was simply one of earnest admiration for the eloquence of Mr. Bryan,’ said Governor McLaurin, ‘and I do not think it means his nomination as President’

"But some of the other Mississippi delegates were looking favorably on the Nebraska man as the solution of the difficulty caused by the multitude of favorite sons.

"Michigan delegates — the silver men, not the four gold delegates-at-large — were to the front in the demonstration. George P. Hummer, the silver man from Michigan who led the fight before the national committee in favor of seating the silver men, carried the standard to Nebraska. And he was ready to vote for Bryan if the latter's

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name came up for nomination. And so all the Michigan delegates talked, with the exception of the gold men.

"Missouri was not backward in applauding Bryan, and it sent J. D. Gibson to join the procession of the standards.

"The Boies men from Iowa were caught in the swirl of enthusiasm and joined the procession.

"J. C. Rich was the man who carried the Idaho standard. He said it was the feeling of the State that Bryan would be nominated. So did Bo Sweeney, who got in the procession of the standards for California.

"Alabama was so enthusiastic that two men A. H. Keller and J. A. Roundtree — carried the standard to Nebraska. Alabama was delirious for Bryan, and talked about having the nominating speech made by a member of the delegation.

"Louisiana sent Joseph St. Amant to the front with the standard, and he thought Bryan would be nominated. Sam Taylor seized the standard for Arkansas and almost carried pledges for Bryan as the nominee of the party. W. S. Hopewell, of New Mexico, felt the same way, as well as his fellow-delegates. J. G. Johnson, of Kansas, the standard-bearer in the demonstration, was too enthusiastic about Bryan to think of any other possible nominee. Colonel R. W. Davis, of Florida, carried off the standard because he wanted to be in the hurrah. And so it seemed with other silver States."

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A roll of the states was called on the resolutions, and the minority report was rejected, the majority report being immediately afterward adopted, and the money question was then and there made the issue of the campaign. The Platform is as follows:

We, the Democrats of the United States, in national convention assemble to reaffirm our allegiance to those great essential principles of justice and liberty upon which our institutions are founded, and which the great Democratic party has advocated from Jefferson's time to our own — freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, the preservation of personal rights, the equality of all citizens before the law, and the faithful observance of constitutional limitations.

During all these years the Democratic party has resisted the tendency of selfish interests to the centralization of governmental power and steadfastly maintained the integrity of the dual scheme of government established by the founders of this republic of republics. Under its guidance and teachings the great principle of local self-government has found its best expression in the maintenance of the rights of the States and in its assertion of the necessity of confining the General Government to the exercise of the powers granted by the Constitution of the United States.

The Constitution of the United States guarantees

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to every citizen the rights of civil and religious liberty. The Democratic party has always been the exponent of political liberty and religious freedom, and it renews its obligations and reaffirms its devotion to these fundamental principles of the Constitution.

Recognizing that the money system is paramount to all others at this time, we invite attention to the fact that the Federal Constitution names silver and gold together as the money metals of the United States, and that the first coinage law passed by Congress under the Constitution, made the silver dollar the monetary unit, and admitted gold to free coinage at a ratio based upon the silver dollar unit.

We declare that the act of 1873 demonetizing silver without the knowledge or approval of the American people has resulted in the appreciation of gold, and a corresponding fall in the price of commodities produced by the people; a heavy increase in the burden of taxation, and of all debts, public and private; the enrichment of the money-lending class at home and abroad; prostration of industry and impoverishment of the people.

We are unalterably opposed to monometallism, which has locked fast the prosperity of an industrial people in the paralysis of hard times. Gold monometallism is a British policy, and its adoption has brought other nations into financial servitude to London. It is not only un-American, but anti-American

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American, and it can be fastened on the United States only by the stifling of that spirit and love of liberty which proclaimed our political independence in 1776 and won it in the War of the Revolution.

We demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. We demand that the standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender equally with gold for all debts, public and private, and we favor such legislation as will prevent for the future the demonetization of any kind of legal tender money by private contract.

We are opposed to the policy and practice of surrendering to the holders of obligations of the United States the option reserved by law to the Government of redeeming such obligations in either silver coin or gold coin.

We are opposed to the issuing of interest-bearing bonds of the United States in time of peace, and condemn the trafficking with banking syndicates, which in exchange for bonds and at an enormous profit to themselves, supply the Federal Treasury with gold to maintain the policy of gold monometallism.

Congress alone has the power to coin and issue money, and President Jackson declared that this power could not be delegated to corporations or individuals.

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We, therefore, denounce the issuance of notes intended to circulate as money by national banks as in derogation of the Constitution, and we demand that all paper which is made a legal tender for public and private debts, or which is receivable for dues to the United States, shall be issued by the Government of the United States and shall be redeemable in coin.

We hold that tariff duties should be levied for purposes of revenue, such duties to be so adjusted as to operate equally throughout the country and not discriminate between class or section, and that taxation should be limited by the needs of the Government honestly and economically administered. We denounce as disturbing to business the Republican threat to restore the McKinley law, which has been twice condemned by the people in national elections, and which, enacted under the false plea of protection to home industry, proved a prolific breeder of trusts and monopolies, enriched the few at the expense of the many, restricted trade, and deprived the producers of the great American staples of access to their natural markets. Until the money question is settled we are opposed to any agitation for further changes in our tariff laws, except such as are necessary to make up the deficit in revenue caused by the adverse decision of the Supreme Court on the income tax.

There would be no deficit in the revenue but

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for the annulment by the Supreme Court of a law passed by a Democratic Congress in strict pursuance of the uniform decisions of that court for nearly one hundred years, that court having under that decision sustained constitutional objections to its enactment which have been overruled by the ablest Judges who had ever sat on that bench.

We declare that it is the duty of Congress to use all the constitutional power which remains after that decision, or which may come from its reversal by the court as it may hereafter be constituted, so that the burdens of taxation may be equally and impartially laid to the end that wealth may bear its proportion of the expenses of the Government.

We hold that the most efficient way of protecting American labor is to prevent the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly reduced by a vicious monetary system which depresses the prices of their products below the cost of production and thus deprives them of the means of purchasing the products of our home manufactures, and as labor creates the wealth of the country we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to protect it in all its rights.

The absorption of wealth by the few, the consolidation

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our leading railroad systems, and the formation of trusts and pools require a stricter control by the Federal Government of those arteries of commerce. We demand the enlargement of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and such restrictions and guarantees in the control of railroads as will protect the people from robbery and oppression.

We are in favor of the arbitration of differences between employers engaged in interstate commerce and their employés, and recommend such legislation as is necessary to carry out this principle.

We denounce the profligate waste of the money wrung from the people by oppressive taxation and the lavish appropriations of recent Republican Congresses, which have kept taxes high, while the labor that pays them is unemployed and the products of the people's toil are depressed in prices till they no longer repay the cost of production. We demand a return to that simplicity and economy which befit a democratic government and a reduction in the number of useless offices, the salaries of which drain the substance of the people.

We denounce the arbitrary interference by Federal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the Constitution of the United States and a crime against free institutions, and we especially object to government by injunction as a new and highly

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dangerous form of oppression, by which Federal Judges, in contempt of the laws of the States and rights of citizens, become at once legislators, Judges and executioners, and we approve the bill passed at the last session of the United States Senate, and now pending in the House, relative to contempts in Federal courts and providing for trials by jury in certain cases of contempt.

No discrimination should be indulged in by the Government of the United States in favor of any of its debtors. We approve of the refusal of the Fifty-third Congress to pass the Pacific railroads funding bill, and denounce the effort of the present Republican Congress to enact a similar measure.

Recognizing the just claims of deserving Union soldiers, we heartily indorse the rule of the present Commissioner of Pensions, that no names shall be arbitrarily dropped from the pension roll, and the fact of enlistment and service should be deemed conclusive evidence against disease and disability before the enlistment.

We favor the admission of the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma into the Union as States, and we favor the early admission of all the Territories having the necessary population and resources to entitle them to Statehood, and while they remain Territories we hold that the officials appointed to administer the government of any Territory, together with the District of

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Columbia and Alaska, should be bona-fide residents of the Territory or District in which their duties are to be performed. The Democratic party believes in home rule, and that all public lands of the United States should be appropriated to the establishment of free homes for American-citizens.

We recommend that the Territory of Alaska be granted a delegate in Congress, and that the general land and timber laws of the United States be extended to said Territory.

The Monroe doctrine, as originally declared, and as interpreted by succeeding Presidents, is a permanent part of the foreign policy of the United States, and must at all times be maintained.

We extend our sympathy to the people of Cuba in their heroic struggle for liberty and independence.

We are opposed to life tenure in the public service. We favor appointments based upon merit, fixed terms of office, and such an administration of the civil service laws as will afford equal opportunities to all citizens of ascertained fitness.

We declare it to be the unwritten law of this Republic, established by custom and usage of one hundred years, and sanctioned by the example of the greatest and wisest of those who founded and have maintained our Government, that no man should be eligible for a third term of the Presidential office.

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The Federal Government should care for and improve the Mississippi River and other great waterways of the Republic, so as to secure for the interior States easy and cheap transportation to tide-water. When any waterway of the Republic is of sufficient importance to demand aid of the Government, such aid should be extended upon a definite plan of continuous work until permanent improvement is secured.

Confiding in the justice of our cause and the necessity of its success at the polls, we submit the foregoing declaration of principles and purposes to the considerate judgment of the American people. We invite the support of all citizens who approve them and who desire to have them made effective through legislation for the relief of the people and the restoration of the country's prosperity.

After the adoption of the platform, the convention took a recess till evening.

Previous to this time the convention had not considered Mr. Bryan as a presidential nominee, but conditions had changed. States volunteered their support if his name should be presented. His name seemed to be upon the lips of everybody in the convention city, and the prediction was freely made that evening that he would be the nominee. Many States, which had no favorite sons of their own, and had not been committed to one of the other avowed candidates, were anxious

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for the honor to present the name of Mr. Bryan as a candidate. There was no plan, and no organization, but a genuine spontaneous sentiment that he was the logical candidate, made so by the developments in the convention, and supported by his years of zealous work on the lines laid down in the platform adopted. The delegates claimed that the only organization they needed was an opportunity to vote for him, Mr. Bryan. This feeling did not decrease during the recess, but gained strength as the convention proceeded with its deliberations.

Upon reassembling in the evening, it was decided to devote the time to the presentation of candidates for the presidential nomination. In pursuance of this plan, these names were placed before the convention:

Richard P. Bland, of Missouri; Horace Boies, of Iowa; Governor Claude Matthews, of Indiana; John R. McLean, of Ohio; Senator J. S. Blackburn, of Kentucky; Robert E. Pattison, of Pennsylvania; Sylvester Pennoyer, of Oregon, and W. J. Bryan, of Nebraska.

All the oratory which Iowa could boast of tried to enthuse the convention for Gov. Boies, and failed utterly. Then a young woman took the matter up and succeeded gloriously.

She was Minnie Murray, of Nashua, Floyd Co., Ia., and after Boies' name had been duly put in nomination and both delegates and gallery had

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received it in an apathetic sort of way, she stood up in her seat at the extreme southern end of the convention and in two minutes had converted that crowd of 20,000 people from an orderly assembly into a howling mob.

Miss Murray is tall and strong. She has the beauty which always goes with good health, and the attractiveness which is a necessary part of enthusiasm. And last night she was enthusiastic. She was dressed all in white, and, after the cold reception which had greeted the nomination of Boies had become so pronounced as to be almost painful, she did the only thing which could have been done to rescue her favorite candidate from what seemed an unfortunate situation.

With her eyes ablaze with enthusiasm and every fibre in her frame trembling with excitement, she stretched out her hands so that the white muslin sleeves fell back from her arms and began shouting for Boies.

Her voice was clear and could be heard. How she did shout! Some one near by handed her a small American flag, and she waved it frantically over her head, waved it so strongly that the stick was broken in an instant. By this time there was a crowd around her and a dozen more flags were reached to her at once. Then she had two and she waved them both, but again the sticks broke and again she had to be supplied with more.

By this time she had aroused the convention.

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She was the focus of 20,000 pairs of eyes, and 10,000 people seemed, each one, to be trying to excel her in cheering for the candidate from Iowa. Every delegate was on his feet, the galleries were in an uproar, and from all over that vast hall went up one mighty roar, of which this Iowa girl was both the inciter and the controlling spirit.

By this time the band had begun to play. The crowd shouted in chorus, and Miss Murray waved her flags in time with the air. The Iowa delegates were already parading the hall with a large banner, on it a picture of Gov. Boies, and they made straight for this enthusiastic girl, who was so loyally backing up their cause. The banner was handed to her, and, although it was heavy, and she had been using every nerve and muscle she possessed for fully fifteen minutes, yet she grasped the big standard and swung the silken folds back and forth in the air.

Then that crowd did yell. It seemed as if it would take off the roof, and from everywhere and every side went up the shout of, "Three 1 cheers for the girl in the white dress."

But there was more work for Miss Murray to do yet. The Iowa delegates insisted she must come down on the floor, so they put her and her companion, Miss Margaret Gorman, also of Nashua, at their head, and with these two girls as their standard-bearers marched through the aisles of the delegates' seats. Then, when the shouting

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was done, they gave the two women seats in their delegation.

Miss Murray, with Miss Gorman, runs a weekly newspaper in Nashua called the Reporter. They are each about twenty-two years old, as bright as they make girls out in Iowa, which is saying a good deal, and they conduct a lively paper. They are editors, reporters, proprietors, and business managers, and it is devoted to home news and local gossip. In politics it is independent, but Miss Murray is a strong supporter of Governor Boies, having been a personal friend of his daughter, now dead, and a frequent visitor at the Governor's home in Waterloo. She was born and raised in Iowa, and, as she expressed it last night, went into the newspaper business three years ago for the purpose of making a living.

Speaking of the affair after it was all over she said: —

"Nobody is as much surprised as I am at what I did. We all love Horace Boies out in Iowa, and when his name was being cheered there was not enough noise to suit me in our part of the hall. In order to do all I could I got up on a chair and hurrahed just as loud as I could. There was a Missouri flag near by, but they refused to let me have it, so I got a smaller one. I didn't know I was attracting so much attention until they brought the banner up to where I sat."

The act was undoubtedly absolutely without

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premeditation. It was that of a spirited, enthusiastic girl, whose whole soul was wrapped up in what was going on.

Georgia, the first of the States to pledge its solid vote for him, furnished the man to place Mr. Bryan's name before the convention in H. T. Lewis, one of the delegates from that State. The nomination was seconded by Theodore F. Klutz, of North Carolina; George Fred Williams, of Massachusetts, and Thomas J. Kernan, of Louisiana.

The nominations were not completed till after 12 o'clock that night, and the convention adjourned until the next morning.

Friday was the fourth day of the deliberations, and it was fraught with much that will make the convention noteworthy in the political history of the country. There had been little campaigning for the individual candidates previous to this day, as had been customary in conventions of this character. The almost universal feeling among the delegates had been that a platform of principles should be framed which would best meet the existing political conditions, and then find a candidate to fit the platform. The first and most important part of the work was completed. The next step was to be taken. The delegates had nothing else to do after a night for rest and reflection but calmly consider the many candidates before them, and select the one they thought best

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represented the spirit of the platform, and would best interpret it to the people. A roll call was ordered, and the work upon which so much depended, and upon which the eyes of a nation were turned, was begun.

The result of the first ballot was as follows: Bland 235, Boies 85, Matthews 37, McLean 54, Bryan 119, Blackburn 83, Pattison 95, Pennoyer 8, Teller 8, Hill 1, Russell 2, Campbell 1, Stevenson 7, Tillman 17, not voting 178.

All of the delegates from New York and New Jersey, and part of those from Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin, refused to vote for a candidate for president, giving as a reason that they could not endorse the platform adopted by the convention. With varying numbers they maintained that position throughout the balloting.

The second ballot resulted as follows: Bland 283, Boies 41, Matthews 33, McLean 53, Bryan 190, Blackburn 41, Pattison 100, scattering and not voting 189.

The third ballot: Bland 291, Boies 36, Matthews 36, McLean 54, Bryan 219, Blackburn 27, Pattison 97, scattering and not voting 172.

The fourth ballot: Bland 241, Boies 33 Matthews 36, McLean 46, Bryan 280, Blackburn 27, Pattison 97, scattering and not voting 170.

Bryan was now in the lead and confusion

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reigned in the convention hall. It became apparent he was destined to be the winner and Blackburn and McLean both withdrew and threw their strength to the Nebraska man. It was some time before sufficient order could be secured in the convention to permit another roll call. W hen it was ordered it resulted as follows:

Bland 106, Boies 26, Matthews 31, Bryan 500, Pattison 95, scattering and not voting 170.

It required 512 votes to secure a nomination and Mr. Bryan just lacked 12 at the completion of the roll call, but there was a stampede at this time by States which changed their votes to Mr. Bryan, giving him the nomination without question, which was afterward made by acclamation on the part of those participating in the convention.

The reader will pardon a further reproduction from the report in the Chicago Times-Herald at this time, reading as follows:

"Without any motion the chairman then de-dared an informal recess of an indefinite length, and the convention readily fell into the scheme in order to permit the Bryan men to give vent to their enthusiasm, which had not all escaped in the previous demonstration made by them in favor of their candidate. Every person in the hall arose to his or her feet, and, almost too tired to yell, still sent up a shout for the Nebraska man. Once more the procession of the standards paraded about the hall, all taking part in the march but those of Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York,

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New Jersey, New Hampshire, Maine, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Delaware and Connecticut, which remained solidly rooted in their places, while the crowd seethed and shrieked around them.

The Bland Marching Club and its band, which had been headed off many a time from parading through the hall, now got in their fine work and headed the procession. With ‘Marching Through Georgia’ and ‘Dixie’ by the band, and the tramp, tramp, tramp of thousands of feet, the crowd entertained itself through a period of ten minutes, with an occasional shriek of ‘Bryan, Bryan.’ Not much attempt was made by the officials of the convention to reduce the riotous elements to submission, but after twelve minutes of chaos the outburst died out through exhaustion."

After order had been restored, the Convention took a recess till evening, but, upon reassembling, then as promptly adjourned until Saturday morning.

The selection of a candidate for Vice-President was the only work before the convention on Saturday, and fifteen names were voted for on the first ballot. After that they dropped out one by one, until on the fifth ballot Arthur Sewall, of Maine, received the necessary number of votes, and his nomination was made by acclamation.

The purpose for which the convention had assembled was now accomplished, and it adjourned sine die to refer the result of its deliberations to the people for their approval.

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Chapter XXI. Arthur J. Sewall.

Arthur J. Sewall, the Democratic nominee for vice-president, is sixty-one years old, but is rugged and well and will pass for a man a decade younger. He prides himself on his descent from an old and honorable family — one of the oldest in America in fact — and he points to a business career devoted to the maintenance of an industry in which America was supreme until the fortunes of war intervened to nearly destroy it. Following in the footsteps of his father, he has for many years been a successful shipbuilder, and has striven to restore the United States to supremacy in that industry. The first American ancestor of the Democratic nominee was John Sewall, who came from Coventry, England, in 1634 to take possession of a tract of land Massachusetts granted him by the crown. This favor of the English king is pointed as evidence that the Sewall colonist must have been a man of considerable importance in his mother country. He made his home in a settlement that is now known as Newburyport, and his descendants lived in the ancestral home for more than a century. In 1769 they moved to a newer country and located in what is now known as the

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State of Maine. They secured a tract of land whose title had passed through only three names since the original grant of King George.

Since the year 1760, sixteen years before the declaration of independence, the Sewalls have been born and married in the old homestead and have been carried from one of its houses to their last resting places. They have long prided themselves on their Americanism, and believe they have abundant reason for it in the long line of descendants in this new world of the west. The grandfather of Mr. Bryan's running mate was William D. Sewall, who established the shipbuilding yards at Bath in 1823. He was succeeded by his sons under the firm name of E. & E. A. Sewall. The firm is now Arthur J. Sewall & Co.

The Democratic nominee has associated with him his nephew, Samuel S. Sewall, and his son, William D. Sewall. From the days of its first boat, the Little Diana, to the steel ship Dirigo, launched in 1894, this firm has led the country in designs for merchant vessels. For seventy three years its private signal, a white "S" on a blue field, has fluttered from the main spar of some of the staunchestand swiftest vessels in the merchant marine, carrying the stars and stripes into every foreign port. The Sewalls have built ninety-five ships. It is the proud boast of the present representatives of the house of Sewall that it has turned out tonnage every year since the start,

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except two years, in which conditions prevented. Thanksgiving day of 1835 was an occasion for more than ordinary gratitude in the Sewall family, for there was ushered into the world on that day the son who succeeded to the honors and the estate of the family and has brought new fame to its record by being selected as one of the Democratic standard-bearers. Mr. Sewall grew up among the scenes of the shipyards and the seashore, and in due time was inducted into the mysteries of the shipbuilding business. His firm is now the owner of forty vessels turned out by its yards. It sails the vessels on its own account and manages the carrying trade which they do. It enjoys the distinction of having built the first steel sailing vessel ever launched in American waters. She is called The Dirieo, which is the motto of the State of Maine. Mr. Sewall's enterprises on land and sea prospered, and in the accumulation of wealth he sought means for its reinvestment and engaged in many lines of business outside of shipbuilding.

SUCCESSFUL BANKER AND BUSINESS MAN AND UNFLINCHING BIMETALLISM

Mr. Sewall has been indentified largely with banking and railroads; he has been president of the Bath National Bank of this city since 1871. For several years he was president of the Maine

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Central Railroad, a director in several other New England roads, also director in several southwestern roads, president of the Maine Water Company, a concern which has plants in seven cities of this State.

It was Col. Dummer Sewall who, when the first news of the battle of Lexington reached the little bustling town on the Kennebec, proceeded to assemble the neighbors, marched to Harward's dock, where for years the British had maintained a dock for shipping spars cut in Maine for the royal navy, and in a loud voice, to quote the ancient history, " commanded the Englishmen who were then engaged to depart in peace and without delay."

Mr. Sewall first gave his allegiance to the Whig party, with which he remained until that organization ceased to exist. Then he became an earnest Democrat, and has been an active member of the Democratic party to this day.

There has never been any faltering in his allegiance or his enthusiasm for this party, and the confidence which is felt in him by his associates has been shown in the last two national campaigns, when he headed the subscription list with $10,000, and inspired many other business men to put down corresponding sums, to carry on the campaign even though it was known that there would be little chance to win in this State.

But above all Mr. Sewall is identified with the

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American marine. Ships and ship-building have occupied the greater part of his attention and of the attention of his family. He is a believer in American ships and their possibilities. When he returned from Glasgow three years ago he declared that with free raw materials and five years' experience his steel ship-building plant would be ready to compete with any of the world's shipbuilders and would beat them all.

"Give us a few years to get the practice," said he to The Globe reporter at that time, "and you may pass a free ship bill as soon as you want to. We would ask no favors."

Mr. Sewall was largely instrumental in securing the great advance in our shipping statistics which came with the admittance of the steamships "City of Paris " and " City of New York " to American registry.

At that time the feeling in Bath was hotly against such a change, but the practical foresight of Mr. Sewall grasped the results which must come from the building of such steamers which were made compulsory under this concession,and his convincing explanation disarmed opposition so that Bath indorsed the measure.

This is but an illustration of the effect which he always produces upon those with whom he is brought in contact whenever he feels called upon to maintain any position he may have taken. It is this earnestness and power of transmitting

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conviction which has made him so strong among the business men of Bath and to which may be credited the fact that the triumph of free silver was made the occasion of a unanimous celebration among the Democrats last night.

Personally, Mr. Sewall is a man easy of approach, of dignified address, with a frankness which makes those who meet him for the first time feel at ease.

His home life is an unusually pleasant one, for his two sons — Harold M. Sewall, ex-consul to Samoa, and William D. Sewall, one of his partners in the big ship-building firm — are now settled close beside him, and from his beautiful mansion on the hill he looks out on the broad harbor into which he has sent so many of those ships which have made the firm's name famous.

His labors in the cause of the American merchant marine have been unceasing. At every marine conference of importance held in this country he has been an active leader.

In 1859 he married Miss Emily Duncan Crocker, daughter of a prominent citizen of Bath.

Mr. Sewall is eminently a successful business man. Finance has been a study with him during the score of years that he has been an active banker, and he has familiarized himself with the methods and theories of the European countries, and he is a most unflinching bimetallist.

He is convinced that the free coinage of silver

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at 16 to I will bring that metal at once to a par with gold, will break the combines which now throttle the currency at will, and will restore business prosperity by giving a currency that is not at the mercy of London bankers.

He has advocated the free coinage of silver for the past ten years, was opposed to the nomination of Cleveland in 1892 as a step which was sure to aggravate the financial difficulties, which he saw so clearly. But he worked loyally for the success of the ticket after it had been nominated, his motto always being, "The majority rules."

SEWALL HEARS NEWS.

There was a surprised man in Chicago when told he had been nominated for the office of VicePresident of the United States by the National Democratic Convention.

Arthur Sewall was in the Coliseum at the beginning and the middle stages of the fight for the second place on the ticket. Then he took a train on the Illinois Central Railroad at Sixty-third Street with the intention of coming down-town. The train tarried a few minutes before it started. A man sauntered along.

"Who will be nominated?" some one asked of him. "It looks like Sewall," was the reply. Arthur Sewall became interested. Just then the train began to move. By fast running another man barely caught the last platform. A curious

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passenger put a question to him. "Sewall is the man," he shouted exultingly. Thus was the wealthy New Englander informed that the choice had fallen to him.

Senator Clayton, of Alabama, was with Sewall. The two went directly to the Palmer House when the train reached Jackson Street. The parlor on the second floor was entered and the door was locked and double bolted against all callers. Several of the Alabama delegation were later admitted, and after a while some of the Maine delegates trooped in and presented their compliments. The news spread fast. The silver advocates and the men of populistic tendencies wanted to congratulate Sewall. They gathered in groups, but the door was closed.

Finally it was thrown open to the newspaper men. The Maine man talked to them for a few minutes. Then he asked to be excused. He put a wide-brimmed straw hat on his head, and accompanied by the two Alabama men, Clayton and John W. Tomlinson, walked down the stairs to the ground floor, where they were met and where Sewall was congratulated by two men.

The great multitude stood idly about and wondered who the stranger was. The three walked through the drug store of the Palmer House, dodged a cab in crossing the street, and entered the Clifton House on the opposite corner. They walked up the stairs to the first floor. They

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turned the corner of a hall and saw a crowd of people ahead of them blocking the passage.

"Make way for Mr. Sewall, gentlemen," cried the proud Alabama citizen, Tomlinson. The crowd fell back. It had been talking to the "Boy Orator of the Platte" and pressing petitions into his ear. Tomlinson stepped forward.

"Mr. Bryan, I want to introduce you to Mr. Sewall," he said.

"Mr. President," said Mr. Tomlinson, "Mr. Vice-President." The two struck hands. They shook heartily.

"It is a great pleasure," said Mr. Sewall.

"I'm very pleased to meet you."

"I'm mighty glad to see you," said Mr. Bryan.

The loiterers in the hall started at the next remark. "I took no part in the nomination," said Mr. Bryan. Then the young Nebraskan asked his mate on the ticket to step into the former's private room.

Mr. Harrity and a few others were in the room. They chatted for five minutes, and then both Bryan and Sewall came out and went to the parlor on the same floor.

The two candidates stood side by side and held an informal reception. The contrast between them was as marked as had been that between the rooms. Bryan is well known. His characteristics and his mannerisms have been described. Mr. Sewall wore a light suit and no jewelry. His

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face is ruddy. His hair is worn away a little on the forehead, and it is tinged with gray. His mustache is thick, and it, too, is gray. Sewall is sixty-one years of age, but he doesn't look it. He has the appearance of a well-groomed club man, one not used to hurrying through life. He had a cordial hand-clasp, but it lacked the cordiality of Bryan's.

The reception was brief, and then Sewall bade Bryan good-bye, and the candidate for VicePresident walked out of the room and down the stairs and into the street, where he narrowly escaped being run down by a reckless cab driver. Sewall shunned the elevator in the Palmer House.

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Chapter XXII. Speech of Hon. Claude A. Swanson. — Retirement of the Treasury Notes and the Free Coinage of Silver.

"Mr. Chairman: There are two propositions pending before us for acceptance or rejection. The first proposition is the one passed by this Republican House last December, authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to sell $500,000,000 of three per cent, bonds, with which to redeem all the outstanding Treasury notes, impound them in the Treasury, and thus contract the currency of this country to that extent.

"When this proposal was first before the House I earnestly opposed it in a speech, and did my utmost to defeat it. I then pointed out that if this bill should ever become law, and the currency should be contracted to the extent designed, the actual money in circulation among the people would be less than half the annual taxes collected from them, less than half the annual interest paid, and would not be one-fortieth of the aggregate indebtedness of this country; yet this I louse, with its immense Republican majority, by a large

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majority vote passed this bill to destroy this vast amount of money that had been preserved to the people by a Democratic House of Representatives.

"This bill went to the Senate and there the Democratic Senators, led by Senator Jones, of Arkansas, aided by a few Republican and Populist Senators, defeated that iniquitous measure and substituted in its place a free-coinage bill, which that sterling Democrat from Georgia, Judge Crisp, now proposes that this House shall adopt instead of the bill it formerly passed.

"Thus these two measures embody clearly and distinctly the two ideas struggling for supremacy in our financial system.

"The proposal to sell bonds and to retire the Treasury notes, or greenbacks, is the only relief offered by the gold monometallist to remedy the present distressed situation. I am unalterably opposed to this. In the last Democratic House, when the friends of the present Administration sought to have a bill similar to this passed and the vast amount of paper money destroyed, I earnestly spoke and voted against it. I am glad to say that the bill practically similar to this was defeated in the Democratic House by a large majority.

"This bill, indorsed nearly unanimously by the tremendous Republican majority in this House, commits this party in the future, without doubt

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and without question, to the maintenance of the gold standard in this country.

"The Republican majority in this House exceeds 100, and the proposal for free coinage will be defeated by a vote equal to that majority.

"The Republican party during the last canvass denounced the present Administration for selling bonds, and yet its first advent to power is marked by passing in this House, and insisting upon its enactment into law, a proposition to sell $500,000,000 of bonds and the retirement from circulation of that amount of money. The Republican policy, as here disclosed, shows a complete alliance with the gold monometallists of this country. It shows that the Republican party still adheres to the financial teachings of Senator John Sherman, who, in 1873, demonetized silver without cause, without excuse, and when it was at a premium over gold of three per cent. It shows that this party's policy is a contraction and not an expansion of the currency. It proves to the country what I have always known, that the party that wantonly destroyed silver will never consent to its rehabilitation.

"In the future no one need be deceived. If he believes in and desires the remonetization of silver, he must vote for and form alliances with a party different from the Republican party.

"I shall not go over the ground that I did in my former speeches and point out the great disasters

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that must and will inevitably follow if this Republican measure becomes law and one-third of the legal-tender money of our country be destroyed without substituting anything in its place. In them I have pointed out how this would be followed by further stagnation in business and by a further fall in the prices of all products and property.

"These two measures, as I have said, present clearly the two methods existing for the settling of our financial troubles. One is the solution offered by the single-standard gold man, and the other is the solution offered by those who believe in bimetallism. The solution of the gold man, clearly stated, is: We have a currency of about $500,000,000 of Treasury notes, about $210,000,000 of national bank notes, and about 425,000,000 of standard silver dollars, with only about $600,000,000 of gold. They claim that all this currency is kept in circulation and at par by being practically redeemed in gold. They claim that there is a ‘want of confidence’ in our ability to redeem this in gold, and that ‘to restore this confidence’ we should destroy or retire all of our Treasury notes. To retire these Treasury notes they propose to sell bonds either for them or for gold with which to redeem them. When redeemed they propose that the Treasury notes shall be either destroyed or locked up in the Treasury and kept out of circulation.

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"That this is their solution is shown by the recent sale of bonds and by the present proposition. When the Treasury notes have been destroyed, they propose to destroy the 425,000,000 of stand aid silver dollars in circulation. They claim that this is only fiat money, and that all fiat money should be retired. Their determination to destroy this large amount in silver dollars is clearly shown by the veto of the bill directing the coinage of the silver bullion in the Treasury, and the refusal of this single gold standard Republican House to permit us ever to vote on that proposition.

"They are opposed to repealing the tax on State banks and giving us a local currency to supplement our national currency. This was disclosed when the vote was taken upon this question in the last Congress, when every single gold Standard member) whether Democrat or Republican, voted against it.

"Their determination is to destroy all the legal tender money in the country except gold and national bank notes redeemable in gold. They claim that when this is done, while the currency will be greatly contracted, yet confidence and credit will be restored. This is the entire relief offered by them to remove the present difficulties and bring back to the country the general diffusion of wealth and of prosperity.

"I believe these remedies will but intensify and

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make greater the evils and distress which overshadow us to-day.

"The ‘want of confidence’ in our country today is not a want of confidence in our currency, but a want of confidence in the solvency and ability of the producing classes to meet their obligations.

"I have yet to see a person who, when he re fused another credit, debated in his mind whether the person would pay him in silver, gold or green backs. The question in his mind is whether the person will be able to pay him at all. The want of confidence, if it exists, is because he is afraid the person could not pay in any kind of currency.

"This want of confidence in the ability of the debtor to pay will be greatly increased if the single gold standard men should succeed in reducing by more than half what can be used in payments. Activity in business, credit, confidence, and prosperity cannot be revived until the value of all products and property is restored. People will not trade nor buy on a declining market. A person will not buy goods on Monday when he expects they will be lower on Friday. A man will not purchase a lot, house, or farm this year when he sees them declining in value, as he expects to be able to do so for less the next year. Thus a declining market means losses, stagnation in business, and a paralysis of all activity.

"Falling prices also create distrust among creditors

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and hence a collection of their debts. A creditor will not extend time to a debtor when he perceives the property upon which he depends for payment each year lessening in value. Thus failing prices necessarily create a liquidation of all debts.

"The aggregate minimum indebtedness of this country in 1890 amounted to $20,227,170,546. The collection of this vast indebtedness is proceeding not from any want of confidence in our currency, but from a want of confidence in the security and value of the property pledged for its payment. The truth of this is witnessed each day.

"A bank loans money to a man of large business and great property. At the time of the loan the value of the property was far in excess of the amount loaned. The bank, seeing the great depreciation in property, refuses to extend the loan, forces collection, sells the property at a greatly reduced price, and the man who was rich finds himself bankrupt in the shrinkage of values.

"Let us trace business in its actual ramifications and see if the sources of the present troubles do not arise from the low price of all products and property.

"A bank in New York loans money to a country bank. That bank, at a greater rate of interest, loans it to merchants and business men. These buy or manufacture goods which they sell

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to farmers or the producing classes. The wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, hay, horses, and cattle raised by them sell so low that they are unable to pay the merchant or manufacturer. The merchants and manufacturers, not being paid, are unable to pay the bank from which they borrowed. This bank, not having its outstanding notes paid, is unable to meet its own notes with the New York bank. The bank in New York, knowing the conditions, becomes uneasy. It forces the country bank to settle. This in turn forces the merchants and manufacturers to settle, who in turn force the farmer. The farmer, having disposed of his crop for less than cost of production, is compelled to have his farm and other property sold to pay his indebtedness. The value of his crops having been greatly reduced, his land and property engaged in the business are correspondingly reduced. Thus the sale, when made, fails to pay the merchant; the merchant, being unpaid, cannot pay the home bank, and this bank cannot pay its depositors or the New York bank. Thus we have a bankrupt farmer, a failed merchant, a broken manufacturer, unemployed laborers, and a suspended bank, with all its evils and losses. Hundreds of cases like this have occurred and continue to occur.

"The single gold standard man is blind enough to tell you that all this arises from a lack of confidence in our currency, resulting from the greenbacks

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backs fn circulation. His remedy is to contract the currency, and further lower the prices of all products and property. This remedy is as stupid as the old blood-letting process in medicine, which, when a patient was dying for want of blood, the ignorant doctors would bleed him. It is said that George Washington was killed by this remedy. It seems a strange fate that the country of which he was the father should now suffer from the same pernicious mistake.

"It is evident to any thoughtful and reasoning mind that these deplorable conditions arise from the great, unnatural fall in the prices of all products, and that if the prices of them continue to decline these evils will be greatly increased. Relief from these ruinous conditions will not come until we witness an advance in the prices of products and of property.

"David Hume, the noted philosopher and historian, long ago said:

‘If prices rise everything takes a new face; labor and industry gain life; the merchant becomes more enterprising, the manufacturer more diligent and skillful, and even the farmer follows his plow with greater alacrity and attention. If prices fall the poverty, begging, and sloth that must ensue are easily foreseen.’

"What occasioned this present great fall in prices was the cause of our existing troubles. Whatever will restore these prices will remove debt, will revive credit and confidence, give employment

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to labor, bring back business activity and enterprise, and bless the land with plenty and prosperity.

"We who advocate bimetallism — that is, the free and unlimited coinage of both gold and silver at the mints at a fixed ratio — believe that the great fall in prices results from the demonetization of silver and the adoption of gold alone as the standard of value. We believe that, this being the cause, prices will be enhanced or restored when we remonetize silver and let our standard of value rest, as formerly, upon both gold and silver. We claim that the value of everything is regulated by the great law of supply and demand. That this great and universal law of supply and demand regulates the value of money when exchanged for commodities.

"We claim that as society has progressed, wealth increased, commerce enlarged, and tremendous new enterprises been undertaken, taxes, interest, and all fixed charges been augmented, the demand for money has become greater; that while the demand for money has greatly increased, yet the supply of it has been reduced half since 1873, when silver was demonetized and gold made the standard of value or money of final payment; that the demand for money of final payment having increased and the supply lessened by half, the value of things exchanged for it, or measured by it, must necessarily be reduced correspondingly.

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"Thus the natural result of destroying half the money of the world would be to greatly appreciate the value of the remaining half and reduce to that extent the value of all products and property exchanged for or measured by it;

"John Locke, the greatest of all English thinkers, many years ago said:

‘For the value of money, in general, is the quantity of all the money in the world in proportion to all the trade.’

"This is a profound truth, and but emphasizes what I here insist upon, that as our trade has wonderfully increased since 1873, and as one-half of our primary money was then destroyed, the result has been to double the price of gold, and hence reduce by half the value of everything sold for gold.

"John Stuart Mill, the great thinker and writer upon this question, has well said:

‘That an increase in the quantity of money raises prices and a diminution lowers them, is the most elementary proposition in the theory of coinage, and without it we should have no key to any of the others.’

"This self-evident truth must show that the destruction of half of the money of the world must result in an equal reduction in the price of all commodities.

"This vital truth was recognized by the fathers of this Republic when our Government was organized.

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"Alexander Hamilton in his famous report of 1791, said:

‘To annul the use of either metal as money is to abridge the quantity of circulating medium and is liable to all the objections which arise from a comparison of the benefits of a full with a scanty circulation.’

"The immortal Jefferson, who had the interest of the people at heart more than any American leader and who was the father of the Democratic party, in February, 1792, said:

‘I concur with you that the unit must stand on both metals.’

"I stand here to-day as a Democrat, receiving my inspiration from Jefferson and not from the latter-day saints of the party, and repeat that the ‘unit of value must stand on both metals.’ That is Democracy. That is bimetallism.

"In 1852, R. M. T. Hunter, one of the most talented and distinguished sons of Virginia, in a report made to the Senate as Chairman of the Committee on Finance, said:

‘But the mischief would be great, indeed, if all the world were to adopt but one of the precious metals as the standard of value. To adopt gold alone would diminish the specie currency more than half, and the reduction the other way, should silver be taken as the only standard, would be large enough to prove highly disastrous to the human race. We require, then, for this reason, the double standard of gold and silver, but above all do we require both to counteract the tendency of the specie standard to contract under the vast increase of the value of the property of the world.’

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"Thus forty two years ago, when we had the double Standard and were blessed with unexampled prosperity and progress, this wise statesman and sage of Virginia prophesied the great mischief and evils which would inevitably follow it we should ever adopt but one metal as our standard of value. The Republican party in 1873 did just what this wise Democrat had over twenty years before warned them against. The debt, die misery, the failures, the stagnation in business, the unemployed labor, the low price of all products and property, and the scarcity "I money bear evidence today of a complete fulfillment of this prediction. Thus we can trace back clearly and distinctly, our present distress to the existence the gold standard. Relief cannot and will not come until we abandon this and again put our standard of value upon both gold and silver. But I will not step the investigation of this question here.

I have proven that the present ruinous conditions result from the prevalence of this great fall in the price of everything, and that relief will only come from a rise in prices.

"I will now investigate the history of the rise and fall in the price of commodities, so that we can also ascertain the cause of the present low prices by historical data.

"The London Economist, a paper of worldwide fame for ability and statistical knowledge, has

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compiled the average prices of twenty-two leading commodities on the 1st of January of each year from the year 1846, which is very instructive and significant. This compilation shows that the price of these twenty-two leading commodities increased in value from 1845 to 1873, and that from 1873 to the 1st of January, 1892, they had fallen about 33 per cent.

"Augustus Sauerbeck, of the London Staistical Society, a man of eminence and ability, has investigated the prices of forty live leading and representative commodities On the London market with the same astounding results, that the average price of these gradually increased until 1873, when the increase ceased and a decline commenced, which amounted, with the forty five Commodities, to about 34 per cent. in 1892.

"Dr. Soetbeer, statistician for Hamburg, Germany, and a famous economic authority, compiled the prices of 100 leading articles on the Hamburg market and fourteen of British exports with the same astounding result; that commencing with 1873 the average price of these had gradually declined, until in 1891 their decline amounted to 22 per cent.

"In 1891 a committee of the United States Senate investigated the prices in this country of 223 articles, and in a report to Congress shows that since 1873 the average price of these has declined 28 per cent.

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"In 1872 the price of wheat was $1.24 per bushel; in 1894 it was 49 cents per bushel. In 1873 the price of cotton was 20.14 cents per pound; in 1894 it was 6.94 cents per pound.

"Statistics will exhibit the same great fall in the price of tobacco, corn, oats cattle and horses, as well as in other commodities. These statistics are undisputed even by the gold monometallists. They are gathered from sources so reliable, presented by men of such reputation and authority, so in accord with our own knowledge and experience, that they cannot and will not be denied. They all agree in one thing — that, commencing with the year 1873, the world over, prices have fearfully declined. Consequently it is evident that at that time something must have occurred to occasion a condition so world-wide.

"We examine and we find that in 1872 Norway and Sweden substituted the gold standard for the silver standard. We find that in 1873 the United States abandoned the double standard of gold and silver and adopted the single gold standard. We find that the same year Germany went from the silver standard to the single gold standard. We find that in a very short time after Germany does this France and the Latin Union suspend the free coinage of silver and substitute the gold standard. Thus about this time occurred a convulsion in the financial world surpassing any which ever transpired in the physical world. The

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great commercial nations of the world at this time went from the double standard of value to the single gold standard.

"It is impossible to point out anything else that happened at this time to precipitate a fall in prices.

"Why should prices be on an ascending plane until 1873 and then suddenly take a declining plane, which becomes greater each year? There were no great inventions in that year to cheapen production and hence to reduce prices. That year marked no overproduction so as to account for the sudden change.

"Any thoughtful mind, bent upon the ascertainment of the truth, must be convinced beyond doubt that the low prices the world over, commencing with the demonetization of silver, must have been caused by that and nothing else.

"I have proven that all the accepted authorities upon financial questions agree that when you lessen the amount of primary money you lower the price of everything exchanged for money. I have shown that the wisest of statesmen and thinkers years before prophesied that if the world should ever discard either of the two money metals and adopt only one lower prices would result and the very diastrous conditions that now confront us would inevitably come. I have traced from facts and statistics, undisputed by anyone, that the fall in prices commenced, as foretold,

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precisely at the time that the world destroyed silver as one ol the money metals. Can arguments or facts be more conclusive? I have shown that this fall in prices commenced in 1873, and resulted from demonetizing silver and destroying its monetary functions. Thus the proper relief from the present distress is plain and unmistakable.

"The relief which will restore prices, revive business, encourage industries, inspire confidence, give employment to labor, and pay debts is the nation of silver as one of the money metals, as it existed prior to 1873.

"We must right the crime of that year. We must leave die darkness in which we are now groping and return to the light and sunshine we then left,

"We do not know where this new departure on the gold standard will take us. We do not even know that prices have touched the bottom. We have no experience behind us to tell us what will be the ultimate effect of the gold standard, The world never tried the gold standard prior to 1873. Since its adoption in falling prices in the vast accumulation of debt, in the numerous and immense failures, in the frequent and great panics, in paralysed business, in the mistrust and wretchedness which overshadow the country, we witness its ruinous effects.

"I am no alarmist, but thought and reflection teach me that if the gold standard is to be permanently

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maintained and the policies and designs of its advocates, as here disclosed, to be carried out that we will witness a yet greater fall in the prices of all commodities, and a further shrinkage in all values, with their attendant evils. It is inevitable.

"We have just completed a reassessment of the land in my home county, Pittsylvania, and in the city of Danville, situated therein. The lessons taught by it are significant. It presents how frightfully the gold standard is shrinking the value of lands. In 1890 the real estate in Pittsylvania county was assessed at $4,012,464. In 1895 the assessment amounted to only $3,115,938, being $846,526 less in 1895 than in 1890 With all the buildings and improvements put upon the lands their value was reduced in five years over 20 per cent. The supply of land did not increase during the five years, while the demand did on account of increased population. Thus, under natural 000 ditions, we should have expected an increase in stead of a decrease in its value from 1890 to 1895. The lands there will now scarcely bring half as much as they would prior to the demonetization of silver.

"The assessment for the city of Danville presents the same remarkable conditions. In 1890 the real estate assessed in Danville amounted to $5,170,928. In 1895 it amounted to only $4,650,406, being a reduction of $520,522. Here is a

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city with great improvements and buildings during this time, with increased population; yet, including all these, a reduction in five years of over half a million of dollars in real estate values.

"When we ponder these startling figures, we can readily understand how farmers and business men who wen: formerly prosperous and rich find themselves bankrupt and impoverished. They have been ruined not by any fault of their own, but by the shrinkage in the value of their properly. This shrinkage continues under this single gold standard, and no one knows when it will cease.

"The world's supply of gold is too small to give value to its immense amount of property. Each year witnesses a greater struggle for its possession, and hence a greater sacrifice of property to obtain it.

"The only way to remove the present evils and prevent the greater ones which await us is to again give silver the right of free and unlimited coinage at the mints.

"This is the relief proposed by us in opposition to the Republican measure to sell five hundred millions of bonds and retire that amount of paper money. We are prepared to appeal to the country upon the two methods of relief here presented.

"The gold monometallist cannot deceive the people by a pretended friendship for silver in advocating an international agreement. There is

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not the remotest chance of an international agreement. The last hopes of one have disappeared. We were told to wait only until Lord Salisbury and the Tory party of England should come into power and soon an agreement would be reached. They have attained power by an immense majority and have distinctly stated that England has no intention of changing her present gold standard or entering into any international agreement for the coinage of silver. France and Germany have distinctly stated that they would be parties to no agreement without England. Thus there is no hope for any international agreement. It is useless to discuss an international agreement which will never come. The people who advocate delaying action upon the silver question until an international agreement can be reached are not friendly to silver and only indulge in it to delay action by creating hopes which will never be realized. The people of the United States must continue the present gold standard or must alone adopt the double standard of gold and silver. This is plain and clear. It is an issue which must be met, and which politicians may try but they cannot dodge nor deceive the people upon.

"If one favors the gold standard then he must approve the recent sales of bonds, the present Republican measure to sell $500,000,000 worth of bonds to retire that amount of paper money, and finally to destroy all the standard silver dollars.

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If the gold standard is to be maintained all "I this will inevitably follow, It cannot and will not be prevented. If one is opposed to all this and, believes that it will bring disaster and not relief, then he could advocate that the United States should again reopen its mints to the free and unlimited coinage of silver and again make silver money of primary payment

"I believe this I am opposed to any sale of bonds. I am opposed to retiring the greenbacks and contracting the currency. I believe that the coin notes should be redeemed in either gold or silver, at the option of the Government and not of the holder. I believe that a continuance of the gold standard will precipitate a continued and a frightful fall in the prices of all commodities. I believe that it has doubled all debts, taxes interests and fixed charges. I believe that when our mints are opened to silver, prices will advance ant the present troubles will disappear.

"Being convinced that there is no chance for an International agreement; I am prepared to vote for this country at once to resume the free and unlinimted coinage of silver.

"No evils which the distorted imaginations of those who oppose this have presented can equal those which I am convinced will come if we continue the single gold standard.

"I am convinced that the United States is able to do this and maintain all the silver coined at a

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parity with gold. I believe that when this is done silver bullion will rise in value until it is worth the coinage value. Every silver dollar coined today is at a par with gold. It is only the uncoined silver that is not at par. All that will be coined at our mints and made a legal lender will circulate at par with gold. We have experience in the past that should convince us that the United States is able to do this.

"France, from 1803 to 1873, by having her mints open to the free coinage of both gold and silver at the ratio of 15 1/2 to 1, maintained that parity between them the world over. She was able to do this despite the great disparity existing during that time in the production and quantity of gold and silver. We today are more prepared to do this than was France when she maintained it

"Statistics in 1870 show that France had about to per cent, of the imports and exports of the world. In 1889 the United States had nearly 10 per cent. of the imports and exports of the world. Mulhall, the world's greatest statistician, show that the productive power of the United States is three times as great as was that of France in 1870 in proportion to the rest of the world. In 1870 France furnished less than 12 per cent. of the world's great agricultural products, while today we furnish about 20 per cent. of the world's supply. France in 1870 produced about 13 per cent. of the world's manufactures, and the United

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States to-day furnishes almost 31 per cent. of the world's entire product. In 1870 France had about 7 3/4 per cent. of the world's railway mileage, while the United States now has about 44 per cent. of the world's entire mileage. In 1870 France's banking power in comparison with that of the world was 4 per cent. and the United States today has 32 per cent. of that of the world. In internal commerce and business we greatly exceed the proportion that was then possessed by France. Our wealth to-day in comparison with that of the world far exceeds what France's was in comparison with that of the world in 1870. Thus, by whatever test measured, the United States is able to do more than France did at that time. Yet from 1803 to 1873 France was able to maintain the parity between gold and silver the world over at the ratio of 15 1/2 to 1. She did this despite the fact, that at that time the average number of ounces of silver in the world was thirty times as great as the average number of ounces of gold. To-day the number of ounces of silver in the world is about sixteen times as great as the number of ounces of gold — the ratio at which we propose to resume coinage. Thus to resume coinage as proposed in the United States, with all its greater ability and power, would only have to do half as much as France accomplished for seventy years. There should be no question that we can do this. We are safe in making the venture.

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Success will crown our efforts. All we need is the courage and the resolution to establish our own financial system, suited to our wants and needs. I am convinced by thought and study that the United States is amply able to resume the coinage of silver and maintain parity. I am convinced that when this is done, prices will be restored and general prosperity and progress will return. I am convinced that the paths that the single gold standard men are trying to entice us into will but carry us further into the night of darkness and plunge us deeper into the abyss of sorrow and distress.

"Mr. Chairman, this great issue is now before the American people, and they are stirred upon it as they were never stirred before. They recognize the vast importance and the far-reaching consequences which will result from the proper settlement of this vital question.

"The coming great conflict, which will be fought to the finish, is the battle of the standards. The people have become tired of the miserable makeshifts and the temporary policies which the politicians have devised to avoid the settlement of this great question. The people can no longer be deceived.

"The great masses of the people are convinced that the continuance of the gold standard only benefits the capitalists and money lenders, and is destructive of the interests of the laborer, farmer,

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merchant and the business man. Politicians may try, but they cannot create false issues. Issues exist in the condition and in the minds of the people, and they must be met. This great problem cannot be brushed aside. Each year it rises into more and more importance.

"The Intense struggle of the people for this reform is but a supreme effort on their part to release themselves from the greed, avarice and domination of the moneyed class.

"The Boast of the democracy in all the years of its history has been that it is the party of the common people; that it is the champion of the rights of the toiling laboring masses. It has never espoused the cause of classes seeking to enrich themselves by depredation upon the masses. It is too late for it to do so now. It cannot climb upon the gold standard platform without trespassing upon ground long since occupied by and belonging to the Republican party.

"The issue is clear, the duty of Democracy is plain. It should make common cause with the people, remain true to its traditions and history, and carry the country back to that system and to those principles which our fathers founded and which gave us great prosperity and wealth, and the departure from which has brought us to our present woes and distresses." (Applause.)

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Chapter XXIII. Speech of Hon. John F. Shafroth — The Free Coinage of Silver.

"Mr. Speaker: This bill, as it passed the House, was for the purpose of creating a coin redemption fund. The Senate has amended the bill by providing a substitute there for authorizing the free coinage of silver. It is the free-coinage measure that is now before the House for discission.

"The difficulty that has arisen so far in the discussion of this question is, that there has been no data or premises laid down upon which we have agreed as a foundation for our arguments and yet there are some truths that are generally conceded.

"There are two kinds of money in the world:

"First. Primary money, by which 1 mean money of ultimate payment or redemption, and

"Second. Credit money, by which I mean promises to pay, based upon the general credit of the Government, redeemable in primary money.

"Primary money has two functions: First, as a measure of value, and second, as a circulating medium.

"Credit money does not act as a measure of

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value as long as it is redeemable in primary money, because its exact value is fixed by the money in which it is redeemable, but it does act as a circulating medium.

"There is one fact that we can all agree upon, no matter what our views may be upon the financial question, and that is, that there is not now and never has been a sufficient quantity of primary money in the world. This truth is demonstrated by the fact that all nations, in order to relieve their necessities for a circulating medium, have been compelled to resort, either directly or through their banking; institutions, to the issuance of credit money. No Government would undertake the hazard; of maintaining credit money unless there was an imperative necessity for the game, and no nation would ever authorize banking institutions to control the currency if there was sufficient primary money in circulation.

"There is in existence at the present time in the world 2,69,000,000 of such credit money, and if silver be treated as token or credit money by those nation, that have adopted the tingle gold standard, there is in existence in the world nearly $6,000,000,000 of credit money. This credit money represents the amount of shortage in the world of primary money.

"There are two propositions that I first desire to discuss:

"First. That in theory by the demonetization

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of silver there should have been an enormous increase in the value of gold; and

"Second. That in actual experience there has been an enormous increase in the value of gold

"Previous to 1873 two metals formed the base upon which was built all the credit and commerce of the world. These metals are designed by nature as money metals on account of their quality of indestructibility, their compactness as compared to value, and the difficulty with which they are extracted from the earth. So evenly has nature stored these metals in the earth that, notwithstanding free coinage of both metals existed in many of the nations for centuries, yet the amount of gold and silver coined in the world previous to 1873 was practically the same. I!y the demonetization of silver in the various nations of the earth one of these two metal moneys was stricken down as a money of ultimate payment. All the burdens which both metals had borne were thereby shifted on to one. As those metal moneys were, and now are, practically equal in amount, the burden upon that one was thereby doubled. Doubling the burden upon a metal doubles the demand for the same, and doubling the demand for it doubles the value thereof.

"If there is any truth in the principle of supply and demand, this conclusion must inevitably follow. It is therefore mathematically certain that if the demonetization of silver had taken place throughout

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the world simultaneously, the doubling of the value of gold would have surely followed. It is true that demonetization of silver has taken place gradually. One nation after another at intervals of tine has adopted the single gold standard. The result has has been the gradual shifting of the burdens borne by both gold and silver on to the gold alone, thus making a gradual increase of demand for gold and a consequent gradual increase in the value thereof. It is also true that demonetization of silver has not yet taken place throughout the World, as there are still some nations that relieve the strain on gold by holding their mints open to the free coinage of silver. It is for that reason gold has not yet doubled in value.

"The Coinage of silver on government account by Standard nations does not relieve the strain on gold, because such nations do not make silver a money of ultimate redemption Such governments treat silver as token or credit money, and either directly or Indirectly offer to redeem it in gold. The silver coin then becomes simply a promise to pay gold. The coinage of silver in that manner makes that many more obligations of the government redeemable in gold, and hence makes that much more burden that gold as the ultimate payment must bear. Thus the coinage of silver on government account instead of relieving the strain on gold actually increases the demand

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for it and consequently the value thereof. As the gold dollar is the unit of measurement in this country, its increase in value can not be estimated in dollars and cents, but only in its increased purchasing power, and its increased purchasing power can only be estimated in the decline in price of everything that gold will buy.

"If gold were simply a commodity, and not a standard or measure of value, its appreciation would be of comparatively little consequence; but it is because of its being a measure for everything else in the world that it is so important to mankind that it should not increase in value. As the debts of the world are increased by the increase of the measure, doubling the value of the measure doubles the size of the debt calculated by that measure.

"Now, Mr. Speaker, what does the doubling of the value of the standard gold dollar mean? It means the doubling of every other dollar redeemable in that coin. It means that the man who has his wealth invested in bonds or notes awakes to the realization that his fortune in purchasing power has been doubled; that the man who has his wealth invested in anything that gold will buy finds that by the doubling of the value of gold what he has to sell will only bring one half as much as it formerly did.

"That legislation is indeed pernicious that in its effect doubles one man's wealth and divides in

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half the wealth of another. But what is the effect upon the wealth of those men who in order to develop the resources of the country have borrowed money with which to aid in the establishment of their enterprises, or who have been so unfortunate as to mortgage their lands to the extent of one-half their values? Doubling the value of the dollar to such men means the total annihilation of their wealth. As the debts in the United States alone are estimated to be more than $20,000,000,000, it is apparent that the consequences of doubling the value of gold in this country must be most appalling. It is contended that as demonetization of silver by the nations of the earth has taken place gradually, the addition to the stock of gold has relieved this increased demand upon it. That would be true to a certain extent if commerce and debts had not increased during that period. We know that by the increased and ever-increasing facilities of transportation, commerce has been increasing at the rate of more than 6 per cent. per annum, while the increase in the gold coin of the world has very little exceeded 1 per cent. per annum. The production of gold in 1894 was $180,626,100, the highest amount ever reached in any year up to that time.

"It has been estimated by Mr. Giffen, the statistician of the London Board of Trade and a gold monometallist, that the arts consumed as much gold as the annual product, and that in the

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arts there was melted as much gold coin each year as there was new gold coined.

"Sir Lyon Playfair, a member of the British Parliament and a gold monometallist, has estimated that at least 75 per cent. of the annual product of gold goes into the arts.

"Prof. C. L. Fawcett, another gold monometallist, estimated that of the annual product of 1892, viz, $130,650,000, there was consumed in the arts $110,000,000.

"We know as a matter of fact that the consumption of gold in the arts has multiplied in recent years. Twenty-five years ago, in a town of a thousand or fifteen hundred population, you could count almost on the fingers of your two hands the number of gold watches, chains, and charms worn by its citizens. To-day at least ten times that number are in use among the people of the same community, and the same rate of increase has been made as to medals and other gold ornaments. The enormous amount of gold used in gilding and in dentistry has increased even in a still higher proportion.

"Taking the most liberal of the estimates above referred to, we have no greater sum than $45,377,500 in gold per annum to be added to the stock of primary money of all the gold-using nations on earth. The world's stock of gold coin is about $4,000,000,000. The annual increase in that stock is therefore, a very small fraction over

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1 per cent. The condition therefore is, that our stock of primary money is increasing at the rate of a little over i per cent, per year, while it is upholding and bearing the burdens of commerce and credit, which in the past twenty-five years have been increasing at the rate of more than 6 per cent, per annum. The inevitable result of such a condition must be the continual increase in the value of gold, occasioned by the continual increased demand on it by commerce and credit. By adhering to the single gold standard, therefore, we are tying ourselves to a metal the production of which does not keep pace with the increase of commerce.

"To divide the $45,377,500 in gold among all the gold-using countries in the world would be to add only a few million dollars each year to the primary money of the United States. We know that the demand which the United States alone has made upon gold in order to maintain its reserve during the past two years has been $262,000,000, including the bond issue bid for to-day. This amount is several times greater than that part of the annual gold product that goes into coin for the entire world. Is there any wonder that there is a terrible strain on gold in the world and that the enormous demand which is being made upon it is continually increasing its value. It is this increased demand for gold that has increased its purchasing power. That is the reason

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why prices are continually falling. When the measure of value is increasing gradually each year, the result is bound to manifest itself in the diminished price of all the commodities and property that it measures.

"Previous to 1873 any person had the right to take silver bullion to the mints of the Latin Union to have it coined, free of charge, into money, just the same as he now has the right to have gold coined. The principal use of silver is for money. Suppose the governments of the world were to conclude that wheat bread was not as healthy as bread made from corn, and should enact laws prohibiting the mills from grinding wheat. Can there be any doubt, if those laws were enforced, that wheat would be worth almost nothing, that it would sink in price to what it would be worth as feed for animals? And can there be any doubt that the price of corn would increase enormously? The mere statement of the proposition is conclusive of its truth. Why should not that same principle of supply and demand apply to gold and silver? Can the nations of the world annul the right to have silver coined into money and leave their mints open to the free and unlimited coinage of gold, unless it increases enormously the value of the latter metal and correspondingly decreases the price of the former.

"In 1873, when silver was demonetized by the United States and Germany, there were only

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three nations in Europe that had the single gold standard. They were Great Britain, Turkey and Portugal. Turkey at that time was upon an inconvertible paper currency, and hence was making little or no demand upon gold. Great Britain at that time had a population of 32,000,000 and Portugal a population of 6,000,000. Thus only 38,000,000 of people were making demands upon gold alone for monetary purposes.

"At that time there were six nations in Europe that had a bimetallic standard. They were France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and Greece, constituting the Latin Union, and Spain. There were only two of them, namely, Belgium and Switzerland, that were then on a specie basis.

"There were seven nations in Europe at that time that had the single silver standard. They were Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden and Norway, Denmark and Holland. All of these were on a coin basis except Russia and Austria. The United States at that time had the bimetallic standard, but was upon an inconvertible paper currency. None of these nations now have a bimetallic standard, but the gold valuation prevails in every one except Russia, Italy and Greece, which are still upon inconvertible paper currencies. France maintains a very large silver currency, but upon a gold valuation. At the present time the demand upon gold is enormous. Great Britain, with its present population of 38,000,000;

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Germany, with its population of 50,000,000; Austria, with its population of 40,000,000; Turkey, with its population of 33,000,000; Norway and Sweden, with their population of 7,000,000; Holland and Denmark, with their population of 7,000,000; France, Belgium and Switzerland, with their population of 47,000,000, and the United States, with its population of 70,000,000, are all in the struggle for gold in order to preserve their redemption funds. Thus 252,000,000 people are now demanding this metal which in 1873 only 38,000,000 were demanding. Is it any wonder that gold, notwithstanding its recent increased annual product, has been going higher and higher in value each year? How can anyone who recognizes truth in the principles of supply and demand claim with reason, in view of this situation, that gold has not increased in value?

"It seems to me, therefore, conclusive that, in point of theory, by reason of the demonetization of silver and the shifting upon gold of all the burdens of primary money, which both metals formerly bore, that gold has enormously increased in value.

"The second proposition is that in actual experience the theory that there has been an enormous increase in the value of gold has proven true.

"As the increase in the value of a standard or measure cannot be calculated by the standard itself

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the only way that it can be measured is by its increased purchasing power. That increased purchasing power in gold is manifested in the fall of the price of everything that gold will buy. When you see one commodity get cheaper, while all others remain of stationary value, in order to ascertain the cause of the decline in price of the one you naturally look to the question of supply and demand as to that one commodity, but when you find that all commodities and properties, except those that are buoyed up by some special advantage, are declining in price year after year, you are bound to come to the conclusion that it is not on account of overproduction, but that the fault is in the increase of the measure of value. That there has been a continual fall in the price of almost all commodities can hardly be questioned. It is always best to take from an undoubted authority the statistics by which a fact is proven.

"The tables of Mr. August Sauerbeck, an eminent statistician of London, are perhaps the most complete and reliable of any to be found in the world. They were not framed with any relation to the silver question, and hence any prejudice for or against silver could not have entered into their compilation. These tables show the range of prices in the London market of forty-five of the principal commodities in the world for a series of years. In one set of these tables he takes as his

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base, or par value, which he designates as the I00 mark, the average price of the commodities for the eleven years between 1867 and 1877. According to this set of tables the average price of these commodities fell in 1895 to sixty-two per cent, of what they averaged in the period above stated. This percentage of decline in the price shows conclusively that gold, since that period, has increased in purchasing power as regards those commodities 61.3 per cent. Another set of tables (deduced from Mr. Sauerbeck's tables), showing the range of prices of the same forty-five commodities, takes as its base, or 100 mark, the average price of the commodities for the year 1873. This set of tables shows that the average price of those commodities in 1895 was only 55.8 per cent. of what their price was in 1873, which shows that gold in purchasing power as to those commodities has increased 79.2 per cent.

"The fall of price in commodities generally has not been denied, to my knowledge, upon the floor of this House, in this debate. Various members have attempted to explain the causes of this de cline, but none have denied the fact itself.

"The claim they make is that the decline in price has been caused by overproduction. If this decline had only been for one year, or if the price "of a large number of commodities had gone higher, while as to others it had fallen, that theory might be a reasonable explanation; but when

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this fall in price of almost all commodities had been continuing year after year, you are driven to the conclusion that it is not overproduction that has caused the decline. Man will not year after year continue to overproduce all commodities.

Production of Gold and Silver in the World, 1792-1894.
Calendar Years.	Gold	Silver (coining value).	Total
1792-1800	$106,407,000	$328,860,000	$435,267,000
1801-1810	118,152,000	371,677,000	489,829,000
1811-1820	76,063,000	224,786,000	300,849,000
1821-1830	94,479,000	191,444,000	285,923,000
1831-1840	134,841,000	247,930,000	382,771,000
1841-1848	291,144,000	259,520,000	550,664,000
1849...	37,000,000	39,000,000	76,000,000
1850...	44,450,000	39,000,000	83,450,000
1851...	67,600,000	40,000,000	107,600,000
1852...	132,750,000	40,600,000	173,350,000
1853...	155,450,000	40,600,000	196,050,000
1854...	127,450,000	40,600,000	168,050,000
1855...	135,075,000	40,600,000	175,675,000
1856...	147,600,000	40,650,000	188,250,000
1857...	133,275,000	40,650,000	173,925,000
1858...	124,650,000	40,650,040	165,300,000
1859...	124,850,000	40,750,000	165,600,000
1860...	119,250,000	40,800,000	119,250,000
1861...	113,800,000	44,700,000	158,500,000
1862...	107,750,000	45,200,000	152,950,000
1863...	106,950,000	49,200,000	156,150,000
1864...	113,000,000	51,700,000	164,700,000
1865...	120,200,000	51,950,000	172,150,000
1866...	121,100,000	50,750,000	171,850,000
1867...	104,025,000	54,225,000	158,250,000
1868...	109,025,000	50,225,000	159,950,000
1869...	106,225,000	47,500,000	153,725,000
1870...	106,850,000	51,575,000	158,425,000
1871...	107,000,000	61,050,000	168,050,000
1872...	99,600,000	65,250,000	164,850,00
1873...	96,200,000	81,800,000	178,000,000
1874...	90,750,000	71,500,000	162,250,000
1875...	97,500,000	80,500,000	178,000,000
1876...	103,700,000	87,660,000	191,300,000
1877...	114,000,000	81,000,000	195,000,000
1878...	119,000,000	95,000,000	214,000,000
1879...	109,080,000	96,000,000	205,000,000
1880...	106,500,000	96,700,000	203,200,000
1881...	103,000,000	102,000,000	205,000,000
1882...	102,000,000	111,800,000	214,800,000
1883...	95,400,000	115.300,000	210,700,000
1884...	101,700,000	105,500,000	207,200,000
1885...	108,400,000	118,500,000	226,900,000
1886...	106,000,000	120,600,000	226,600,000
1887...	105,775,000	124,281,000	230,056,000
1888...	110,197,000	140,706,000	250,903,000
1889...	123,489,000	162,159,000	285,648,000
1890...	118,849,000	172,235,000	291,084,000
1891...	126,184,000	186,447,000	312,631,000
1892...	138,861,000	196,459,000	335,320,000
Total...	5,663,216,000	5,077,529,000	10,740,745,000
1893...	157,228,100	209,165,000	366,393,100
1894...	180,626,100	216,892,200	397,518,300
Total...	6,001,070,200	5,503,586,200	11,504,656,400

"The theory of overproduction will not account for the decline in the gold price of silver. It is true that in recent years the production of silver has been increasing, but it must be remembered that the annual production of gold has also been increasing. It was not until 1882 that the annual product of silver exceeded that of gold, and yet the gold price of silver had been declining ever since 1873. The table which I hold in my hand, and ask to have incorporated in my remarks, shows the world's production of gold and silver from 1792 to 1894. It was issued from the Treasury department, Bureau of the Mint, August 16, 1893, and can be found in the Government publication called ‘Coinage Laws of 1894,’

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at page 103. (It is also verified in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1894, at page 304.) To that table I have added the world's production of gold and silver for the years 1893 and 1894, as estimated by the Treasury Department.

"The treatment by the advocates of the single gold standard of the annual production of silver as compared with the annual production of gold has been exceedingly unfair. For instance, take the production of the year 1892 — $138,861,000 of gold compared to $196,459,000 of silver (coinage value). They contend that as there was one-third more silver than gold produced in that year there ought to be an equivalent fall in the price of silver. Because the production of silver in any one year has exceeded the production of gold, it does not follow that the decrease in the price of silver should be in proportion to the excess of silver over gold in that year. The man who makes such an argument makes the mistake of treating silver as a commodity which is consumed in the using of it. That principle would apply to wheat, or any of the products that are consumed each year. But silver is an indestructible metal, and its annual production is but a very small per cent, of the total amount of silver in the world, and when produced, it does not constitute a separate mass upon which the principle of supply and demand can operate, but forms a part of the total stock of silver in the world.

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"When silver falls it affects the entire mass of silver, not the annual product only. Hence, on the theory of overproduction, you would have to double the entire mass of silver in order to produce a fall in price of 50 per cent., and if measured in gold, you would have to make the increased mass of silver double the mass of gold. It can, therefore, be readily understood how insignificant must be the effect of the annual increase of the production upon the total silver of the world. The way to find the relative increase of silver over gold is to add the annual product of silver to the total silver stock then add the annual product of gold to the total gold stock, and find what per cent. the total silver thus found bears to the total gold thus ascertained. By this calculation you will find that in the year 1891, when the greatest excess of silver over gold ever was produced, when the production of silver exceeded that of gold by $60,000,000, that it represented an increase in the total silver of the world over gold of less than one-half of 1 per cent. On the theory of overproduction no greater change in value could have occurred than that.

"But we find that while the percentage of the increase of the total mass of silver over gold has been very small, and has existed only since 1882, that the decline in the gold price of silver has been enormous, although silver in purchasing power of staple products has comparatively kept

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a steady value. If the annual product is of such an important character, what can be said in defense of that theory (of overproduction of silver causing fall of its price) when the world's product of silver for 1895, as near as can be ascertained at the present time, is less than 5 per cent. more than that of gold.

"It is manifestly unfair to take the annual product of either metal for a short period of time and attempt to fix thereby their relative value. The history of the production of the precious metals shows that the greater annual product will oscillate from one to the other. It is only by taking the production for a long series of years that any fair conclusion can be deduced there from. It is shown by the last table, to which I have referred, that the total production of gold for more than the past century, namely, from 1792 to 1894, has been almost exactly equal to the total production of silver in the same period. According to the theory of relative supply, their value should have remained the same. It is therefore conclusive that the fall in the gold price of silver is not due to the production of more silver than gold, but is due solely to the increased demand upon gold and the decreased demand upon silver, produced by the demonetization of the latter, which caused all the burdens which both metals have borne as primary money to be shifted onto gold alone.

"It is claimed that labor has not fallen in price

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and therefore the appreciation of gold is not the cause of the fall in prices. Our opponents usually take the year 1860 as the date of the comparison of wages. In the first place, that date is not a fair one, because at that time nearly one half of our nation afforded a poor market, if any, for labor on account of the existence of slavery therein. The price of labor in the remainder of the Union was most seriously affected by the proximity thereto of the cheap labor that slavery afforded. But the principal reason why there has not been as much reduction in wages of those actually employed as there has been in the price of commodities, is because wages have been held up by all manner of human devices in the shape of trades unions and labor organizations. Labor never had a fair opportunity to compete with capital until within the last few years. But, notwithstanding these advantages, if you take into consideration the number of men out of employment, there is a far less total sum paid for labor than if all were employed at greatly reduced wages. It is absurd to say that the products of labor may fall year after year, and yet not affect the price of labor.

"The theory that the introduction of improved machinery and the lowering of transportation charges accounts for the decline in the price of commodities, is erroneous. The price of a commodity is not determined by its cost; it is determined

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by the operation of the principle of supply and demand. If the price of a commodity were determined by its cost, it would never sell for less than cost, no matter how much the market in that line was glutted, and it would never sell for any considerable profit, no matter what scarcity existed in that product. The only influence that the cheapening of the cost of production and transportation has, is to make the profit of the farmer greater instead of less, and the very desire to make more profits, stimulates production, and thus increases the supply, and in that way only affects prices. These influences of cheapening the cost of production ought to operate to the advantage of the farmer, instead of his loss. Yet everyone knows that the farming interests of this country are in a most deplorable condition, and that no adequate return can be made upon a farm investment. But, even if there was some truth in the assertion that improved machinery and lower transportation charges have cheapened the price of farm products, it must be remembered that farm products, like everything else, are measured in gold and their price fixed in gold.

"There can be no doubt that there have been in the past twenty years improved processes in the treatment of gold ores, in the hoisting apparatus used in mining, in the use of electricity in drilling, mining, and igniting explosives, and in the character of high explosives for blasting,

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which have lowered the cost of the production of that metal far more than the improved procession in farming have lowered the prices of farm products. As a matter of fact, the great era of labor-saving machines in farming was from 1850 to 1873, and during all of that time there was a general rise in farm products. People unfamiliar with mining may think that transportation charges constitute a very small per cent, of the value of the ores, and hence would affect the general cost of marketing very little; but they are mistaken. The greatest yield and the most constant yield is from the mines that net a very small sum per ton over the cost of mining and shipping to the smelter. And freight charges often determine whether a mine can be worked at all. When we know that there are thousands of tons of ore from the Rocky Mountain regions smelted in Chicago and Wales, one may realize that the haul is not a short one.

"If the cheapening of the cost of raising products and of mining gold ores had been the same, and had controlled prices, the fall in each being the same, there should have been no fall at all when measured by each other. But the cheapening of the cost of raising and marketing farm products in the past twenty years, having been less than the cheapening of the cost of mining and marketing gold ores, we are led to the inevitable conclusion that relatively there should have been

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a rise in farm products measured in gold, instead of a fall. We therefore conclude that this theory is erroneous, that it is the great principle of supply and demand, and not the cost of production, that controls the price of gold as well as that of farm products; that the great fall in the gold price of products is due to the fact that the demand for gold has so enormously increased; that having to bear all the burdens of a primary money that both gold and silver bore, gold must have increased in value, and therefore decreased the price of every product measured by that metal.

"It is contended by the single gold standard advocates, and it has been asserted on the floor of this House time and time again, that in the last few years banking facilities have become so perfect that very little money is needed to transact the commerce of the world compared to what was needed twenty years ago. At the first statement of the proposition it is apt to produce a strong impression because of the progress that has been made in the wealth and commerce of our nation. But I most emphatically deny the truth of that assertion. There is no better test of the amount of the business which is done by checks in one period over another than is found in the reports of the clearing house of such a city as New York, which had about the same number of banks twenty years ago as now.

"It is often asserted by the single gold standard

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advocates that the use of checks in the last few years has become so universal that now 95 per cent. of the business of the United States is done by checks. That proposition also I most emphatically deny. This same statement of the clearings of the New York Clearing House shows that it takes 5 per cent. in cash to pay the balances among banks, and it must be plain and clear to any one, that if it takes 5 per cent. in money to settle balances among institutions which are created for the purpose of saving cash transactions, how great must be the per cent, of cash in the ordinary retail transactions in city and country. This same statement shows that it requires more money now to settle balances among the banks of New York City than it did twenty or twenty-five years ago; that in 1872 and 1873 it took 4.2 and 4.1 per cent. in money, while in 1892 and 1893 it took 5.1 and 4.9 per cent. in money to settle balances.

"Twenty-five years ago the farmer ran his bill for all he needed at the general merchandise store and made his settlement once a year, and that settlement, often, if not generally, was in the products of his farm. Such a thing as a strictly cash house was almost unknown in those days. To-day there are vast numbers of strictly cash houses, and where credit is obtained the bills must be paid every thirty days. It seems to me that the fallacy of this claim should be settled forever

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by the admission of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mr. Eckels (who can not be said to favor the silver question in any particular), on page 381 of the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1894. That statement shows that from returns made by national banks all over the United States, that 41.1 per cent. of the deposits of retail commercial houses are in money. How much greater then must be the per cent, of moneyed transactions with savings banks and among the people?

"It is claimed by the single gold standard people that there can be no parity maintained between the metals, because there is a variation in the amount of each produced. They seem to lose sight of the fact that, in addition to the question of production, there is an increased demand made for the cheaper metal by reason of the legal tender quality given to the money coined there from. The history of the production of gold and silver is directly contradictory to this contention. From the years 1800 to 1841 there was three times as much silver produced in the world as gold, and from the year 1850 to 1873 there was more than three times as much gold produced as silver, and yet during all that time, while the mints of France were open to the free and unlimited coinage of silver, the variation between the market price of both silver and gold did not exceed the difference between the coinage ratio of

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the various nations. The Paris price, where the mints were situated, was always at a parity. I hold in my hand a tabulated list of the commercial ratio of silver to gold from 1887 to 1892, taken from the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1894, at page 288, which I ask to have incorporated in my remarks."

"By that tabulated list it is apparent that only in two years up to 1873 did silver fall below the ratio of 16 to 1, and then only by a very small fraction, and that was in the years 1812 and 1813, when European wars disturbed all commercial transactions, and the difference between the London price, where free coinage did not exist, and the Paris price, where free coinage did exist, must have been at its maximum. From the time that the nations of the world began to take away the principal demand for silver, by demonetizing it, silver began to decline in value as compared to gold. The fault in the argument of the single gold standard people is that although they apply the principle of supply and demand to every commodity, they will not apply it to gold and silver. They are continually claiming that silver should not be restored to its lawful place as a money of ultimate redemption until its commercial value equals that of gold, when they are at the same time denying to silver the very use which creates the demand that gives to it that value.

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Commercial Ratio of Silver to Gold for Each Year Since 1687.
[Note. — From 1687 to 1832 the ratios are taken from the tables of Dr. A. Soetbeer; from 1833 to 1878 from Pixley and Abell's tables; and from 1878 to 1892 from daily cablegrams from London to the Bureau of the Mint.)
Year	Eatio	Year	Ratio	Year.	Ratio	Year.	Ratio	Year.	Ratio.
1687	14.94	1729	14.92	1771	14.66	1813	16.25	1854	15.33
1688	14.94	1730	14.81	1772	14.52	1814	15.04	1855	15.38
1689	15.02	1731	14.94	1773	14.62	1815	15.26	1856	15.38
1690	15.02	1732	15.09	1774	14.62	1816	15.28	1857	15.27
1691	14.98	1733	15.18	1775	14.72	1817	15.11	1858	15.38
1692	14.92	1734	15.39	1776	14.55	1818	15.35	1859	15.19
1693	14.83	1735	15.41	1777	14.54	1819	15.33	1860	15.29
1694	14.87	1736	15.18	1778	14.68	1820	15.62	1861	15.50
1695	15.02	1737	15.02	1779	14.80	1821	15.95	1862	15.35
1696	15.00	1738	14.91	1780	14.72	1822	15.80	1863	15.37
1697	15.20	1739	14.91	1781	14.78	1823	15.84	1864	15.37
1698	15.07	1740	14.94	1782	14.42	1824	15.82	1865	15.44
1699	14.94	1741	14.92	1783	14.48	1825	15 70	1866	15.43
1700	14.81	1742	14.85	1784	14.70	1826	15.76	1867	15.57
1701	15.07	1743	14.85	1785	14.92	1827	15.74	1868	15.59
1702	15.52	1744	14.87	1786	14.96	1828	15.78	1869	15.60
1703	15.17	1745	14.98	1787	14.92	1829	15.78	1870	15.57
1704	15.22	1746	15.13	1788	14.65	1830	15.82	1871	15.57
1705	15.11	1747	15.26	1789	14.75	1831	15.72	1872	15.63
1706	15.27	1748	15.11	1790	15.04	1832	15.73	1873	15.92
1707	15.44	1749	14.80	1791	15.05	1833	15.93	1874	16.17
1708	15.41	1750	14.55	1792	15.17	1834	15.73	1875	16.59
1709	15.31	1751	14.39	1793	15.00	1835	15.80	1876	17.88
1710	15.22	1752	14.54	1794	15.37	1836	15.72	1877	17.22
1711	15.29	1753	14.54	1795	15.55	1837	15.83	1878	17.94
1712	15.31	1754	14.48	1796	15.65	1838	15.85	1879	18.40
1713	15.24	1755	14.68	1797	15.41	1839	15.62	1880	18.05
1714	15.13	1756	14.94	1798	15.59	1840	15.62	1881	18.16
1715	15.11	1757	14.87	1799	15.74	1841	15.70	1882	18.19
3716	15.09	1758	14.85	1800	15,68	1842	15.87	1883	18.64
1717	15.13	1759	14.15	1801	15.46	1843	15 93	1884	18.57
1718	15.11	1760	14.14	1802	15.26	1844	15.85	1885	19.41
1719	15.09	1761	14.54	1803	15.41	1845	15.92	1886	20.78
1720	15.04	1762	15.27	1804	15.41	1846	15.90	1887	21.13
1721	15.05	1763	14.99	1805	15.79	1847	15.80	1888	21.99
1722	15.17	1764	14.70	1806	15.52	1848	15.85	1889	22.09
1723	15.20	1765	14.83	1807	15.43	1849	15.78	1890	19.75
1724	15.11	1766	14.80	1808	16.08	1850	15.70	1891	20.92
1725	15.11	1767	14.85	1809	15 96	1851	15.46	1892	23.72
1726	15.15	1768	14.80	1810	15.77	1852	15.59	1893	26 49
1727	15.24	1769	14.72	1811	15.53	1853	15.33	1894	32.50
1728	15.11	1770	14.62	1812	16.11

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"You cannot take away the unlimited demand for a metal that free coinage gives and expect it to retain its equality with a metal to which you give the right of free coinage. Much less can you expect that silver thus deprived of that demand can ever equal in commercial value gold to which you give the right of free coinage. It is the equal treatment of the metals as to coinage that can ever restore their parity.

"Why should the coinage ratio between silver and gold be fixed at 16 to 1? Because that is the proportion, as near as can be ascertained, in which the metals are stored in the earth.

"I wish to again refer to the table showing the total production of gold and silver from 1792 to 1894. The table shows that there was produced in that period $6,001,070,200 of gold and $5,503,586,200 of silver (coinage value). That means that for the period of more than a century, ending with the year 1894, there was almost exactly sixteen times as many ounces of silver produced as of gold. There can be no doubt that if equal mintage rights and equal treatment of silver were restored to the world, the safe ratio would be the approximate ratio in which the metals are found in the earth.

"Every advocate of the free coinage of silver by this nation alone would like for bimetallism to be established through international agreement. But the difficulty of the situation is, that there

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is no hope for such an agreement. As long as it is to the interest of England and other creditor nations to have their foreign bonds and other securities appreciate in purchasing power, and to have commodities they are compelled to buy from other countries depreciate in price, so long can we never hope for an international agreement. It would be expecting that human nature in the wealthy, who surround, support and control the thrones, would not be guided by self-interest. The nations have been holding international monetary conferences ever since 1878, and yet the proceedings of the last conference show more determination on the part of England and other creditor nations not to return to bimetallism than ever before. In that conference there was not even asked for a vote on the question whether it was the sense of the conference that there should be international bimetallism. How long, oh, how long will suffering humanity have to wait for relief from such nations? Silver was demonetized without international agreement and it will be restored without such an agreement.

"Can the United States alone undertake the free and unlimited coinage of silver and maintain that metal on a parity with gold at the ratio of 16 to 1.

"It is conceded by those who believe in international bimetallism that if the United States can make a greater demand upon silver than there is silver in the world available for coinage, that such

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demand would establish the parity of the metals, and that the parity would be maintained if the demand thereafter kept pace with the production.

"The question, then, must be determined by the greatness of the demand which the United States can make for that metal.

"Mr. Mulhall, an eminent English statistician, in an article in the North American Review, last June, states that the effective force of the United States is equal to that of Great Britain, France and Germany combined.

"Professor Francois, a French economist, has recently estimated that the United States contains one-fourth of the wealth of the entire world.

"Such wealth and power backing the legal tender quality given to silver is bound, under free coinage, to create an almost unlimited demand for that metal. But let us analyze this demand.

"It is estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury that there is in the United States $636,256,023 of gold stock. The gentleman from Maine (Mr. Dingley) stated this afternoon that if free coinage was established and gold went to a premium of one cent that all the gold would leave the country or would go out of circulation. Let us assume, for the sake of the argument, that his statement is true. What would follow?

"There would be created by that withdrawal of gold an instantaneous demand for silver to take its place. Where would the silver come from to supply that demand?

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First. We know that outside of the United States Treasury there is no large quantity of silver available for coinage anywhere in the world. If as much as $25,000,000 of silver bullion were stored any place the public would know it. So it is clear that hardly any part of the demand could be supplied from bullion in existence.

"Second. We know that the silver to supply such a demand could not come from the arts, because the workmanship spent on silver articles makes those articles worth more than the coinage value of silver.

"Third. We know that the silver coins of Europe would not come to this country for coinage because they are in circulation in Europe on a gold valuation at a lower ratio than ours. The ratio in Europe is 15 1/2 to 1, which makes an ounce of silver worth $1.33 (coinage value); whereas the ratio in this country is 16 to 1, which makes an ounce of silver worth $1.29 (coinage value). It cost the Europeans $1.33 to get an ounce of silver coins, because they maintain the parity of silver coins as we do; then why should any holder of European silver coins, which costs him at the rate of $1.33 an ounce, have them minted into American coins that are worth only $1.29 an ounce? He would not. Therefore the European coins, which constitute the great mass of silver coins in the world, would not be sent to America for coinage.

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"Fourth. The only countries from which any silver coins might come are from those that are upon a silver basis, namely, Mexico, India, Japan, China and a few insignificant countries. The stock of silver in all these countries constitutes practically all their circulating medium. It amounts to only $4.38 per capita in Mexico, $2.01 in Japan, $3.31 in India, and $1.80 per capita in China. Can these countries spare any of their coins, especially in view of the great manufacturing development that they are now enjoying? If so, must it not be limited to only a few million dollars? Can anyone with reason maintain that as much as $636,256,023 in silver coins would be shipped from those countries to our mints? It must be borne in mind that if they bring their silver here for coinage they must use it here. It will not circulate in their country any more than a foreign coin will circulate here. In order to use it they will have to buy something with it, and if they purchase our goods or products it is so much to our advantage. All these facts are serious obstacles in the way of anyone sending foreign silver to this country for coinage. I conclude, therefore, that it is hardly in the range of possibility that $636,256,023 in silver would be shipped from foreign countries to our mints for coinage; that, therefore, there is not a sufficient available supply of silver in the world to meet the demand in the United States for that amount.

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"But that is not the only demand which the United States can make on silver. There are $346,000,000 of United States notes called greenbacks, and there are $137,000,000 of United States Treasury notes issued under the Sherman Act. The only reason they are kept in existence is on account of there not being sufficient primary money to take their place. The Secretary of the Treasury wants the Government to get out of what he terms the ‘banking business.’ The United States could, therefore, make a legitimate demand upon silver for silver certificates for both of these sums, aggregating $483,000,000. Can there be any doubt now that the demand upon silver for $636,256,023 and $483,000,000 would be more than double the possible shipments of silver from foreign countries to our mints? Remember that when there is a demand for silver at 16 to 1, which is unsatisfied, that it is bound to establish the value of the metals at that ratio.

"But these are not the only demands which the United States can make on silver. There are $212,000,000 of national-bank notes in circulation. There is no excuse for the existence of any of this credit money, except that there is a deficiency in primary money. A legitimate demand upon silver for certificates, to take the place of these notes, can fairly be made. Thus we have a demand for $1,331,256,023 of silver, which the United States can create without increasing the

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circulating medium of the nation one dollar. That demand represents an amount which is more than the mines of the world can produce, less the quantity that goes into the arts, in thirteen years. With such an enormous demand on the limited silver bullion of the world, it could not help but establish and maintain the parity between the metals.

"But these are not all the demands that could be made upon silver in this country. There are over $20,000,000,000 indebtedness in this nation, more than one-half of which are obligations payable in lawful money of the United States. The minute that silver would get to a discount of even 1 per cent., that minute there would be created a demand by those debtors for that money with which to discharge their obligations, and that very demand would increase the value of silver until it reached a parity with gold. It has been asserted upon the floor of this House that there are credit transactions in the shape of short-time notes, thirty-day credits, and checks that amount each year in this country to $150,000,000,000. All of those transactions are in lawful money, and they constitute an exceedingly large demand for the money that circulates.

"With all these demands that can be made upon silver for coin or certificates, — first, by the greatest and most powerful Government on earth; second, by the people in the payment of

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the greatest number of obligations of any nation; and third, by the greatest commerce that the history of the world has ever known, — it seems that the parity between the metals could be established with as much certainty as it is possible to foretell any future event.

"It must be remembered that the commercial value of the two metals would become approximately equal if half the nations in commercial importance had the gold standard and half the silver standard. It can, therefore, be readily understood what great influence in establishing the commercial equality of the metals, a powerful nation would have in withdrawing its demand on gold and making its demand on silver. When the parity is once established, a bimetallic tie acts as an automatic regulator. When one of the metals becomes more valuable, the demand is shifted from it onto the cheaper metal, and that demand restores the parity.

"We have had an experience that ought to teach us the power of this Government in financial matters. The Senate of the United States, in 1890, passed a free-coinage bill. It was thought that the House of Representatives was a free-coinage body. Silver rose, in anticipation of that legislation, until it reached $1.21 1/4 an ounce (within eight points of par), not only in the United States, but in the London markets and throughout the entire world. If silver rose to

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such a height in anticipation of such legislation, notwithstanding the hazards of final enactment and Executive approval, can there be any doubt that it would have risen to $1.29 per ounce under the legitimate demand that the actual operation of the law would create?

"The free coinage of silver in this country, when once established, would be bound to succeed, because it would then be to the interest of the capitalist to make it succeed. It would then become his interest to make the silver money just as dear as he now desires the gold money to be. It is the history of all depreciated currencies that no class has been so active in bringing them to par as the creditor class. We therefore conclude that the demand which the United States can make upon silver is almost unlimited, and that by the exercise of that demand silver can be restored as an equal primary money to gold.

"The question of the free coinage of silver is, in my judgment, the most momentous question of the present age. The terrible effect of the increasing gold measure has fallen with crushing force upon all the people of our nation, except the creditor class. Business, in the past twenty years, has been compelled to operate on falling markets, which, in the long run, means ruin and disaster. It is no wonder that Mr. John G. Carlisle, in the House of Representatives, in 1878, said, in relation to the destruction by legislation

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of silver money, that ‘The consummation of such a scheme would ultimately entail more misery upon the human race than all the wars, pestilence and famine that ever occurred in the history of the world.’ The re-monetization of silver will do more than any other legislation that has ever been suggested to alleviate the sufferings of mankind, to give employment to the laborer, to permit business to be operated upon stable markets, to allow the tiller of the soil to get some little return for his work, and to produce an era of prosperity unequalled in the history of the world."

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Chapter XXIV. Necessity for the Use of Silver as Money in the United States. — Address by Hon. James H. Platt Before the Congress of Bankers and Financiers, Held at Chicago, June 23, 1893.

Mr. Piatt addressed the Congress as follows:

"Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Congress: — For four days you have been listening to able papers and addresses from the professional bankers and financiers of the country largely in favor of gold as a single standard by the United States. It is well, sir, that you should hear sometime from your constituents, from the people who give you bankers and financiers the incomes you get from accumulated wealth. It is a very fortunate position for a gentleman to be in, to control capital, to lend it out to other people, and to get his pay; but suppose you destroy the earning capacity of the men who borrow your money? Suppose there was no one to borrow it, where would you be, and what good would your money do? Therefore, sir, I think you ought to be en rapport, in touch, with the feeling of the men of the country who are conducting its industrial business, who are opening and developing its resources

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sources, who are earning you the income which sustains you in comfort and luxury without the necessity of your taking the risks and the chances which they are taking all over the country at all times. I speak, sir, from the standpoint of a manufacturer and producer. I am trying to make a living by making something, by employing labor, and I am having a very hard time. I am sick and tired almost to death of doing business, or trying to do business, on a falling market, as I have been ever since silver was demonetized in the United States in 1873 (Applause).

"The manufacturers of the United States, the business men, the merchants, every man who is a producer, making anything or producing anything, is getting just as tired as I am. They are looking for the cause of it. They have taken to investigating this subject for themselves. They are beginning to think they have found it, and if you gentlemen need any help in damning the Sherman Bill: if you need the services of anyone else to help you do it, call on us. We will send you a detachment of laymen from the mines and ranches and workshops of Colorado that will do it up to your entire satisfaction, either the Sherman Bill or any other makeshift of that character which has been forced upon the people in the financial management of the past twenty years.

"I need not stop or spend time in convincing you or this audience of the troubles and trials, the

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tribulations and bad effects upon every industry, every commercial and producing interest in the country, which always accompany an era of falling prices.

"I might multiply authorities, but this is a question on which there can be no difference of opinion, an era of falling prices in any country means there must be hard times; there must be difficulties; there must be constant financial troubles and failure. Why, sir, a business man to-day does not dare to buy anything more than he needs for to-morrow. He curtails his production, he is unwilling or fears to enter into any new enterprise; he feels that if he can put off until next week the purchase of anything he has to buy, he will be able to buy it cheaper than he can to-day. We have to be very smart and very active to buy anything to-day and make anything on it to-morrow or next week. It depresses all industry, it depresses all enterprise, and if continued long enough can only result, as always does result, in almost universal bankruptcy and disaster. Therefore I am in favor of doing something to change the existing condition of things. My own examination of this subject has led me to believe that the remedy lies in returning to our former condition, and in remedying the wrong that was committed in 1873; that the conditions of prosperity and universal happiness can be restored to the people of this country only by restoring

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storing to silver the minting privilege which it enjoyed until 1873. (Applause.) And let me tell you, sir, that that sentiment is gaining ground with a rapidity that has never been paralleled perhaps in any other great subject that has been before the people. I read with inexpressible pleasure an interview with that able statesman, Senator Edmunds of Vermont, only a few days ago, a man who has been a strong advocate of the single gold standard, a man who before he resigned his position in the Senate of the United States was always found advocating the single gold standard; a man who in ability, integrity and patriotism stands as high in the estimation of the people of this country as any statesman of the period. He says that on reflection, and viewing the condition of affairs in the country, he has come to the conclusion that the remedy lies in going back to the law of 1873. (Applause.)

"The people are beginning to examine this subject for themselves, they are beginning to understand it, and by the time Congress meets in September you will find the demand for the restoration of our old law, that silver shall be restored to its minting privilege, so unanimous and powerful that Congress will not dare to resist the call from the people when they speak in their might, as they will do. (Applause.)

"The principal arguments used in favor of a

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single gold standard and for the demonetization of silver are the following:

"1. That gold is the more valuable metal; that it is the universal standard of all great nations; that silver is cumbersome and.inconvenient to use as money; that gold is universally recognized as legal money by the other great nations; that the United States must pay its foreign debts in gold, particularly to England, our principal creditor, and that the United States cannot alone among the great nations of the world maintain the double standard.

"2. That the cheaper currency always drives out of a country the dearer and more valuable money, and that if we as a nation remonetize silver it would become our only metallic currency, and that all our gold would leave us.

"3. That the silver producers of the so-called silver States are endeavoring to force the rest of the country to buy their silver at a high price, to make the government pay them a dollar for sixty cents' worth of silver.

"4. That the cost of producing silver is not more than thirty cents an ounce; that it is only a commodity, like iron, coal or wheat, with no more reason why the government should buy it, or give it a fixed value, than exists in favor of other commodities.

"The time at my disposal will not permit a fuller statement of the arguments relied upon by

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the advocates of a single standard for the United States.

"The relative value of silver and gold has always been fixed arbitrarily, and neither has ever been exempt from the universal application of the law of supply and demand. That law governs gold and silver, both as money and as commodities, and all other kinds of money which have ever been used.

"That gold or silver have never in history been stable is universally admitted by the highest authorities. I quote only a few of those thoughts given by Senator Jones, in his great speech of May 12th and 13th in the Senate of the United States — in my judgment the grandest argument ever delivered on this subject. It was my good fortune to hear it delivered. It has never been successfully answered or its arguments refuted, and never can be. No one has thoroughly studied this question until he has read that speech; it is an epitome of the whole subject, and every man, woman and youth who honestly desires to understand the so-called silver question should read it carefully. It can be obtained from the document room of the United States Senate, and should be in every household and in every business house of our country."

THE LESSON OF A TEN-DOLLAR BILL.

Mr. Platt, holding it up to the view of the audience, said:

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"I would like to ask the gentlemen present what gives that bill its value? You will say because there is something behind it. But I submit to the intelligence of every person in this audience that without the law that makes that bill money it would not be worth the paper it is printed on. The law and the confidence of the people. What is it worth? You show me a silver dollar and say it is worth seventy cents to-day, but I tell you it is worth a dollar because you can get a dollar for it. I show you that bill. What is it worth? Why, it is worth ten dollars. Why? Because the Government of the United States through its Congress enacted a law that makes the piece of paper good for ten dollars, and it is that law and the confidence of the people that makes it certain without question, and makes us all anxious to get just as many of them as we possibly can.

"Now I grant you that without confidence law alone would be insufficient to give paper money its value, but that bill is incontestibly worth ten dollars, because you can take it to the treasury of the United States and get ten dollars in either gold or silver, and the treasury can give you whichever it pleases, for, Mr. Chairman, there is not one of our securities — the Government of the United States has never issued a bond, there is not an interest-bearing obligation, nor any other obligation of the United States, that by its terms

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is not payable at the treasury in either gold or silver, except gold certificates.

"Look at France. We consider that a very solid financial country. What does the Bank of France do? Whenever any considerable amount of paper is presented at the Bank of France for redemption, it has always, as it does to-day, paid half gold and half silver, and the Government of the United States has to-day a perfect right to pay every demand made upon it for every one of its obligations in either gold or silver, and some of us would like to see it exercise that right.

THE COST OF THE PRODUCTION OF SILVER;

"I want to come now to the statements in regard to the cost of the production of silver. I hold in my hand a pamphlet published by the Chicago Economist containing papers written by Mr. Scudder, in which he undertakes to prove that it costs only thirty cents an ounce to produce silver. Now I want to say to you bankers and financiers that while you may encourage that impression at large, there is not one of you who believes it. You know better. If you did believe it, every one of you would be out in Colorado looking for silver mines and wanting us to sell you our mining stocks. You would want to get into a business that paid such an enormous profit. But if a man comes into your office and begins to talk mines to you, you button up your pockets and

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send for a policeman. You don't want anything to do with him. You won't put a dollar of your money into his immensely profitable industry that is producing eighty cents for thirty; therefore you don't believe a word of it yourselves.

"Mr. Sneed picks out three mines in Colorado, the Amethyst, the Last Chance and the Mollie Gibson, mines that are producing silver to-day at thirty cents an ounce. He says himself they are exceptional cases, but we have fortunately exact statistics in regard to the cost of silver production in Colorado, obtained with great care and absolutely accurate, and they show that in 1892, at the present price of silver, the production of silver in Colorado was unprofitable. It has resulted in the shutting down of a vast number of our low grade mines.

A LOSS TO THE NATION.

"I want to ask you, sir, I want to ask this audience, whether the stopping of the labor of 25,000 men who are not producers, who are working and earning $3 to $4 a day and spending every dollar of it to buy something that is produced or manufactured by somebody else, whether stopping their labor and shutting them off as consumers of these products and sending them out to get their living as best they may in the overcrowded ranks of other vocations, is not a damage not only to Colorado, but a damage to the people of this entire country? Let me say another thing,

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sir. While silver mining is important to Colorado, I will make some statements here which you, who have not kept track of our great State, may be surprised at. The value of the articles manufactured in Colorado in 1892 was more than the value of the entire mineral product of the State; more than its entire product of gold, silver, lead and copper. The agricultural products of the State amounted to more in value than its entire mineral products. The wholesale trade of the State amounted to more than the entire mineral products of the State. So while mining is an important part of our industry and our resources, it is not as it was twenty years ago, or ten or fifteen years ago, the overshadowing and important thing. We who are advocating the remonetization of silver are not doing it because of our interest in silver mines, but I propose to tell you briefly what it cost to produce silver last year in Colorado.

"The State produced $33,548,934 worth of mineral from her metalliferous mines, included in which was 23,102,055 ounces of silver, the balance was gold, copper and lead. Hardly any of these metals were mined alone. They are almost always found in conjunction. In 1891 there were 15,071 men employed in silver mining in Colorado that shipped about $14,503,645 in value. The smelters employed 3,405 men, who were paid $3,228,475 for their labor. Over a thousand teamsters and haulers were engaged in hauling

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ores and supplies and paid $700,200 for their labor. There are three railroads engaged in hauling this ore. I won't trouble you, sir, with all the figures, but I will give the summing up. Added together, it shows that it cost $32,227,355 to produce $33,548,034 worth of gold, silver, lead and copper in the State of Colorado, with silver figured at ninety-nine cents. With silver figured at eighty-seven cents, the value of Colorado's production would have been $30,777,652, and the whole product of our metalliferous mines would have been obtained at an absolute loss of $1,440,903. (Applause.) The above figures are given by Col. Ed. F. Browne, of Colorado, an experienced and intelligent miner, who has given the subject careful study.

"Mr. Chairman, God's immutable law, in force when man was created, has decreed that there shall be two precious metals, gold and silver, and that man should never obtain a dollar of either without expending at least a dollar's worth of labor. Silver was used as money by man before gold was; up through the ages. Until demonetized by England in 1815 they moved side by side and performed together harmoniously and well the many functions of metal money. There is not to-day one dollar of gold or silver coin in existence in this world that did not cost somebody at sometime or other a dollar and a half. You point to these bonanza mines in Colorado and say that

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we are going to overwhelm you with silver; that we are getting it out for thirty cents an ounce. You don't take into consideration the years of labor in prospecting, of digging drifts, of running tunnels, and the countless hardships and the loss of life and money that was expended before they found the silver in paying quantity. Mr. Sneed says they will find more. I hope they will. It is the hope that they may find more that is keeping these men engaged in this search, but it is not for anyone to say that because a few mines are now in a condition where the silver being taken out costs but thirty cents an ounce, that therefore the cost of producing silver is only thirty cents an ounce. I once knew a man who drew $25,000 in a lottery on a ticket that cost him a dollar. You might as well say, sir, the average cost of getting $25,000 in a lottery is one dollar. (Applause.)

SILVER, THE CURRENCY OF THE PEOPLE.

"In France, the money of the people, the money in circulation, is the silver five-franc piece, and its smaller denominations. In Germany, the silver mark — and so all over the world — the most cherished and valued for daily use is silver.

"That gold is a more valuable metal is only true in connection with the relative bulk and weight of the two metals. Chemically considered, the specific gravity and malleability would be

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about eight to one. The weight of all the silver produced in the world since its first use as money, of which we have record in Palestine 1700 years before Christ, has been almost exactly fourteen times the weight of all the gold produced. The ratio has varied at different times in different countries. Therefore, every country has a fixed ratio of value between the two. 10 1/2 of silver to 1 of gold, as it was in Italy in 1260, or lower than 16 to 1, which is the ratio that has been maintained by the United States. In England, France and the nations comprising the Latin Union, it is 151 1/2 to 1. Thus the law of every nation has defined how many ounces of silver shall be equal in value to one of gold. On the basis thus established the product of the two metals has in value been almost equal on the whole, though varying at different periods.

"Neither gold nor silver has any intrinsic value. They are, in their native states, as valueless as the solid rocks which hold them in captivity. They have no value until man has expended enormous labor and valuable lives in freeing them, and would have none then as money except for the law that defines their value.

"In this connection I quote the following historical view from the book of Col. Ed. F. Browne, of Colorado, ‘The Silver Dollar:’

"‘Until the demonetization of silver in 1873

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neither of the precious metals had an intrinsic value, and to-day gold has no such value.

"‘Chemically considered, the intrinsic value of gold over silver would be about 8 to I, principally on account of its specific gravity and malleability, but it has never thus been considered since the time of the Greeks.

WHAT DOMINANT NATIONS HAVE DONE.

"‘There has been no time since 500 years before Christ but what the value of gold has been determined by law and by law alone. The rulers of Greece about 500 years before Christ, by decree declared that gold was worth thirteen times as much as silver. The Roman emperors changed the ratio from 9 to 1 to 14 to 1. As late as the fifteenth century, at one time in France, they were made of equal value by law. Until the present century the ratio of values between the two metals was regulated in exact opposition to the supply and demand theory. The Greeks had established the ratio of 13 to 1, but when the gold mines of Spain, Gaul and Pamonia gave out, the Romans changed the ratio 11 to 1, and even 9 to 1 — thus on to 1497, when we find the ratio was 10 3/4 to 1.

"‘In 1546 Spain declared a ratio of 13 1/2 to 1, because up to that time she, in her conquests, had obtained more gold than silver.

"‘Portugal, upon taking possession of Brazil and despoiling the East Indies of their gold, advanced

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the ratio to 16 to 1. This was done in 1688, and at that time Portugal had much more gold than silver, and she, having supremacy in trade, changed the ratio to injure Spain, who, at that time, was accumulating silver.

"‘Spain again got control of finances and changed the ratio to 15 1/2 to 1, in 1775, which was adopted by France in 1785, and maintained ever since. Spain, in this change, failed to include the colonies, and that is where our ratio of 16 to 1 originates. It was the little, insignificant nation, Portugal, that established the ratio that rules in this country to-day.

"‘Thus, for two thousand years before the present century, you will notice that each nation, as it got control of the precious metals, bylaw declared their value and maintained it until some more powerful nation took up the financial precedence. And in each instance, it will be noted, that the advance of the relative value of either metal was in direct opposition to the supply and demand. When gold was plenty it was marked up, and when it was scarce it was marked down. The theory was to keep enough in value of the precious metals to supply the wants of the currency, and each nation, as soon as it secured the control of the balance of trade, took upon itself to establish the value of the metals. In other words, the relative value of gold and silver for 2,000 years before the present century was in exact reverse

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from what would be occasioned by supply and demand.’

WHAT AMERICA CAN DO.

"The argument which is perhaps the most relied upon by the advocates of a single standard in this country is, ‘that it would be impossible for the United States to maintain successfully a double standard of value alone among the great nations of the world.’ Is this statement true and founded on correct premises?

"The best teacher is experience. The safest criterion by which to judge the future is the experience of the past. Let us try this statement by that standard.

"England adopted the single standard in 1816; the nations composing the Latin Union in 1862 to 1865.

"For eleven years the United States carried the double standard alone among the great nations of the world. They were years of great prosperity. Our manufacturers and producers, our bankers and brokers, were all prosperous and made money. Our labor was profitably employed. We paid off an enormous amount of foreign indebtedness. Our national debt was greatly reduced. Our country increased immensely in population and wealth. The whole world was buying our products, including our silver, and our stock of gold was rapidly increasing. Prices

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of all commodities were stationary or advancing from day to day. Both silver and gold enjoyed equal minting privileges, as they had for many years, and that very day in 1873, when, in the confusion of a last session, without discussion, without the knowledge of six members of the House or Senate, the insidious amendment was adopted by which the minting privilege was taken from silver, at that very moment silver was at a premium of three per cent. above gold. The market price of silver bullion was $1,322 per ounce, and all Europe was paying us $1,322 in gold for every ounce of our silver which they bought of us. We ‘went it alone’ these eleven years; we held the winning hand all this time. Had we been wise enough to keep it, why should we not have continued to maintain ourselves in this position and to enjoy the same prosperity we then enjoyed? Notwithstanding the enormous losses of the past twenty years, the United States is to-day the strongest and most powerful nation of the world — stronger but far relatively than was Greece in 497 B. C. Spain in 1546, Portugal in 1689, or England in 1816, when these nations in turn dictated to all the rest of the world the system of finance they deemed wisest for themselves, and fixed, as they pleased, the ratio between gold and silver. Let the United States be equally brave and self-asserting. This subserviency to foreign influence and interests is unworthy of the American

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people. The more we bow to English finance, the more contempt they have for us, and rightfully so. England saw fit to adopt the gold standard in 1816. She did not ask the opinion of other countries or consult their wishes. She had just won the victory at Trafalgar, which made her the mistress of the seas; she believed herself the mistress of the world, and she regulated her financial matters for herself, as we ought to do.

"But should we restore the mintage privilege to silver, we should not be alone among the nations of the world in the legal-tender use of that metal. Every nation with which we have to deal, and with which the balance of trade is always against us, uses silver as money on a ratio established by law, and will receive it from us in payment of our indebtedness. Silver is also a legal tender in France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Holland, Switzerland and Greece, just as it is in the United States, as well as in all countries of North and South America, except Canada.

"That the cheaper currency always drives out the dearer is a theory first advanced in England over 300 years ago by Sir Thomas Gresham.

"Jevons, in Money and Mechanism of Exchange, American edition, page 4, says:

"‘Gresham's remarks concerning the inability of good money to drive out bad, only referred to amounts of one kind of metal. The people as a general rule pass from hand to hand indifferently

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the heavy and light coins because their only use for tie coin is a medium of exchange. It is those who are going to hoard, melt, export or dissolve the coins of the realm, or convert them into jewelry and gold leaf, who carefully select for their purpose the new, heavy coins.’

"Senator Jones says, page 69:

"‘But it dots not follow that the cheaper money is bad money, nor the dearer money good money. The best money is always the money of the contract; that is to say, a money whose dollar, whatever it may be of, is equal in value to the dollar of the contract. If the money of the contract is the cheapest money, then that is the best money; that is the honest money, and that is the only tolerable money. If that be the cheap sort of money that drives out the dear money, then, manifestly, the dear money is bad money. A distinguished official of the government who was before the committee of this body the other day insisted that the proposed treasury notes should be redeemed in the best money. I asked him what was the best money. Why, he said, money that is worth the most. Now, it strikes me, Mr. President, that if you have borrowed a dollar and through a badly regulated money system are made to pay a dollar worth 25 per cent. more than you borrowed, you are not paying the best money, but the worst money; not an honest dollar, but a swindling, dishonest dollar.’

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"In the unfair arguments urged against the re-monetization of silver it is persistently and untruthfully charged that the silver producers of the silver-producing States, the silver barons, as they are called, are selfishly seeking to force the government to buy their silver at an exorbitant price, and that they have no more right to demand this than has the producer of iron, lead, wheat, corn, or any other commodity to demand that the government shall purchase the articles they produce and make them standards of value. The strongest prejudices against silver in the minds of the plain people of the Eastern and Middle States has been caused by this constantly reiterated and utterly false statement that the silver producers are trying to force the government to pay a dollar in gold for sixty cents' worth of silver.

"No charge could be more cruel, unjust and misleading. The silver producers do not and never have asked the government to purchase one ounce of their silver, except such amount as the government needs for coinage purposes, and for this they are and always have been ready to receive silver money in payment. The Constitution of the United States says that the money of the United States shall be gold and silver. Not that it may be gold or silver, but that it shall be gold and sliver, and until 1873 Congress obeyed this mandate. The owner of silver bullion could, at his pleasure, take his bullion to a United

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States mint and have it coined into money of the size and value fixed by Congress.

"Secretary Carlisle has recently stated, and his statement was published generally in the press of the country, that from 1792 to 1873, eighty-one years, only $8,045,838 silver dollars were coined by the United States mint; but that since 1873, when free coinage was suspended, nearly $400,000,000 full legal-tender silver money had been coined by the government. Let me call your attention to the great importance of this statement in connection with the subject we are now discussing. It shows that, while under free coinage only a little over 8,000,000 of silver dollars were coined by the United States mints in eighty-one years, that under these miserable makeshifts and compromises, the Bland bill and the Sherman law, nearly $400,000,000 of legal-tender silver money has been coined in twenty years. If too much silver money is an evil, is not this statement by the secretary of the treasury an unanswerable argument in favor of a return to free coinage? — which is all the silver producers ask or ever have asked. They did not ask for and did not want either the Bland bill or the Sherman law. They have only asked that the great wrong of 1873 be undone, and the law restored precisely as it had existed previously.

"The demonetization of silver by Congress as it was effected in 1873 is the monumental crime

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of this century. It was done secretly, feloniously and without the knowledge of a dozen members of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. There had been no demand for it from the people or the press; it was not discussed in or out of Congress. President Grant signed the apparently innocent bill in which the insertion of eleven words performed the fatal act, without the remotest conception that it would demonetize silver. It was three months after its passage before the country discovered that silver was demonetized, and that the United States had adopted the single gold standard. I know the absolute truth of these statements. Myself a member of the Forty-second Congress, I stood nearer to Mr. Hooper of Massachusetts than I am to you, Mr. Chairman, when, amid the confusion of a closing session, he obtained the floor and called up for passage the report which was to prove of such momentous importance to the United States. I never dreamed that it was anything more than a bill containing some unimportant amendments to the existing mint laws, and as to coinage, weights and measures, as its title implied. I assert upon my positive personal knowledge that when the question of passage was put by the Speaker, not more than six members responded ‘aye’ — none responded ‘no’ when the negative was called, and the report was declared adopted. I also assert, and the statement

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is absolutely true, that had the question of the demonetization of silver been brought before that House as a question for discussion and action, it would have been defeated by more than a two thirds vote. How then was this result obtained? The original bill (House bill 1427, Revising and Amending the Laws of the United States, relative to the Mints, Assay Offices and Coinage of the United States) did not contain a word about free coinage. It had been debated and explained to the House, passed and sent to the Senate. The Senate discussed and amended it. The House disagreed to the Senate amendments — not one of which alluded to free coinage. This made it necessary for each body to appoint members of a conference committee, to which the subject was referred. This conference committee added eleven words to the Senate amendment, No. 9, which were of far greater importance than all the rest of the bill, words which took from silver its minting privilege, thus repealing free coinage. The words thus added were the following: ‘And no deposit of silver for other coinage shall be received.’ On February 6, 1873, Senator Sherman presented the report of the conference committee to the Senate, and on February 7, Mr. Hooper presented it to the House, and neither of these gentlemen said one word calling the attention of either body to the important amendment they had added. The report so amended was

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not discussed, it was adopted in the Senate and in the House, by a viva voce vote, not more than three or four members responding ‘aye,’ and none ‘no.’ And this is the way the minting privilege was taken from silver. When it was finally discovered that such an act had been committed an immediate attempt was made to undo the wrong. A memorable struggle ensued in Congress. The advocates of silver asked only that the minting privilege be restored at the ratio of 16 to I, and the Bland bill was finally passed as a compromise measure.

"But we are told, if we have free coinage, that the silver of the whole world will come in upon us; that all the rest of the world having silver worth only 80 cents an ounce would send it to this country and demand a dollar and twenty-nine cents and take away our gold. Where is the silver coming from? What nation on earth today has got any silver to spare? Not one. We are told about the vast amount of silver in the Bank of France. France has got several hundred millions of silver, but very little of it bullion; nearly all her silver is in coins. She can't spare a dollar of it; she needs it all. She is buying it every year and she has to have it to coin with. She has bills out among the people of France for every franc of it and more, redeemable in either gold or silver, at her pleasure, when presented for redemption. That is what gives France prosperity;

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that is what enables its people to help their government in its financial emergencies. What do the French people hoard? They hoard the silver francs and the smaller denominations in silver and the bills of the Bank of France, that are payable and redeemable in silver. France has no silver to spare. What would the Bank of France have to do before it could send us any silver? Their silver is coined on a ratio of 151 1/2 to 1 with alloy. She cannot send a dollar of her coin back here to be redeemed as coin. You will admit that, sir. Before she sends it over to us she has got to re-melt it into bullion and lose the difference between 15I/2 and 16 and her alloy. She has got to go to the large expense of melting it, and pay the freight over to the United States and back again, and in the meantime deprive her citizens of that amount of currency while it is in transit both ways. France will never send us a dollar, sir (applause), nor any other nation.

"England is buying it all the time. Of course she would like to keep on buying our silver for eighty cents and sell it to her people for $1.29. It is a good thing for her, and I want to ask you if you do not believe it to be true, that had the minting privilege been retained in this country and the silver that we have produced since 1873 been sold among the nations that must buy it at $1.28 per ounce, and we had made that forty-five or fifty

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cents on each ounce, instead of letting some foreign country make it, and with the resulting increased amount of money in this country, would it not have helped us at this crisis, and would it not have been a strong factor in keeping the balance of trade in our favor with other nations?

"India is the only nation on earth to-day except the United States that has any amount of silver bullion, and from time immemorial, from the earliest ages India has been the world's sink for both metals, and no gold or silver that ever got to India ever came back. It is ‘that bourne from whence no precious metal returns.’ Twice in history England has attempted to deprive India of the minting privilege. The powerful opposition engendered in consequence was so great that England was compelled to abandon the effort, as she will be this time when she tries it.

"And now, sir, one thing more to the bankers of this country. We wish to say to you — Don't put the screws on us any tighter. Stop any further contraction. Give us plenty of currency based on gold and silver. We do not want to return to the old State bank shin-plaster currency of before the war. We are friends of the national bank system. Fix it so that the national banks can issue all the currency the wants of the country demand, redeemable in either gold or silver. We of the West will take it and give you good security.

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"But now there is something wrong in your system. When the country needs your help you have no money. When the country does not need it, it is plenty. Find some way to reverse this condition. Your interests lie, not in putting us down to the lowest extremity, not in wringing the last dollar out of the industry and business of this country that you possibly can. It lies in encouraging and stimulating it and in assisting the men who are willing to take the chances and who go out and open up and develop the great resources of this country. And let me say here that the most profitable investments that the East have ever made from the time the settlement of the West began, have been your Western investments, and there has been no dollar lost on a mortgage in the West, not one dollar where the same care and scrutiny has been exercised in placing it that you exercise in your own homes. Your accumulated wealth must help to build up the West and this is the most profitable and safest way you can use it.

"We are bound to you by ties of association. A large proportion of our people came from the East and have gone out into that new country to develop it. Your interests are with us, sir, not against us. Give us back the privilege that existed for so many years. Let us have the same privilege to take our silver to the mints of the United States that you had while accumulating

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your wealth and give us silver dollars in exchange.

"All we ask is that when we carry our bullion there they give us silver dollars with the stamp of the United States that represents their value.

"And now, sir, wake up in New York. Make New York the financial centre of the world, as it ought to be. You have the power in your hands. What can London with its $125,000,000 in gold do against you in a country having $600,000,000 of gold and $500,000,000 of silver if you rise up in your might and assert yourselves and the power and the influence of the country as you should? Do this, and the West will stand by you to a man. Make your own system of finance, basing it on both gold and silver, and we can all work together.

"Let us feel that we can make something, whether it be paper, cloth, or anything else, with some hope of a reasonable profit out of it. Let us have that feeling once more, and we will go on together to a prosperity and happiness among our people which has never been exceeded in any portion of our history."

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Chapter XXV. Biographical Sketches of the Great Free Silver Leaders.

FRANCIS MARION COCKRELL.

Francis Marion Cockrell, the senior United States Senator from Missouri, was born in Johnson County, in that State, on October 1, 1834. His early education was received in the local common schools, and in 1853 he was graduated at Chapel Hill College, Lafayette County, Mo. He then studied law and entered upon the practice of that profession. He devoted himself closely to professional work, taking no part in public matters save as a private citizen, until 1874. In that year he was chosen United States Senator, as a Democrat, to succeed Carl Schurz, Independent. He took his seat in March, 1875. In 1880 he was re-elected for a second term and in 1886 for a third term. On the expiration of his third term he was re-elected for a fourth, which will expire in March, 1899. Mr. Cockrell has been a steadfast champion of Democratic principles in the Senate, and has strongly upheld the cause of free silver.

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JOHN WARWICK DANIEL.

John Warwick Daniel is a true son of the Old Dominion, having been born at Lynchburg, where he has ever since made his home, on September 5, 1842, and having been educated at Lynchburg College. He served in the Confederate Army of North Virginia throughout the war, and then studied law and entered upon the practice of that profession. He has written several legal treatises which have vogue as standard authorities. Between 1869 and 1881 he served several terms in both Houses of the Legislature; was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1876, and was a Delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1880, 1888 and 1896, being chosen Temporary Chairman of the last-named body. In 1881 he was a candidate for Governor, but was defeated. He was a Representative in the Forty-ninth Congress, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1887, and was re-elected in 1893. He ranks among the most eloquent orators in that body, and is one of the foremost advocates of free silver.

DAVID TURPIE.

David Turpie, the junior Senator from Indiana, is a native of that State, where he was born some sixty-six years ago. He studied law and was admitted to the bar at Logansport, and in 1854 was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He resigned that place to become, in 1856, Judge

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of the Circuit Court; and again resigned to enter the State Legislature. In 1863 he was elected United States Senator to fill out an unexpired term. Then he returned to the Legislature; was Speaker of the House for several years; and a Commissioner to revise the laws of that State. In 1886 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Indiana, and served a few months in that place. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1888. In 1887 he was elected to the United States Senate for a full term, at the end of which, in 1893, he was re-elected for a second term, which will expire in 1899.

SAMUEL PASCO.

Samuel Pasco is an Englishman by nativity, having been born in London. In his childhood he was taken by his father first to Prince Edward Island and then to Massachusetts. He was graduated at Harvard in 1858, and the next year went to Florida to teach school. At the outbreak of the war he entered the Confederate army, and at its close went into politics. In 1868 he was admitted to the bar. From 1872 to 1888 he was a member of the Democratic State Committee, and from 1876 to 1888 its chairman. Since 1880 he has been the Florida member of the National Committee. He was a Democratic Presidential elector in 1880; President of the Constitutional Convention of his State in 1885; and in 1887,

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while serving as Speaker of the State House of Representatives, was elected to the United States Senate. At the end of his term in 1893 he was unanimously re-elected for a second term which will expire in 1899.

JOSEPH C. S. BLACKBURN.

Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, one of the most aggressive and picturesque figures in public life, was born in Woodford County, Kentucky, on October 1, 1838, and was graduated at Centre College in 1857. A year later he was admitted to the bar. At the outbreak of the war he entered the Confederate army as a private in a cavalry regiment, and served throughout the war. In 1865 he resumed the practice of the law, for three years, in Arkansas, and then in Kentucky again. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1871 and 1873, and in 1874 was elected a Representative in Congress. He was re-elected at four successive elections, thus serving five terms. Then he was elected to the Senate, taking his seat in 1885, and and at the expiration of his term was re-elected for a second. He has for years been an outspoken advocate of free coinage of silver, not hesitating openly to antagonize the Democratic national administration on that issue.

HENRY M. TELLER.

Henry M. Teller is one of the most truly representative

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of all the silver leaders, and one of the most distinguished of them. He is a native of New York State, where he was born on May 23, 1830. He studied law and practised for a time at the New York bar, then went to Illinois in 1858, and to Colorado in 1861. He never held public office until Colorado was made a State, when he was at once elected to the United States Senate, in December, 1876. In 1882 President Arthur appointed him Secretary of the Interior, in which capacity he served until 1885, when he was reelected to the Senate, and again re-elected in 1891. He has always, until lately, been a Republican. Of late years he has been one of the very foremost advocates of free coinage of silver, and has differed from the bulk of the party on that issue. In 1896 Colorado sent him as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, instructed and pledged to free silver, and when the convention voted against free silver, he withdrew and left the Republican party.

JAMES K. JONES.

James K. Jones was born in Mississippi on September 29, 1839, and received a good classical education. He enlisted in the Confederate army and fought through the war, and then returned to his plantation. In 1873, however, he abandoned agriculture for the law, and was elected a member of the Arkansas State Senate. He was chosen a

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Representative in the Forty-seventh Congress, and re-elected to the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth. Then he was promoted to the United States Senate, taking his seat in the latter body in March, 1885. He was re-elected for a second term in 1891. For some years he has been a prominent advocate of free coinage of silver, and has been one of the leaders of the free coinage Democrats in the Senate. He exerted much influence over the National Democratic Convention in 1896, and in the electoral campaign which followed.

RICHARD PARKS BLAND.

Richard Parks Bland, one of the veterans of the free silver movement, was born in Kentucky on August 19, 1835, and spent his boyhood on a farm, in poverty. His education was acquired at the district school, and he became a schoolmaster himself for a couple of years. Then he went west, and for ten years knocked about in California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado, studying and practising law, and for a time holding a local office. Then he returned to Missouri, and settled at Lebanon, his present home, where he has a fine farm. He was elected, as a Democrat, to the Forty-third Congress in 1872, and was regularly re-elected thereafter to every Congress down to 1894, when he was defeated. During his twenty-two years' service he was a persistent advocate of the free coinage of silver. He was the author

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of the famous Bland Act, under which some $380,000,000 in silver dollars has been coined. He was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency, but was defeated by Mr. Bryan.

CLAUDE MATTHEWS.

Claude Matthews, Governor of the Hoosler State, was born in Bath County, Kentucky, on December 14, 1845, and spent his early years on a farm. He completed his education at Centre College, Danville Ky., and a year later, in 1868, married and removed to Clinton, Indiana, where he has since made his home on a farm. He entered politics, as a Democrat, in 1876, being then elected to the State Legislature. In 1890 he was called upon to head the State ticket as candidate for Secretary of State, and was elected. Two years later he was a candidate for re-nomination, but the Democratic Convention nominated him for Governor instead, and he was elected, and re-elected for a second term. Mr. Matthews has always been interested in farming, and expects to return to it at the close of his official career. He has been conspicuously connected with the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and has devoted much attention to the breeding of short-horned cattle.

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CHARLES F. CRISP.

Charles Frederick Crisp is of American parentage, but was born in Sheffield, England, where his parents were visiting at the time, on January 29, 1845. A few months later he was brought to this country, and lived in Georgia, where he got a common school education. In 1861 he entered the Confedrate army and served through most of the war. After the war he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1866. From 1872 to 1877 he was Solicitor-General, and from 1877 to J882 Judge of the Superior Court. He resigned the latter place in 1882 to accept a nomination to Congress. He was Permanent President of the Democratic State Convention of 1883. He was elected to Congress in 1882, and re-elected in 1884, 1886, 1888, 1890, 1892 and 1894. Of the Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congresses, elected in 1890 and 1892, he was Speaker of the House, and in the Fifty-fourth he was the leader of the Democratic minority on the floor of the House.

ROBERT E. PATTISON.

Robert E. Pattison was born, the son of a Methodist clergyman, at Quantico, Md., on December 8, 1850. His youth was spent in Philadelphia, where he was educated at the High School, and where he studied law and entered political life. In 1875 he sought the nomination for Clerk of the Quarter Sessions Court, but withdrew

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in favor of another candidate. He was strongly urged for the Democratic nomination for Auditor-General of the State in 1877. The next year he was elected Controller of the City of Philadelphia, and was re-elected in 1880. Two years later he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, on the Democratic ticket, the youngest man ever elected to that office. After his term of four years he returned to law practice, and also became a bank president, and chairman of the Pacific Railway Investigating Committee. In 1890 he was elected Governor for a second term of four years. He was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1896, and was voted for at Chicago by many delegates. Although commonly considered a "gold standard" man, he was quite ready to stand on the free silver platform.

ADLAI E. STEVENSON.

Adlai E. Stevenson comes of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and was born in Kentucky on October 23, 1835. In his boyhood the family moved to Illinois, and he was educated partly at the Illinois Wesleyan University and partly at the Centre College, Kentucky. He studied law and entered upon the practice of it in Illinois, serving for some years as Master in Chancery and as District Attorney. In 1864 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector, on the Democratic ticket. In 1874

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and 1878 he was elected to Congress, and was a candidate, but was defeated, in 1876, 1880, and 1882. He was a prominent member of the Democratic National Convention of 1884, and in 1885 was appointed First Assistant Postmaster-General. In that office he rendered his party great service, and was rewarded there for by nomination and election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States in 1892, which office he still fills.

HORACE BOIES.

Horace Boies, or "Uncle Horace," as his neighbors call him, was born at Aurora, N. Y., in 1838, the son of a farmer of humble means. In his boyhood he went west, to Illinois and Wisconsin, and worked on farms. Returning to New York, he studied law and practised it there for a time, and then, in 1867, settled in Waterloo, Iowa, where he has ever since lived. He there combines the two occupations of lawyer and farmer, and has amassed a comfortable fortune. His sterling honesty and decided ability caused the dissatisfied farmers of Iowa to turn to him a few years ago as the right man to lead a movement for political reform, and he was accordingly elected Governor of the State as a Democrat. This, in a State hitherto invincibly Republican, gave him at once a national reputation and made him a candidate for the Presidency. His name

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was presented to the National Democratic Convention of 1896, and received strong support.

EDWARD C. WALTHALL.

Edward Cary Walthall is a Virginian by birth, having been born at Richmond, on April 4, 1831. He received an academic education at Holly Springs, Miss., whither his family had removed, and studied law there and was admitted to the bar. Before the war he filled several local offices. From 1861 to 1865 he served in the Confederate army, rising from the rank of lieutenant to that of major-general. Then he went back to the law, at first at Coffeeville and later at Grenada, his present home. He became a leader of the Democratic party and was a delegate to the National Conventions in 1868, 1876, 1880, and 1884. In 1885 he was appointed United States Senator to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Lamar, who had been made Secretary of the Interior. He was afterward elected for the full term beginning in 1889, and again for a second term beginning in 1895, to expire in 1901.

BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN.

Benjamin Ryan Tillman, the leader of the recent political revolution in the Palmetto State, was born in Edgefield Co., S. C. on Aug. 11, 1847. He left school in boyhood to enter the Confederate army, but soon after was stricken

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with a serious illness which destroyed his left eye and forced him to quit the service. He then devoted himself to farming until 1886, when he was drawn into politics, at first by the movement for industrial schools and then by the demand for a general reform of the State Government. In 1890 the farmers' organization compelled the Democratic party to nominate him for Governor. He was elected, and re-elected in 1892. During his administration the famous dispensary law was passed, putting the sale of intoxicating liquors into the hands of the State. In 1895 he was elected to the United States Senate, for a term of six years ending in 1901, and has distinguished himself in that body as one of the most aggressive leaders of the Free Silver party.

HORACE CHILTON.

Horace Chilton, United States Senator from the the Lone Star State, was born in Smith Co., Texas, on Dec. 29, 1853, and has ever since made his home in the same place. He was educated in the local schools, and chose the law as his profession. His entry into politics was effected as a State delegate-at-large to the National Democratic Convention of 1888. Then he served one term as Assistant Attorney-General of Texas, by appointment of Governor Roberts. He was, in April, 1891, appointed United States Senator, by Governor Hogg, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation

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Senator Reagan, but failed of election by the Legislature when that body convened. In 1894, however, he was elected to the Senate, practically without opposition, as the successor of Senator Coke, who did not desire re-election. His term of service began in 1895, and will expire in 1901.

JOHN R. McLEAN.

John R. McLean is a son of Washington McLean, the famous old-time leader of the Ohio Democracy. He was born in Cincinnati and educated at Harvard University. Then he spent some years in European travel and study. Returning home, he entered the office of his father's paper, the Cincinnati Enquirer, and learned the business thoroughly. He worked as a reporter, typesetter, and pressman. When he had mastered every branch of the business his father, in 1873, turned the paper over to him. In 1881 he became the sole owner of it, and by enterprise and lavish expenditure of money made it one of the foremost papers of the central West. He is now a man of great wealth, and is interested in numerous business ventures. He is also a recognized leader of the Ohio Democracy, though he has not always been in harmony with the party. He was a strong opponent of the late George H. Pendleton, and succeeded in defeating him in several party contests.

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ALEXANDER M. DOCKERY.

Alexander Monroe Dockery was born in Daviess Co., Mo., on Feb. 11, 1845. After receiving an academic education he studied medicine at the St. Louis Medical College, at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and at Bellevue Medical College, New York. He practised his profession in Missouri for nine years, and then became a banker. He served on a local board of education, as a curator of the University of Missouri, and as a member of the City Council of Gallatin. He was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress as a Representative, and has been re-elected to every Congress since. He has for some years ranked among the leaders on the Democratic side of the House, and his name has lately been identified with a bill for changing in a radical manner the system of keeping the Government's accounts.

GEORGE GRAHAM VEST.

George Graham Vest is a native of Kentucky, having been born at Frankford on Dec. 6, 1830. He was graduated at Centre College, Ky., and at the law school of Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., and then removed to Missouri to practise his profession. He soon got into politics, first as Democratic Presidential Elector in i860, and then as a member of the State Legislature. In 1861 he threw in his lot with the Southern

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Confederacy, and was a Representative in its Congress for two years and a Senator for one year. In 1879 he entered the United States Senate as a Democrat, and was re-elected to second and third terms. His third term will expire in 1897. He has for many years ranked among the best-known Senators on the Democratic side, and of late has been one of the foremost champions of the free coinage of silver. He was a conspicuous figure at the National Democratic Convention of 1896.

WILLIAM J. STONE.

William J. Stone, the present Governor of Missouri, is a native of Kentucky, where he was born, in Madison County, on May 7, 1848. The family soon removed to Missouri, and he was educated at the University of that State. He chose the law for his profession, and has been eminently successful in practising it. In 1873-4 he was Prosecuting Attorney of Vernon County. In 1876 he was a Presidential Elector, on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to the 49th Congress, as a Democrat, and re-elected to the 50th and 51st Congresses. Then he was elected Governor of the State, which office he still holds. He is an earnest advocate of the free coinage of silver, and was a conspicuous figure at the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1896, where he was in favor of the free silver platform

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and worked earnestly for the nomination of Richard P. Bland for the Presidency.

STEPHEN M. WHITE.

Stephen Mallory White, of Los Angeles, Cal., was born in San Francisco on January 19, 1853. After being graduated at Santa Clara College he studied law, entered the bar, and settled at Los Angeles. He soon became interested in politics as a Democrat, and in 1882 was elected District Attorney of the county. In 1884 and 1886 he was chairman of the Democratic State Convention. In the latter year he was elected to the State Senate, and became President pro tem, of that body and acting Lieutenant-Governor of the State. In 1888 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention, and was chosen temporary chairman of that body. He was also a delegate to the convention of 1892. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1893 for a term expiring in 1899. He was again a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1896, and was chosen permanent chairman thereof. He is a recognized leader of the free silver movement.

JOHN P. ALTGELD.

John P. Altgeld, who, as Governor of Illinois, has attained national prominence, began the active duties of life as a farmer's boy, in Ohio, though he was of foreign nativity. At the age of

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sixteen he entered the army and served for some time in the civil war. With the return of peace he went to Missouri, and taught school for a time; then studied and entered upon the practice of the law. He was for a time city attorney of Savannah, Mo., and then State's attorney. Then he moved to Chicago, and combined legal practice with politics and business enterprises. He served for five years as a judge of the Supreme Court, and then was elected Governor of the State of Illinois, as a Democrat. He had, in the meantime, amassed a handsome fortune, which is partly invested in business blocks in Chicago. As Governor, he attracted much attention by pardoning the so-called Chicago Anarchists, and by protesting against the use of Federal power to suppress the Chicago labor troubles of 1894.

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Chapter XXVI. Principles of the Democratic Party.

1. The Principles of Washington.

WASHINGTON lived before the days of party politics. He exemplified his principles by his conduct, whether at the head of the army or of the civil Administration. He had studied well the principles of free governments in former ages and was well grounded in the faith. In his Farewell Address to the American people he left a legacy any party might well be proud of. Not because he was at the head of a so-called Democratic or Republican or any party, but because the few fundamental principles upon which rested the perpetuity of the Union which he announced have always been a part of the faith of the Democracy, does it become appropriate here to insert those principles. No person can be a sound Democrat who cannot give unqualified assent to them. In substance he announced the following principles: —

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"The union of the government is the main pillar in the edifice of our real independence: the support of our tranquillity at home, our peace abroad; of our safety and our prosperity, yea, of the very liberty all so highly prize."

He warned his countrymen that from different causes and from different quarters great pains would be taken (as was the case three-quarters of a century after that), and many artifices would be employed to weaken in the minds of the people the conviction of this great truth. He told them that this was a point in their political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies would most constantly and most actively, though covertly and insidiously, direct their assaults.

He entreated them to cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to the Union, accustoming them to think and speak of it as the palladium of their political safety and prosperity, watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety, discountenancing; whatever might even suggest a suspicion that it could in any event be abandoned, and indignantly frown upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our countrymen from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which link together the various parts of our common country.

Whether he called himself a Democrat or not makes no difference, this principle of cherishing

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an absolute devotion to the existence of the Union under one form of government is a sacred Democratic principle that must be subscribed to by every citizen of this great Republic who aspires to be called an American Democrat. It is because Democrats have ever entertained the same convictions and (save by the men who called themselves Democrats, but had forgotten or disregarded the warning voice of Washington, and went into a rebellion against the Government, thereby seeking to destroy the Union) have ever been true to these principles, and above all other parties most profoundly impressed with the truth of this doctrine, that many of the most thoughtful men have ever been Democrats.

Washington sought by most cogent arguments to impress upon his countrymen that all parts of the country, North, South, East, and West, had a common destiny and a common interest in the general welfare of every other section, and because each added strength and security to the other, and in this sense the Union was the main prop of our liberties, so that the love for one should endear to the people the preservation of the other, and thus become the primary object of patriotic desire.

Democrats believe all this; and though the party itself became distracted and many of its adherents were dragged into a rebellion, still, so soon as military force was overcome and the conviction

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of the mind could be freely exercised, even those again became as ardently attached to the Union as any other portion of our people, and since the close of the war have sought, by every means within their power, to bring together and bind more closely the whole people of this Union in the bonds of a fraternal brotherhood of States.

Washington warned his countrymen against sectionalism. He cautioned them that designing men, as they ever have, would endeavor to excite a belief that there was a real difference of local interests and views. He said one of the expedients of partyisms would be to acquire influence in one particular section by misrepresenting the opinions and aims of another section, and that they could not shield themselves too much against the jealousies and heart-burnings aroused by these misrepresentations, tending to alienate the sections from each other instead of binding them more closely together with fraternal regard and affection, bringing about the opposite result. It is because we have seen the Democratic party endeavoring by every possible means in its power to inculcate these same great truths, while its opponents have conducted themselves toward one section precisely in the way and manner suggested by Washington men would, that they are forced to be Democrats when true to their convictions of right.

He cautioned his countrymen against heaping

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up public debts for posterity to pay, thus ungenerously throwing upon them burdens which we ourselves should pay. This whole business of bonded indebtedness is undemocratic and ought not to be indulged in if by any means it can be avoided. It is true that men calling themselves Democrats have been led astray by the plausible arguments of those who regarded "public debts as public blessings," still the Democratic party, as such, has ever denounced the practice, and because they have always coincided with him in this particular they are Democrats.

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, he conjured his fellow-citizens, their jealousy ought to be constantly awake. Numerous opportunities would be offered, he said, to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence public councils.

No attachment, therefore, for one nation to the exclusion of another should be tolerated.

Such conduct would lead to concessions to one nation and denials of privileges to others, and would invite a multitude of evils upon us.

It is because this has been a fundamental principle of the Democratic party, who most heartily believe in the doctrine, hence they are Democrats.

Washington also advised his countrymen to resist with care the spirit of innovation upon the principles on which the Government was founded,

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however specious the pretext might be. One method of assault would be, he said, to effect under the forms of the Constitution alterations which would impair the whole system. It is because the Democratic party, impressed by the truth of these teachings of Washington, has opposed the numerous amendments constantly being proposed that they are Democrats, believing that in this they adhere more strictly to the teachings of Washington than any other party.

2. The Principles of Jefferson.

ALTHOUGH in his time not called "a Democrat," yet the leader of what was then known as the Republican party, contending against the Federal or strong government party, Thomas Jefferson was perhaps one of the best expounders of those principles now held by the Democratic party among all of those Revolutionary sages.

In his writings and official messages as President we find the most frequent allusions to and rigid application of them in the administration of public affairs, so that he has been called "the father of the Democratic party." It was peculiarly

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appropriate that he should do so, because, though early in the history of our Government yet, anti-democratic principles were already slowly creeping into the administration of public affairs under the Administration of the elder Adams, so that it required vigorous opposition and determined application to bring the Government back once more to be administered in accordance with those pure principles of a representative democratic government.

In his inaugural address, delivered to Congress on March 4th, 1801, the commencement as well of a new century as of a new era in our government, President Jefferson announced the following fundamental doctrines of democracy, which, he said, he deemed essential principles of our Government, which should guide him in its administration. He compressed them within the smallest possible compass, stating only the general principles, but not all their limitations: —

First. Equal and exact justice to all men of whatever State or persuasion, religious or political.

Second. Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliance with none.

Third. The support of the State governments in all their rights as the most competent administrators of our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies.

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Fourth. The preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad.

Fifth. A jealous care of the right of election by the people, a mild and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable means are unprovided.

Sixth. Absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principles of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism.

Seventh. A well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them.

Eighth. The supremacy of the civil over the military authority.

Ninth. Economy in the public expenses, that labor many be lightly burdened.

Tenth. The honest payment of our debts and the sacred preservation of the public faith.

Eleventh. Encouragement of agriculture and of commerce as its handmaid.

Twelfth. The diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of public reason.

Thirteenth. Freedom of religion.

Fourteenth. Freedom of the press.

Fifteenth. Freedom of the person under the protection of the habeas corpus.

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Sixteenth. Trial by juries impartially selected.

"These principles," said Jefferson, "form the bright constellation which has gone before us and guided our steps through the age of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touchstone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should we wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety."

It is because Democrats believe every one of those fundamental principles to be true that they are Democrats.

3. The Principles of Madison.

DEMOCRATS believe in a full, unequivocal and hearty support of the Constitution, in a strict construction of it, and in the spirit and the purpose for which it was formed, and in Madison, also, who took such a deep interest in its formation as to be called "the father of the Constitution," they have another exponent of sound Democratic principles.

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He knew well the principles on which that Constitution was founded. He had studied the rise, progress, decay, and fall of every free government which had gone before, and, profiting by the very misfortunes of other nations, he had secured in the adoption of our Constitution such principles as he fondly believed would prevent us as a people from falling into similar errors. Standing upon the threshold of his great office as President of the United States, succeeding Jefferson, he announced the following as additional principles vital to the welfare of the American people in their intercourse with foreign nations. They were in part but the echoes which came from the lips of Washington and Jefferson, and became the policy of the Democratic party ever since. He announced them as follows: —

First. To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having a corresponding disposition.

Second. To maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations.

Third. To prefer in all cases amicable discussions and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms.

Fourth. To exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones.

Fifth. To foster a spirit of independence, too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to

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surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves, and too elevated not to look down upon them in others.

Sixth. To hold the Union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness.

Seventh. To support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities.

Eighth. To respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system.

Ninth. To avoid the slightest interferences with the rights of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction.

Tenth. To preserve in their full energy the salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights and the freedom of the press.

Eleventh. To observe economy in public expenditures.

Twelfth. To liberate public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts.

Thirteenth. To keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics.

Fourteenth. That without standing armies, their liberties can never be in danger, nor with large ones, safe.

Fifteenth. To promote, by authorized means,

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improvements friendly to agriculture, to commerce, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce.

Sixteenth. To favor, in like manner, the advancement of science and diffusion of information as the best aliment of true liberty.

Seventeenth. To carry on benevolent plans for the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state.

In One of his messages he also laid down the principle that a well-instructed people alone can be permanently free, all of which Democrats devoutly believe.

4. The Principles of Jackson.

IN the principles of Andrew Jackson the Democracy take great pride. From his inaugural address, on March 4th, A. D. 1829, to the close of his Administration of eight years, in every message to Congress he uttered Democratic sentiments in a terse, vigorous style, which, on account of their self-evident truth, deeply rooted themselves in American hearts and became the

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principles of the Democratic party, which during his Administration first took that name and which it has held ever since. They are found scattered all through his messages, and were his guide in deciding all questions of national policy, so many of which pressed themselves upon him during his term of office. From these the following may be selected and placed in order, which should be thoroughly studied and applied to all questions which may even now arise.

First. He said: "Regard should be had for the rights of the several States, taking care not to confound the powers reserved to them with those they had in the Constitution granted to the General Government.

Second. In every aspect of the case advantage must result from strict and faithful economy in the administration of public affairs.

Third. He declared the unnecessary duration of the public debt incompatible with real independence.

Fourth. In the adjustment of a tariff for revenue, he insisted that a spirit of equity, caution, and compromise requires the great interests of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce to be equally favored.

Fifth. He admitted the policy of internal improvements to be wise only in so far as they could be promoted by constitutional acts of the General Government.

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Sixth. He declared standing armies to be dangerous to free government, and that the military should be in strict subordination to the civil power.

Seventh. He declared the national militia to be the bulwark of our national defense. In enforcing this principle, he declared that so long as the Government was administered for the good of the people and regulated by their will; so long as it secured to the people the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, the Government would be worth defending, and so long as it was worth defending the patriotic militia would cover it with an impenetrable Ägis.

Eighth. He pledged himself to the work of reform in the Administration, so that the patronage of the General Government, which had been brought into conflict with the freedom of elections and had disturbed the rightful course of appointments by continuing in power unfaithful and incompetent public servants, should no longer be used for that purpose.

Ninth. He declared his belief in the principle that the integrity and zeal of public officers would advance the interests of the public service more than mere numbers.

Tenth. He declared the right of the people to elect a President, and that it was never designed that their choice should in any case be defeated by the intervention of agents, enforcing this principle by saying, what experience had amply

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proved, that in proportion as agents were multiplied to execute the will of the people, there was the danger increased that their wishes would be frustrated. Some may be unfaithful — all liable to err. So far, then, as the people were concerned, it was better for them to express their own will.

Eleventh. The majority should govern. No President elected by a minority could so successfully discharge his duties as he who knew he was supported by the majority of the people.

Twelfth. He advocated rotation in office. Corruption, he said, would spring up among those in power, and, therefore, he thought appointments should not be made for a longer period than four years. Everybody had equal right to office, and he favored removals as a leading principle which would give healthful action to the political system.

Thirteenth. He advocated unfettered commerce, free from restrictive tariff laws, leaving it to flow into those natural channels in which individual enterprise, always the surest and safest guide, might direct it.

Fourteenth. He opposed specific tariffs, because subject to frequent changes, generally produced by selfish motives, and under such influences could never be just and equal

Fifteenth. The proper fostering of manufactures and commerce tended to increase the value of agricultural products.

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Sixteenth. In cases of real doubt as to matters of mere public policy he advocated a direct appeal to the people, the source of all power, as the most sacred of all obligations and the wisest and most safe course to pursue.

Seventeenth. He advocated a just and equitable bankrupt law as beneficial to the country at large, because after the means to discharge debts had entirely been exhausted, not to discharge them only served to dispirit the debtor, sink him into a state of apathy, make him a useless drone in society, or a vicious member of it, if not a feeling witness of the rigor and inhumanity of his country. Oppressive debt being the bane of enterprise, it should be the care of the Republic not to exert a grinding power over misfortune and poverty.

Eighteenth. He declared in favor of the principle that no money should be expended until first appropriated for the purpose by the Legislature. The people paid the taxes, and their direct representatives should alone have the right to say what they should be taxed for, in what sums, and how and when it should be paid.

Nineteenth. He utterly opposed the system of Government aiding private corporations in making internal improvements. It was deceptive and conducive of improvidence in the expenditure of public moneys. For this purpose appropriations could be obtained with greater facilities, granted

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with inadequate security, and frequently complicated the adminstration of Government.

Twentieth. The operations of the General Government should be strictly confined to the few simple but important objects for which it was originally designed.

Twenty-first. He favored the veto power in the Executive, but only to be exercised in cases of attempted violaton of the Constitution, or in cases next to it in importance.

Twenty-second. He advocated State rights as far as consistent with the rightful action of the General Government as the very best means of preserving harmony between them; and pronounced this the true faith, and the one to which might be mainly attributed the success of the entire system, and to which alone we must look for stability in it.

Twenty-third. He advocated "a uniform and sound currency," but doubted the constitutionality and expediency of a National Bank; and afterward made his Administration famous by successful opposing the renewal of its charter.

Twenty-fourth. Precious metals as the only currency known to the Constitution. Their peculiar properties rendered them the standard of values in other countries, and had been adopted in this. The experience of the evils of paper money had made it so obnoxious in the past that the framers of the Constitution had forbidden its adoption as the legal-tender currency of the country.

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Variableness must ever be the characteristic of a currency not based upon those metals. Expansion and contraction, without regard to principles which regulate the value of those metals as a standard in the general trade of the world, were, he said, extremely pernicious.

Where these properties are not infused into the circulation, and do not control it, prices must vary according to the tide of the issue; the value and stability of property exposed, uncertainty attend the administration of institutions constantly liable to temptations of an interest distinct from that of the community at large, all this attended by loss to the laboring class, who have neither time nor opportunity to watch the ebb and flow of the money market.

Twenty-fifth. He renews his advocacy of a cheerful compliance with the will of the majority; and the exercise of the power as expressed in a spirit of moderation, justice and brotherly kindness as the best means to cement and forever preserve the Union. Those, he closes, who advocate sentiments adverse to those expressed, however honest, are, in effect, the worst enemies of their country.

494 5. The Principles of Tilden.

THE fundamental principles of liberty adapted to a republican form of government were thus laid down by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson, and carried out by a long line of public men in legislation and the concerns of government. Among the men who did much to preserve and maintain these principles of popular government, in which the relations of the General Government to the States and the relation of both to the people were preserved in true adjustment, was Samuel J. Tilden, elected President in 1876 by the people and by a majority of the honestly chosen electors, and defrauded of the office as the successful result of a dastardly conspiracy.

Mr. Tilden began to take an active part in the discussion of serious political questions as early as 1833, when the question of the right of a State to nullify the laws of the United States was the dominant one. He had early been brought into close personal and political association with Martin Van Buren, Silas Wright, and other leaders of the Democratic party in the State of New York, and by their advice contributed to the discussion of the issues then uppermost in the public mind.

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From that time, when he contributed to the local newspapers of his native county, until his death in 1886, his letters, speeches, and legal arguments form a body of constitutional interpretation which, in both quantity and value, are of the highest importance to the student of political history. It is difficult to make any selection from all this body of Tilden's writings which will fairly represent him, but the following extracts give a fair idea of his devotion to his country and to Democratic principles:

"It is no part of the duty of the State to coerce the individual man, except so far as his conduct may affect others, not remotely and consequentially, but by violating rights which legislation can recognize and undertake to protect."

"The reason why self-government is better than government by any one man, or by a foreign people, is that the policy evolved by this process is generally better adapted to the actual condition of the society on which it is to operate."

"Every business, every industrial interest, is paralyzed under excessive taxation, false systems of finance, extravagant cost of protection, diminished ability to consume."

"These taxes, when laid on imports in the manner in which they were laid in the Congressional

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carnival of manufacturers which framed our present tariff, cause a misapplication of industry that charges on the consumer what neither the Government is able to collect as taxes, nor the manufacturer to appropriate as profits. They lessen the productive power of human labor as if God had cursed it with ungenial climate or sterile soil."

"There is no royal road for a government more than for an individual or a corporation. What you want to do is to cut down your expenses and live within your income. I would give all the legerdemain of finance and financiering — I would give the whole of it — for the old homely maxim, ‘Live within your income.’ "

"Disunion and centralization are equally fatal to good government."

"When the two ideas of personal gain and the bestowal of office are allowed to be in our mind at the same time they will become associated, and it is but a step to the sale of the greatest trusts. Intellect, training, and virtue will soon succumb to wealth. Vulgar millionaires will grasp the highest seats of honor and power as they would put a new emblazonment on their carriages or a gaudy livery on their servants."

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"Principles are the test of political character. The Democracy always made fidelity to official trust and justice to the toiling masses who earn their bread by the sweat of their brow a fundamental article in their party creed."

"I myself never lost courage, never lost my belief that the element of human society which seeks for what is good is more powerful, if we will trust it, than all those selfish combinations that would obtain unjust advantage over the masses of the people."

"Whoever obstructs the means of payment obstructs also the facilities of sale. We must relax our barbarous revenue system so as not to retard the natural processes of trade. We must no longer legislate against the wants of humanity and the beneficence of God."

"The pecuniary sacrifices of the people are not to be measured by the receipts into the Treasury. They are vastly greater. A tax that starts in its career by disturbing the productive power of labor, and then comes to the consumer distended by profits of successive intermediaries and by insurance against the risks of a fickle or uncertain govermental policy and of a fluctuating governmental standard of value, blights human well-being at every step. When it reaches the hapless child

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of toil who buys his bread by the single loaf and his fuel by the basket, it devours his earnings and inflicts starvation."

"The Constitution of the United States is by its own terms declared to be perpetual. The government created by its acts, within the sphere of its powers, directly upon each individual citizen. No State is authorized, in any contingency, to suspend or obstruct that action, or to exempt any citizen from the obligation to obedience. Any pretended act of nullification or secession whereby such effect is attempted to be produced is absolutely void."

" * * Our wise ancestors warned us against standing armies and all those false systems of government which require standing armies. They formed the Union of the States that we might be free from the jealousies of coterminous countries, which has been the usual pretext of tyrants for maintaining costly military establishments. They founded that Union on the principles of local self-government, to be everywhere carried on by the voluntary co operation of the governed. They did not intend that one part of our country should govern another part."

" * * The destruction of all local self-government in a country so extensive as ours, and embracing

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bracing such elements of diversity in habits, manners, opinions, and interests, and the exercises by a single centralized authority of all the powers of society over so vast a region and over such population would entail upon us an indefinite series of civic commotions, and repeat here the worst crimes and worst calamities of history."

"Our wise ancestors warned us that this grand experiment in self-government would turn on the intelligence and virtue of the people, and that our efforts to cultivate and elevate must be commensurate with our diffusion of political rights and political powers. It is a great partnership in self-government. Every man yields a share in the government of himself to every other man, and acquires a share in the government over that other man."

"The immigrants who have contributed so much to swell the population of our Northern States spring from the same parent stocks with ourselves. They come to rejoin their kindred. Races have a growth and culture as well as individuals. What a race has been many centuries in accumulating is often appropriated and developed in an individual life, in the ascent from the humblest origin to the highest attainments of the species. Our accessions are drawn from races which has lived under essentially the same climatic influences

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with ourselves, which have attained the highest civilization and made the largest progress in the arts and industries of mankind. They are attracted here by their aspirations for civil liberty, or for the improvement of their personal condition; and every aspiration ennobles. They are well represented in all our occupations which call for intellect and culture, and even the portion which come to fill the ranks of raw labor, made vacant by the ascent to more skilled and more remunerative employments, which our universal education opens to all, show a capacity quickly to follow in the noble competition for improvement."

"There is no instrumentality in human society so potential in its influence upon mankind, for good or evil, as the governmental machinery for administering justice and for making and executing laws. Not all the eleemosynary institutions of private benevolence to which philanthropists may devote their lives, are so fruitful in benefits as the rescue and preservation of this machinery from the perversions that make it the instrument of conspiracy, fraud, and crime against the most sacred rights and interests of the people."

"Every power is a trust and involves a duty."

Details

Title: Life and Patriotic Services of Hon. William J. Bryan, the Fearless and Brilliant Leader of the People and Candidate for President of the United States. A Sketch from the Beginning of His Career to the High Position He Holds in the Affection of His Country
Creator: Metcalfe, Richard L
Resource Type: text
still image
Genre/Form: books
biographies (documents)
speeches
Date Issued: 1896
Owning Institution: Northern Illinois University
Subject: Gilded
Economic Development
Law and Society
Political Development
Women and Gender
1866--1896
Identifier: RLM:Bryan